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Force As the Servant and Guardian of Justice Juridical Internationalism and the French Plan for the League of Nations in 1917-1919

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Force As the Servant and Guardian of Justice Juridical Internationalism and the French Plan for the League of Nations in 1917-1919 Force as the servant and guardian of justice Juridical internationalism and the French plan for the League of Nations in 1917-1919 Sanna Liisa Juulia Ahvo University of Helsinki Faculty of Social Sciences Political history Master’s thesis May 2020 Tiedekunta – Fakultet – Faculty Koulutusohjelma – Utbildingsprogram – Degree Programme Faculty of Social Sciences Master’s Programme in Society and Change Tekijä – Författare – Author Ahvo, Sanna Liisa Juulia Työn nimi – Arbetets titel – Title Force as the servant and guardian of justice: Juridical internationalism and the French plan for the League of Nations in 1917-1919 Oppiaine/Opintosuunta – Läroämne/Studieinriktning – Subject/Study track Political History Työn laji – Arbetets art – Level Aika – Datum – Month and year Sivumäärä – Sidoantal – Number of pages Master’s Thesis May 2020 125 Tiivistelmä – Referat – Abstract This thesis examines French political debates related to the founding of the League of Nations in the years 1917-1919 and the political and ideological reasons that led to the oblivion of the French juridical internationalist model for the League. When the League of Nations was created in the Paris Peace Conference that followed the end of World War I, the French delegation presented a model for the League that was based on a specific French current of internationalism (juridical internationalism) largely forgotten today. It was opposed both to the Anglo-American view presented by American President Woodrow Wilson and the British delegation and the view of French Premier Clemenceau. In order to recover the intentions of the participants to the political discussions, this thesis employs Quentin Skinner’s methodological reflections on the history of ideas. The source material consists of the minutes of the French National Assembly, the Senate and the Paris Peace Conference as well as the notes of the most prominent advocate of juridical internationalism, Léon Bourgeois. These records are studied by situating them in their historical context and in relation to relevant intellectual traditions and ongoing political discussions. The formulation of the French policy is explored in three different contexts that capture the national and international levels of discussion: the French parliament, the French Interministerial Commission on the League of Nations and the Paris Peace Conference. The studies of Peter Jackson (2013) and Scott G. Blair (1992) on the French League of Nations policy constitute the main works of secondary literature. The theoretical framework of this study relies on the English School’s pluralistic approach to international relations. Different conceptions of the League of Nations are examined using the concepts of realism and idealism in international relations theory. These concepts help demonstrate the differences and similarities between juridical internationalism, Wilsonian idealism and traditional realist power politics. Historiography of the Paris Peace Conference has often presented the situation as a confrontation between traditional balance of power politics and Wilsonian idealism, but the juridical internationalist conception of the new world order was actually something between these two. By analysing this French current of internationalism through the concepts of realism and idealism, this thesis demonstrates that juridical internationalism represented a third way between the two traditional paradigms that combined elements of both. The juridical internationalists envisaged a League of Nations based on the codification of international law and equipped with a permanent tribunal and powerful systems of legal, economic, diplomatic and military sanctions enforced by an international army and a permanent command structure. This thesis puts forward the interpretation that the merits of this conception of the League were not properly appreciated during the Paris Peace Conference because it was overshadowed by the diplomatic and political calculations of Wilson and Clemenceau. Later, the juridical internationalist model has been disregarded as a result of being misunderstood as idealism and linked to the negative connotations the term carries. In reality, this model combined elements of realism and idealism similar to the rationalist and solidarist inclinations of the English School. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords internationalism, League of Nations, France, realism, idealism, Léon Bourgeois, international relations, juridical internationalism, English School Ohjaaja tai ohjaajat – Handledare – Supervisor or supervisors Haara, Heikki Säilytyspaikka – Förvaringställe – Where deposited Helsinki University Library Muita tietoja – Övriga uppgifter – Additional information Tiedekunta – Fakultet – Faculty Koulutusohjelma – Utbildingsprogram – Degree Programme Valtiotieteellinen tiedekunta Yhteiskunnallisen muutoksen maisteriohjelma Tekijä – Författare – Author Ahvo, Sanna Liisa Juulia Työn nimi – Arbetets titel – Title Voima oikeuden palvelijana ja vartijana: Juridinen internationalismi ja Ranskan kansainliittosuunnitelma vuosina 1917-1919 Oppiaine/Opintosuunta – Läroämne/Studieinriktning – Subject/Study track Poliittinen historia Työn laji – Arbetets art – Level Aika – Datum – Month and year Sivumäärä – Sidoantal – Number of pages Pro gradu -tutkielma Toukokuu 2020 125 Tiivistelmä – Referat – Abstract Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan Kansainliiton perustamiseen vuosina 1917–1919 liittyneitä ranskalaisia poliittisia keskusteluja sekä niitä poliittisia ja ideologisia syitä, jotka johtivat juridiseen internationalismiin perustuneen Kansainliiton ranskalaisen mallin unohtumiseen. Kun Kansainliittoa oltiin perustamassa Pariisin rauhankonferenssissa ensimmäisen maailmansodan jälkeen, Ranskan delegaatio esitti liitolle erityiseen ranskalaiseen internationalismin suuntaukseen, juridiseen internationalismiin, perustuvaa mallia, joka on suurelta osin jäänyt huomiotta historiantutkimuksessa. Sitä vastassa olivat sekä Yhdysvaltojen presidentin Woodrow Wilsonin ja Ison-Britannian delegaation angloamerikkalainen näkemys että Ranskan pääministeri Clemenceaun näkemys. Poliittiseen keskusteluun osallistuneiden intentioiden selvittämiseksi tutkielmassa sovelletaan Quentin Skinnerin menetelmällisiä pohdintoja aatehistoriallisesta tutkimuksesta. Tutkimuksen lähdeaineisto koostuu Ranskan kansalliskokouksen ja senaatin sekä Pariisin rauhankonferenssin pöytäkirjoista sekä juridisen internationalismin keskeisen puolestapuhujan, Léon Bourgeois’n, muistiinpanoista. Näitä tekstejä on tutkittu sijoittamalla ne historialliseen kontekstiinsa, relevanttiin aatehistorialliseen jatkumoon sekä suhteeseen aikansa poliittisten keskusteluiden kanssa, jotta saataisiin selville, mitä kirjoittajat teksteillään tarkoittivat. Ranskalaisen kansainliittopolitiikan muotoutumista tarkastellaan kolmessa keskustelujen kansallista ja kansainvälistä tasoa ilmentävässä kontekstissa: Ranskan parlamentissa, Ranskan ministeriöiden välisessä kansainliittokomissiossa sekä Pariisin rauhankonferenssissa. Sekundäärilähteinä käytetään erityisesti Peter Jacksonin (2013) sekä Scott G. Blairin (1992) tutkimuksia Ranskan kansainliittopolitiikasta. Tutkimuksen teoreettisena viitekehyksenä toimii englantilaisen koulukunnan pluralistinen lähestymistapa kansainvälisten suhteiden tutkimukseen. Kansainliiton eri vaihtoehtoja tutkitaan kansainvälisen politiikan tutkimuksen käsitteiden, realismin ja idealismin, kautta. Käsitteet havainnollistavat eroja ja yhteneväisyyksiä yhtäältä juridisen internationalismin ja toisaalta Wilsonin idealismin ja perinteisen realistisen valtapolitiikan välillä. Pariisin rauhankonferenssin historiografia on usein esittänyt tilanteen vastakkainasetteluna perinteisen voimatasapainopolitiikan sekä Wilsonilaisen idealismin välillä, mutta juridis-internationalistinen näkemys uudesta maailmanjärjestyksestä asettui itse asiassa näiden kahden väliin. Analysoimalla tätä ranskalaista internationalismin suuntausta realismin ja idealismin käsitteiden avulla, tämä tutkimus osoittaa, että se edusti omaa suuntaustaan, joka sekoitti ominaisuuksia molemmista perinteisistä paradigmoista. Ranskan juridiset internationalistit suunnittelivat kansainvälisen lain kodifiointiin perustuvan Kansainliiton, jolla oli pysyvä tuomioistuin ja tehokkaat laillisten, taloudellisten, diplomaattisten ja sotilaallisten pakotteiden järjestelmät, jotka takaisi kansainvälinen armeija ja pysyvä komentorakenne. Tämä tutkimus esittää, että Kansainliiton malli jäi Pariisin rauhankonferenssissa Wilsonin ja Clemenceaun diplomaattisen ja poliittisen laskelmoinnin jalkoihin eikä siten saanut ansaitsemaansa huomiota. Jälkeenpäin se on usein sivuutettu historian ja kansainvälisten suhteiden tutkimuksessa, koska se on ymmärretty väärin idealismina ja yhdistetty termiin liittyviin negatiivisiin konnotaatioihin. Todellisuudessa tämä malli yhdisti realismin ja idealismin elementtejä muistuttaen englantilaisen koulukunnan solidarismia ja rationalismia. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – KeyWords internationalismi, Kansainliitto, Ranska, realismi, idealismi, kansainväliset suhteet, juridinen internationalism, englantilainen koulukunta Ohjaaja tai ohjaajat – Handledare – Supervisor or supervisors Haara, Heikki Säilytyspaikka – Förvaringställe – Where deposited Helsingin yliopiston kirjasto Muita tietoja – Övriga uppgifter – Additional information Contents 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Aim and previous research 1 1.2 Theoretical background 5 1.3 Methods and sources 10 2. Debating the League of Nations in the French parliament 16 2.1 Parliamentary debates set
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