International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development 33 the past works with the cosmos, is purely and their relationship imaginations imitative born from subjective and sometimes material meet to is only situations most in no basis, which with of the link recognition needs of human being. In general, of architecture and creation and "cognition" "idea" between reflecting social life in its own spatial- temporal area, is very difficult but in case of understanding type of people mindset born from target that determines orientation of creativity in of creativity orientation determines that born from target category but is not linear creation Architectural architecture. of which every half cycle it is an upward spiral movement The process of and creation. includes a stage of perception perception is developed through the three continuous steps & and “cognition”(Naghizadeh “perception” of “sensation”, Ostadi, 2014). in worldview words, modern In other linear. is trend this Today to subject progress from is based on the of architecture area the to i.e. progress from object object and its counter-movement, This view has unnoticed. subject, is an issue that has remained of worldviews in to a multiplicity consequences leading certain without knowing creation, Because artistic foundations. artistic

Mohammad Naghizadeh 2* Tehran, Iran. ‎Tehran, Iran. ‎Tehran, Recieved 02.27.2014; Accepted 04.20.2014 Recieved 02.27.2014; Nasim Ashrafi, Ashrafi, Nasim 1 Architecture Creation Architecture , i.e. incorrect epistemology, has resulted to subjective ideas which are emerged in the ideas which are emerged has resulted to subjective epistemology, , i.e. incorrect 1 ecognition of Cognition Issue in Islamic Cognition Issue in Islamic ecognition of Recognizing the link between “Cognition" and "Architectural Creation” indicates that there is a there that indicates Creation” and "Architectural “Cognition" link between the Recognizing Cognition, Architecture, Truth, Existence. Truth, Architecture, Cognition, [email protected]

R Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Art and Architecture, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Azad University, Branch, Islamic Science and Research Architecture, Art and of Ph.D. Candidate, Department 1 Assistant Professor, Department of Art and Architecture, Science and Research Branch Islamic Azad University, Azad University, Islamic Branch Science and Research Architecture, Art and Department of Assistant Professor, 2 in the past process of Islamic architecture in Iran with an analytical- interpretation approach in order to show the role in order to show the approach interpretation in Iran with an analytical- architecture of Islamic past process in the theories contemporary inefficient of causes as architecture of understanding and creation of circle the in knowledge of of cognition. put forward in this area, by exploring a philosophy Keywords: and cognitions in architecture are categories that today theory of which have been neglected to be explained. Failure to be explained. today theory of which have been neglected that are categories architecture in and cognitions with epistemology to comply So that identity. and Islamic with national as a form inconsistent expressed in architecture, framework of ideologies and ideas instead of concepts works, with replacement of the created from perception once more, the ideas resulting which not theories and suggest new cognition-based cognition previous of work, tend to reject truth and of principles This process continues until in works but it will be one step away from reality. only will not lead to integration creation process and understanding about the origins of the crisis, the trend is adopted as an individualistic due to lack of now, knowledge of role the recognize and review to attempt an is study This taste. artistic with juxtaposed is knowledge art ABSTRACT: ABSTRACT: in the especially creativity, helps artistic of this relationship Correct understanding and object. subject between relation Knowledge times. past the over continued be works to caused have that truth proving towards steps take to architecture, International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development and Urban Architecture of Journal International 2014 Spring No.2, Vol.4,

*Corresponding Author Email: sewn the architecture works together as a string. tradition religion, philosophy, on based notion is a "Cognition" is architecture, in cognition of the The results mysticism. and generally involves two groups of phenomena: behavioral or behavioral involves two groups of phenomena: generally (Habib & Khastoo, 2014). and cognitive or immaterial material with the term "knowledge" is Correct cognition or familiarity and live movement of past architecture of Iran was nothing Iran of architecture past of movement live and architecture cosmos and considering about cognition except Culture culture. in the cosmos that created as a phenomenon Iranian architecture development in history – up to the modern development Iranian architecture been - has always West the of mimicking era and beginning and ideas change has not process so that times a continuous dynamic has led what that seems process. It break in the even macrocosm and allowing interacting with the world by using a and allowing interacting macrocosm symbolic and ritual approach. It is result of the kind of cognition 2013, 389). ( Rappenglück, of existence and lively microcosm INTRODUCTION Structures worked as a lively microcosm figuring the Vol.4, No.2, Spring 2014 Spring No.2, Vol.4, International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development Urban and Architecture of Journal International

Fig. 1: Factors affecting idea and the process of cognition and creation

in different times about human being, God and cosmos, the intuitive cognition. recognition and clarifying the process of creation might be "scientific cognition is subject imaginary knowledge and what more precise (Fig. 1). is known to the person, is just this subjective imagination Recognizing the cosmos is starting point of doing anything. As of concepts, words and external facts but intuitive cognition a work begins from the first cognition, notion starts from here means person's realization of the truth itself" (Motahari, 2003, as well; but the relationship between notion and work seems to 83). be explained as follows: This research tries to explain the communications of subject "If undifferentiated knowledge is called the initial notion2, and object in cognition process via 2 kind of cognition that work is what makes it to be discovered and then it raises its noticed above. In other hand, it aims to showing the below detailed notion which is combined with knowledge of cosmos; items in knowledge and cognition process: And this notion requires an appropriate re-action and this Cognition Tools; continues to create works and ideas. Work is intermediate bond Existence” and “Truth” in Epistemology; of knowledge" (Nadimi, 2006, 550). Criteria and Standard of Cognition; The position and function of self in the process of cognition MATERIALS AND METHODS and idea generation; Cognition and Knowledge are necessary to achieve theoretical Relationship between imagination and creation in function of and intellectual foundations or the worldview and the more self. cognition is correct, the more worldview is perfect and According to the above mentioned about cognition and its tools practical but what is important is recognizing the accuracy and test criteria and proper cognition, on the one hand, the truth of cognition, which is a very complex issue. This study has intuition is related to correspondence of object and subject attempted to explain the role of generation of ideas hidden in and on the other hand, its interpretation is related to intuitive the past Islamic architecture of Iran in creation and perception cognition and the emergence of idea is based on cognition of artistic works by detailing different types of knowledge or and knowledge of tangibles and sensible tangibles. Now the cognition and their relationship with architecture by identifying research seems to get to the point that the place of idea general knowledge methods, tools and test. should be considered. Self is place of idea emergence. Cognition is achieved in two ways or in other words, science Attention to self, kind of cognitions and their products will of phenomena is achieved in two ways: scientific cognition and be the main target of this research which tries to find these

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International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development 35 . Immediate 6 , science is based on intuitive , science 7 (Fig.2). Therefore reaching the truth of object is the key issue Therefore reaching the truth of object is the key issue (Fig.2). in cognition. If it is not objective, it will not be cognitive and if there is no idea resulted from recognizing the fact and it is just made by human mind, the idea is not only a way to seek change any and to pluralism lead but it will truth and unity, and decline and the resulting impact of these ideas will have the same attributes. self and self perceives their reality intuitively and the self the and intuitively reality their perceives self and self forms is not via other imaginary knowledge achievement created are forms of series infinite case this in because possible 1988, 154). Yazdi, and self will never learn.” (Mesbah Intuitive cognition precedes scientificof the cognition is based on intuitive point of epistemology cognition and start Amoli, 1997, 72). person, i.e. the self (Javadi perceiving cognition scientific as presented be to needs cognition Intuitive to others. and in the words and forms in order to be transferred In addition scientific cognition is notis just a subjective and it cognition intuitive turns into it a real science unless imagination with no observable impact and effect. Scientific simply and easily and it is easy to is achieved cognition is cognition But as intuitive as well. and forget remember of his personality part becomes it witnesses of human nature, perception Therefore, and structure and does not disappear. and can be explained by intuitive in architecture and creation empirical perception in the self. When a mystic artist tends to transfer his intuitive cognition to addressees in physical form, he should turn his intuition into scientific cognition via geometry, colour and and light Addressee, who intends to perceive the sacred vice versa. space, should always gain the truth cognition; and it is not achieved unless scientific cognition intuitive cognition and it is at this point that the idea is formed can be turned into and in the words and forms in order to be transferred to others. to to be transferred and forms in order and in the words In addition scientific cognition is not is just a subjective and it cognition intuitive turns into it a real science unless in and effect and impact no observable with imagination and short time a in is raised effect the effect, of having case on events impact it would have devastating later knowledge is certain knowledge reality. to according established and ascertained be to needs and scientific cognition According Allameh to Tabatabai on the organized and human knowledge systems is cognition basis of intuitive cognition and cognition leads he to intuitive All cognition. scientific cognitions believed that scientific and forms representing and images concepts i.e. sensory, are from and originate objects, created by senses, return to external realization Therefore emotions. i.e. internal cognition, intuitive and sensory perception imaginative of empirical, intellectual, sensory of presence and self with emotion of union on based is relate perceptions of these all that means forms before self. It to intuitive cognition of self about tangibles. "Scientist’s knowledge in scientific cognition, first is intuitive cognition and imagination scientific and cognition with mental intuitive cognition confirmations are of known for 4 is one of theoretical basis of is one of theoretical 3 . 5 person's realization of the truth itself.” (Motahari, 2003, 83). cognition scientific as presented be to needs cognition Intuitive "scientific cognition is subject imaginary knowledge and what is known to the person, is just this subjective imagination of concepts, words and external facts but intuitive cognition means Cognition is achieved in two ways or in other words, Cognition is achieved science of phenomena is achieved in two ways: scientific cognition and intuitive cognition scientific cognition and scientific cognition is so that cosmos of cosmos that so is cognition scientific and cognition scientific the cognition and cosmos of a recognized object are two units cosmos of types two are they finally, and cosmos from different that have no common parts in existence (Mullasadra, 1981). are more reasonable and rational that ancient science, is utterly science, that ancient are more reasonable and rational 1977,116). rejected (Heideqqer, drawn from on is cognition the world today relies that Cognition kind of experimental and exact sciences and do not need those kind of experimental modern and experimental that theorem So this as well. features of "Science", and their research methods sciences in meaning are incomplete. The term "Episteme", in Greek culture, shows culture, Greek in "Episteme", The term incomplete. are "knowledge". close proximity to the term Islamic-theosophical the not are knowledge resulting its therefore and science This Because human can not understand the world unless he is Because human can not understand the world is idea i.e. worldview their consequently and epistemologist, architecture manifest to established are that and ideologies false In the past, knowledge used to be considered as one of the degrees In the past, knowledge used to be considered as and cosmos (Mullasadra, 1987) and be discussed of existence on what and how it is. So you must find the cognition per se cognition. ontological in order to be able to make an accurate according to Plato, so that philosophers have been influenced by his ideas and defined it as "justified 2001). true belief" (Talebi, the title of this science implies, knowledge consists its subject. knowledge implies, of this science title the Now we should know what knowledge is. The first time the of Socrates, word "cognition" was used in the philosophy propositions in their philosophical research, thanks to the research, philosophical propositions in their Any has a independent science of reason. commandments As to this rule. topic; Epistemology is no exception particular limit their intellectual and mental activity on cognitive theory on and mental activity intellectual limit their In experimentalist. philosophically are they data, tangible to datas, the philosophers who lay beyond the tangible contrast, express philosophical to tend problems philosophical to solve any philosophical school determines boundaries of that school. of that boundaries determines school philosophical any choose of epistemology, terms in are sceptical that Scientists As if they method. philosophical approach in their sceptical knowledge (Talebi, 2001). knowledge (Talebi, Logics like Epistemology in that it can be said that epistemology philosophy schools, so Cognition and Knowledge has Arabic in word “Knowledge” the to equals that Cognition equals to absolute Its broadest sense a variety of applications. apply it on architecture work. apply it on AND ‎ DISCUSSION RESULTS information via studying philosophical aspects of creation to creation of aspects philosophical studying via information Vol.4, No.2, Spring 2014 Spring No.2, Vol.4, International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development Urban and Architecture of Journal International Fig.2: Triangle of the Self in the process of true knowledge, idea generation and architectural creation

Tabatabai is "realistic" regarding "knowledge" and introduces introduces four grades of cognitive faculty to deal with the three pillars for true knowledge: 1) Certainty (intuitive cognition), evidence: "feeling, imagination, illusion and rationalization"

2) Consistent with fact (scientific cognition) and 3) Stability (Mollasadra, 2002, 104). From the perspective of Islamic (Abbasi, 2003). philosophers, feeling, imagination and rationalization are three Tabatabai believes that "Any perception and work that conform important stages and tools for cognition (Motahari, 1977, 96). to “sensible object” in a way, first, in terms of the relationship In the West, some philosophers like Hume, John Locke and between the existing perceptions and secondly, as the concept Hobbes, limited cognition stages to sense and didn’t go beyond and subjective evident is not origin of "work" or it is a tangible and some other like Pascal and Bergson limited it to heart of “tangibles” or it is precedent for tangible of “tangibles”, like (Motahari, 1977, 49). Modern Epistemology of Europe peaked tangible human who is a tangible and imaginative and general with this phrase "I think, so I exist" from Descartes. human is precedent for tangible human. In this case, if it is Proponents of the theory of dialectical materialism identify supposed that there is no sensible object, then how there will be sense, reason, and work as cognition steps and consider work perception and science.” (Tabatabai, 1995, 125). as the same tests that prove the subjective hypothesis is right Therefore the key issue in cognition is mental correspondence or wrong. with reality that is called "correspondence" and “a way to reach the truth” by Avicenna. According to conventional definition, Analytical View and Generalized View 'truth' that derives from Aristotle and then adopted by Islamic Cognition, from one stage to another stage, is in fact turning philosophy, is known as "correspondence" theory. "Truth" is from superficial cognition to rational cognition. In superficial consistency of scientific form of objects with "fact”. Therefore cognition, the effect is the same direct connection of human the "truth" is defined as consistency of "subject" with "object" perceptual system with actual world. In the second stage, (Pazooki, 2000). In other words, the union of subject and object stage of thinking, rational cognition starts. Rationalization is the same intuitive cognition to get the truth. Since there is not and thinking happen in the conscious mind but in some cases, more than one truth, therefore two different kinds of cognition cognition can be based on signs and verses that people left can not be correct. Therefore idea which changes over time can behind during their lives rather than direct observation, which not be correct because idea reveals a fact in which reality is is usually possible by the human unconscious, i.e. mystery is fixed and invariable. discovered by evidences. Scientific cognition typically expands human identification Cognition Tools (Motahari, 1977, 110). In other words, they are associated with There are different theories about cognition tools among increased horizontal and cross-recognition which is usually philosophers, including: called analytical view in philosophy. Sense is a necessary tool but not sufficient condition for Analytical view does not pay attention to reasons and causes but it cognition. Sensory cognition needs to be analyzed and this believes on discovery of cosmos rules through experimentation work is done by rational faculty. In other words, abstraction and practice but religion increases human’s cognition and make and generalization is done by rationality. Mollasadra8 them close to the truth and provides the perceiving person with

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International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development 37 cognition is logically criteria of cognition and some types of some types and of cognition criteria is logically cognition To is evident. i.e. cognition criteria, themselves are cognitions and for that cognition, the idea, a more cognition demonstrate again another cognition is criteria but we finally get cognition (Motahari, is criteria and itself needs criteria no longer that scholars have 1977). Based on this recognition, ideas of Islamic other throughout history and if there has been evolving each view not due to a generalized in ideas, was been a difference but it has been discussed in detail theyand have finally, led to cognition previous from benefited has scholar Each subject. one is one and unchangeable and true knowledge means knowledge knowledge means knowledge and true is one and unchangeable is truth the time, modern In truth. with corresponds which outside with the dealing faculties our perceptual from resulted and subject is truth, not of collision of object Any result world. and hence relative with truth everything that is in accordance this theory is a theory of contemporary truth is proposed and 1977, 168). materialists (Motahari, In another definition of a materialistic point any of idea view, and work is the truth and every idea approved by experience and work is not the truth. not approved by experience are viewpoint, knowledge criteria “From Islamic scholars’ They divide and work. not experience of type of cognition science theoretical and science evident sciences, two in it of theoretical as criteria science and they consider evident modern scholars consider work as criteria However, science. not issues are theological viewpoint their from and science of be the work can Therefore, (Motahari ,1977, 193). recognizable work is not idea of human test true the but idea of human key and since idea practically some issues can not be tested because and there are not two forms of of a fact should be indicative with reality. one fact, so one out of two ideas is in accordance raised regarding cognition, all the issues that were With 9 Fig.3: Relation of Analytical View and Generalized View and Generalized View Analytical Fig.3: Relation of believes that if barriers are that believes 10 truth. In other words, first truth must be defined to find the truth the find to defined be must truth first words, other In truth. scholars fact and false in cognition. From perspective of Islamic and there is no possibility of error and wrong. It is the truth is no possibility and there is science, of that evident knowledge, certain i.e. of science, discovered (Ebrahimi Dinani, 1996, 33). of raise the recognition It is noteworthy that misconceptions of percipient is proved, true knowledge is obtained (Ebrahimi knowledge is obtained is proved, true of percipient Dinani, 1996, 33). Ghazali of objects is acquired removed for wisdom, true cognition maximum knowledge (Farabi ,1987, 31). indicates knowledge human point, view Avicenna's From If this truth out truth and the object truth is out of percipient. knew consistency indicating reality and believed: "Certainty and believed: reality indicating knew consistency does not oppose the truth (in terms of is knowledge that affirmation and necessitation). In other words, certainty is Criteria and Standard of Cognition or its consistency of cognition accuracy In order to measure Farabi and standards should be known. its criteria with reality, by intuition and in the link with intuitive cognition. Perceiving cognition. intuitive with link the in and by intuition for praise of God and forms it makes cradle the truth, the artist by an esoteric expression. towards cosmos, seeks to devise an esoteric way to convey way to esoteric an devise to towards cosmos, seeks Arts especially in and usually best in cognition reasons and the achieved been have cognition this architecture, and art ancient other phenomena (Motahari, 1977,158). other phenomena (Motahari, of manifestation of peak the be can art regard, In this vision a precise with an artist, view because generalized psychoanalysts in terms of recognition is that prophets find out find prophets that is recognition of terms in psychoanalysts God psychoanalysts get analytical nature but by understanding with in connection world and study phenomena view of the generalized view of a fact (Fig.3). Differences of prophets and of prophets Differences (Fig.3). view of a fact generalized Vol.4, No.2, Spring 2014 Spring No.2, Vol.4, International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development Urban and Architecture of Journal International

Fig.4: The Procedure of cosmos cognition (exact sciences, philosophy and art)

to prove his ideas because they found previous cognition in "Cosmos is larger than that human can imagine and there is accordance with truth and believed that it certainly is true. no container that might hold cosmos but cosmos contains Unfortunately, in the contemporary era, especially in modern everything. In other words, there is no equivalent for cosmos" idea, idea evolution has not been considered but due to the (Ebrahimi Dinani, 2012). exclusion of previous ideas, intellectual and subject-oriented If we assume an equivalent for the cosmos "nonexistence" is idea - authenticity of their epistemology is doubtful- have it’s opposite which does not exist. Cosmos or existence is the replaced for previous cognition and this means multiplicity of same extensive truth. In other words God is the same cosmos! ideas that is evident in the contemporary architecture. And for this reason God is unthinkable. So imagination is not Contemporary Epistemology in the field of art and architecture the way of reaching cosmos (existence). In a hadith from must seek help from previous cognition as its criteria of Imam Muhammad Baqir12 it is said that: what you suppose to cognition in order to prove its theories by achievement of be and what you imagine, no matter how much your thinking correct proven concepts. This will not be achieved unless a is delicate and subtle and no matter how noble your imagine factor binds analytical view of the sciences together and lead is, that thinking is not right. Rather, it is artificially created by them in the right direction. This factor is the generalized view your mind and it returns to you (Majlesi 1983, 292). So God or religion axis that can bring superficial sciences to real depth is not imaginable. So imagination is not the way of reaching of cognition. Because all of our past cognition was based on cosmos (existence) but it is through intuition that refers to the the same axis and are fixed and unchanging, and all exact fact that achieve cosmos or existence truth through scientific sciences, philosophy and art in connection with a religious axis cognition is impossible. Mollasadra quoted from Sohrevardi13: can indeed achieve their work effect (Fig. 4). Narrated from "When there is no intuition, there is no knowledge and science" Hazrat Ali11: “Science is only one point that the ignorant have (Mollasadra, 1987, 18). developed it.” (Marashi Najafi, 1998, 32) And Molana14 expressed in Masnavi Ma'navi15: “I wish cosmos could speak in order to reveal everything “Existence” and “Truth” in Epistemology and When you claim that you have disclosed cosmos secretes, you Cognition Process just conceal it more and more Cosmos or existence in ordinary common sense means the These claims and words just retreat perception. It is impossible world that human is aware of it through their senses. to wash blood with blood" (Molana, 1998). For authenticity of the existence and cognition truth, first of all The human being has an imagination of cosmos and God and real sense and meaning of cosmos must be understood in its wants to correct that first impression with another impression philosophical interpretation. but it is not correct. It is just adding another secrete to the Ebrahimi Dinani in connection with this subject has stated: cosmos, or in other words:

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International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development 39 intuitive cognition was intuitive introduced for correspondence of cognitions true root of all the and subject, therefore object human on based knowledge a i.e. cognition, intuitive in lies universe of the face self, based on the in the subconscious mind towards the world and and will explain attitude and intuition foundations cosmos, type of idea or worldview and intellectual cognition intuitive (Fig.5). It is based on the self that of artist The temple is located at firstof plants, the reason In this emerge, depends on this foundation. and emergence of the world apparent. becomes and other organisms humans, animals what that reveals by the temple Rise of the world created of these emergence The creatures? and animals, human, are with the temple entities depends on the world which is emerged this by emerged God is fact, In 124). 2009, (Rikhtegaran, according God is free of statue that This does not mean statue. And God to Greek and this statue helps to show its appearance; of God cradle is the statue This is present due to this statue. 2009, 125). In other words appearance (Rikhtegaran, presence in which presence will be emerged. is a medium in architecture in the emergence Considering the explanation of cognition role be can a relationship in cognition, of truth and role of idea and between idea and truth. Lack of epistemology established then proper epistemology is followed by creation of mental with inconsistent form as a is emerged that ideas untruth and ideologies the to according identity and Islamic national resulting more, the ideas once So that expressed in architecture. of works, with replacement of the created from perception and truth of work, tend concepts and ideas instead of principles and suggest new knowledge- previous knowledge to reject in based theories which not only will not lead to integration works creation but it will be one step away from reality. Since proper cognition hand, other the on and subject and object of correspondence and knowledge was defined as "phenomenology" are interrelated (Imami Jome, 2009, 144). Jome, 2009, (Imami interrelated are "phenomenology" of "Truth" that philosophers view according to Islamic Now, "Existence that be stated can So it its "Existence"; is everything words, "Truth or in other cognition" cognition" is the "truth 2001). So the (Rikhtegaran, of Existence” meaning the is "Truth" its holding is architecture the in embodied "Existence" as "Existence" in "Artistic and "emergence" 2009) (Taghvaei, "Existence" make should architecture and is "beauty" Work" realized in an object. aspects; and artistic has two aspects: Instrumental Architecture or is discovery of the existence aspect of architecture artistic a emerge works will artistic that believes Heidegger truth. has established the ratio in which civilization world and reveal ,2009, 120). He and cosmos (Rikhtegaran with existence and of the world emerge knows as intermediate architecture that a temple is an artistic work that is, states in an example Temple and puts on occasion. before anything else, collecting, through and itself around union relations ways and makes of that nation from birth destinies which states and historical can be understood and examined to death, victory and failure (Rikhtegaran, 2009, 119). "Existence" for the question of "Existent". He considers object considers He "Existent". of question the for "Existence" on 'Existence'. In his philosophy "ontology" and dependent unique to "Intuitive Cognition" (Mollasadra, 1997, 158). Heidegger always tried to release from "existent" and intend of question the replace words he In other "Existence". to "Existence", "Truth" and "Beauty" are closely related to and "Beauty" are closely related "Existence", "Truth" carelessly. other and they can be considered one thing each “Existence" as it reflects the "Truth" is Truth" "Existence of intuition and conceptually perceivable of an existent is not conditions and for this reason, the concept of "Existence" can be understood without our feeling and understanding (Haddad literature, - philosophical mystical past 2000). In the Adel, started. According to Kant, the concept of "Existence" is a started. Its is phenomenal. and it of understanding categories priori and depends on our "mind" structure it that means appearance prioritized "recognition" over "Cosmos" and “being-existed” is "recognition" over "Cosmos" and “being-existed” prioritized from “thinking”. Hereby superiority of "cognition" concluded separation their and “Existence” and “Cosmos” over or thinking apparent manifestations and scientific cognition2010). (Taghvaei, As modern Epistemology of Europe peaked mentioned above, I exist”. He of Descartes "I think, therefore in the sentence is revealed. “Truth" is the development of "Existence” of development the is “Truth" revealed. is an of "Truth" the reflects "Existence" as And 2010). (Taghvaei, and on objective solely relying perceivable is not “Existent”, is going to be pure mysticism. This is transition from “Existent” from “Existent” is transition This is going to be pure mysticism. to “Existence” (Corban, 2006, 98). becomes apparent when the “Truth" "Existence" of an existent at the same time it is manifested in various modes and different in various modes and different it is manifested at the same time to "existentiality”, from "essentiality" Transition degrees. which is defined by Mollasadra, is climax of a philosophy that in longitudinal system of universe. Islamic Philosophy is in longitudinal that or it can be considered as "existence" attribute existential according to Mollasadra, and is distinguished and determined mysticism, each level is a manifestation of higher level in its in level higher of manifestation a is level each mysticism, own universe (Nadimi, 2007). of the words in the meaning One of the ways to detect meaning their of simplicity the to referring is culture Islamic "Cosmos" in Islam is orderable and longitudinal system in and longitudinal is orderable "Cosmos" in Islam is reason world each world and unique a is order each which Islamic in or world previous of effect and world inferior the of abstract and mentally. In other words for any existence there for any existence In other words and mentally. abstract which is called qualities and intelligible attributes are essential essence (Bolkhari, 2009). self-consciousness and obtained special features, it moves it features, special obtained and self-consciousness from Islamic stage. Existence existence from essence stage to are quiddities material and is genuine viewpoint philosophers’ God's aspects: Nature presence. Everything is made of two (cosmos). (essence) and existence originality that there is believe According to philosophers who due to impacts on its essence when an existent and priority, "Whatever you think, is your utmost thinking, but it is not God" thinking, but it is not you think, is your utmost "Whatever (Molana, 1998). of is a manifestation of any creature existence Cosmos and Vol.4, No.2, Spring 2014 Spring No.2, Vol.4, International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development Urban and Architecture of Journal International

Fig.5: Relations of Cognition, Idea, and Effect

turns into scientific cognition and vice versa. The truth comes to adopt the grace of intellect (Bolkhari, 2009, 93) and Ghazali to emerge when it is manifested in the form of idea in the self. mentions it as a ladder of ascent (Bavafa & Yavari, 2011, 201). Therefore the idea is produced in the self. Now the idea is "Self" feels materials according to its sensory faculties, and credited to the same degree of perfection of the self. perceives the world beyond "matter" according to "reason". Example of Ikhwan al-Safa in this regard is that as the eye The Position and Function of Self in the Process sees things due to the presence of "light", "self" recognizes of Cognition and Idea Generation "facts" of beings by the light of reason. As a result, Ikhwan According to the above mentioned about cognition and its as other Islamic philosophers of the period, considered “self" tools and test criteria and proper cognition, on the one hand, and "reason" as factors of connection to higher universe and the truth intuition is related to correspondence of object and in other words, as tools of perception of spiritual and bright subject and on the other hand, its interpretation is related to forms of those worlds. It is impossible to perceive spiritual intuitive cognition and the emergence of idea is based on forms, i.e. "truth", without connectivity of "Self" to "reason". cognition and knowledge of tangibles and sensible tangibles. These worlds, that especially in their music treatise is entitled Now the research seems to get to the point that the place of idea as angels and spiritual works, seems to be foundation for future general should be considered. Self is place of idea emergence. titles like "world of forms", "Imagination World", "The eighth "Self" is not only a copy of the "gestalt" of God but it is part of kingdom", "Conjoined Imagination" and so on, in Islamic it and covers all the knowledge and generalized views (Talaei Philosophy (Bolkhari, 2009, 92). This is exactly the plight of Minaei, 2004, 58). the West that it has suffered from the Renaissance onwards, Islamic thinkers, following Aristotle, considered "self" as "First and self can not accept the divine grace and only has confined perfection" means "Original Existence" and "The Existent itself to "Rationalism" and scientific cognition to receive any Cosmos". Mollasadra introduces "self" a great example of cognition. Although compared to the ancient Greek philosophy, God that creates objects as external faces of his essence by the self (psyche) has been associated with ethical issues from his creative powers (Mollasadra, 1987, 25). According to Plato onwards and Plato criticized self by this way. He writes Mollasadra self is "pure form" and as a form, it is a substance about “justice” in the first book of the Republic, introduces independent from the body (Corban, 2006, 254). living with ethical attitude as the effects of trained self and Ikhwan al-Safa 16 considered "self" as captured and caught due knows good or bad living dependant on the self attention to to its decline from higher universe to the earth and believed that morality or lack of it (Avani, 2006, 201). "self" will be captured and caught unless it achieves perfection Farabi in the book "About Self", introduces the self as cause and develops from "power" to "work" in the light of goods and and origin of the body and considers three attributes for it: virtues. The way of saving "self" is its washing and refinement 1) The origin of movement (without moving itself), 2) Final by “knowledge” that in this case it reaches repentance and Cause, and 3) The real essence of animate objects (Bolkhari, forgiveness and when the self reaches this level, it will be ready 2007).

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International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development 41 truth which is not subjective but there is and in this process, but there truth which is not subjective and Truth” “Existence becomes a tool to manifest "geometry” of manifestation results are the and "continuity" "sustainability" by their them brought have artists Muslim "truth" that of a Islamic the in architecture Vernacular attitudes. perfectionism conditions of world came as a perfect response to the living experiences regional age-old on based environment, natural the "Ideal" of the artist of that time was "Cosmos Cognition" and "Cosmos Cognition" was artist of that time "Ideal" of the and kind of "concrete" created "How and this matter to be" only manifested that architecture the in thinking "continuous" (Fig.6). a single "Truth" without architecture and in art process of creation The with associated be will primary ‘epistemology’ considering of concepts and terms."Truth" ambiguity and confusion is a word that often regardless of its position in in a way is propelled creation architecture 'epistemology”, the field of When cognition, of art. with the true realm inconsistent getting caught in nets with time, does not find the "Truth" in like cosmology in not and thinking, as mythological existence, lower than those, Greece, but seeks it even at levels ancient it can not create an everlasting work i.e. in the "mind" of man, and hedonic, from a sensual, is achieved idea the because the with associated be issue will This ultimate. world- oriented etc. of concepts, diversity fragmentation, of pluralism, context the opposite of and art works; this is exactly in architecture process in which Muslim the Islamic worldview in the creation of "imagination" by connection the “Truth” discovering artist, to recollect world, has tried Intellect” in the self with "General A "truth" in the form of art and architecture. and manifest Fig. 6: Role of “intuitive cognition " and " scientific cognition “in the process of "mind creativity" and "imagination world" Fig. 6: Role of “intuitive cognition " and " scientific cognition “in the process of "mind creativity" architecture rooted in the "intellect”. The "truth" in his idea was his idea "truth" in The "intellect”. the in rooted architecture was "perfection", it Rather, but and harmony" "proportion not that only was obtained by "knowledge" and the perfection phenomenon, benefited from which as a means to "manifest artist Muslim the that thing only the is "Existence" truth". or the truth that in Iranian tried to make it appear; “Existence" “tangible” world into "imaginary world" and by abstraction world" and "imaginary world into “tangible” and "full understanding" forms in "imagination" of resulted of that 'existence' with connection in phenomenon of each existential level that without which creating works of art and existential especially architecture is not possible. used to introduce forms from Previous Muslim architect Cognition" in the "reality". Without reaching and proper and reaching Without "reality". the in Cognition" is "truth that in “tangibles" hidden of “sensible” understanding was architecture in of "Existence" expression of cosmos", the in the self is an important Therefore imagination not possible. Architect of the theologian, knew the manner of passing from of the theologian, knew the manner Architect of and position using "imagination" form through the body of the past works rooted in "Existence in creation "imagination" Imagination on the one hand is taking advantage of sensible on the one hand is taking advantage Imagination self the in worlds of expression is hand, other the on and forms 2009, 108). works (Bolkhari, the in presentation its then and refinement and soul purification are conditions of this ability. purification are conditions of this ability. refinement and soul self forms are origins of the and imaginative Emotional levels of the self. is one of the features and and imagination self and turn into signs and symbols. Since the "self" is the "self" the Since symbols. signs and into turn self and occurs through creation “artistic perception, origin of illusory self- 2002) and Dinani, (Ebrahimi perception." imaginative All external things will be transformed by inner journey in the in journey by inner transformed be things will external All with local building materials and appropriate techniques of 3.Logic is the same Aristotelian logic that is considered climate control that it comes from a true cognition of existence among Islamic scholars and imagination and confirmation are in architecture.(Eldemery, 2009, 348) considered as two fundamental issues of this logic. 4.Scientific cognition means a science in which truth is not CONCLUSIONS evident in the present world and there is only concept and Vol.4, No.2, Spring 2014 Spring No.2, Vol.4, Existence manifestation in Iranian architecture has been picture of that evident in the present world like self knowledge resulted from cognition that has lead artistic ideas towards of external existents such as earth, sky, trees, other humans, a permanent end and caused continuity of past Iranian organs of the perceiving person’s body. In the scientific architecture like a backbone. This continuity is not resulted cognition, the evident truth is apart from scientific truth and from mimesis or imitation of previous works but knowledge discovery of the evident before scientist happens by a concept and correct understanding of cosmos and consequently finding or picture of which defined for himself and in other words, it is the former architecture as part of the cosmos, led to discovery of resulted from scientific form of the evident and for this reason truth in the artist self that caused existence symbolically forms it is called scientific cognition. All of our information about body of architecture by conjunction of scientific cognition the outside world of mind, are scientific cognition (Motahari, resulted from object and truth. As long as human cognition is 2003, 83). achieved exclusively by scientific cognition; what is discussed 5.Intuitive cognition means achieving the truth or finding International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development Urban and Architecture of Journal International

in architecture theorizing is simply human mind ultimate not objective forms of objects without scientific forms. Therefore, the truth of cognition. In other words, what is today referred to knowledge obtained by this way is knowledge without as individualism in the field of architecture, is analytical view mediation (subjective forms and concepts). Thus, terms and caught in the self and separated from the intellect which has led concepts of "intuition," "revelation", "illumination" and " to the creation of absurd forms of art. A plurality of idea and intuitive cognition” can have one meaning (Hosseinzadeh consequently plurality of works are born in the subject-oriented 2006). mind of West that lowered the truth of existence up to level of 6.The success in finding relationship of scientific cognition concept and subjective false concepts by partitioning science with intuitive cognition and appropriate and reasonable referral and separating them (the science) from the sacred sciences. of scientific cognition to intuitive cognition is a guarantee of Unlike theologian artist, confining imagination to the self and validity of scientific cognition and this is very important in subject, Western artist gives objects such a credit that subject terms of epistemology. has known and understood them and even sometimes without 7.Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei or Seyed Mohammad regard to the object, subjective creations which do not exist in Hossein Tabatabaei (1903—7 November 1981) was one of the the reality, arise as basis for cognition of artistic and scientific most prominent thinkers of philosophy and contemporary Shia theoreticians and then followed by, separation of knowledge or Islam. He is famous for Tafsir al-Mizan, the Quranic exegesis. separation of identifier from evidence occur. In contrary, the 8.Sadr ad-Din Muhammad Shirazi, also called MullaSadra theologian architect, gains cognition while exploring existence (1572–1640), was an Iranian Shia Islamic philosopher, in the objects and put gestalt in place for components in order theologian and ‘Alim who led the Iranian cultural renaissance to union multiplicity so that identifier unite with evidence by in the 17th century. According to Oliver Leaman, Mulla Sadra is proper cognition and the truth of existence is manifested by arguably the single most important and influential philosopher interaction of intellect and self and architecture equipped with in the Muslim world in the last four hundred years. a truth-oriented idea will result to immortality of the work. 9.Farabi (Abu Nasr Muhammad ibn Muhammad Farabi) known in the West as Alpharabius(870-950). was a renowned AKNOWLEDGMENT scientist and philosopher of the Islamic Golden Age. He The paper is taken from Ph.D. Dissertation of Nasim Ashrafi, was also a cosmologist, logician, and musician. Through his supervised by Dr. Mohammad Naghizadeh and advised ‎by Dr. commentaries and treatises, Farabi became well known among Behnaz Aminzadeh, titled “Clarifying Interaction of Idea and medieval Muslim intellectuals as "The Second Teacher", that work in ‎Iranian Architecture”‎ is, the successor to Aristotle, "The First Teacher". 10.Abu Hamid Muhammad ibn Muhammad Ghazali (c. 1058– ENDNOTES 1111); i, known as Ghazali to the Western medieval world, was 1.However, we consider that no matter is realized without a Muslim theologian, jurist, philosopher, and mystic of Persian intellectual and cognitive foundation; The problem is that the descent. current issues depend on the modern epistemology. 11.Ali ibn Abi Talib (13th Rajab, 22 or 16 BH – 21st Ramadān, 2.The idea in the context of the article means cognitions 40 AH; September 20, 601 or July 17, 607 or 600– January established in the self which is ultimate product to do a work. 27, 661) was the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Now this work in architecture is the process of creation that has Muhammad, ruling over the Islamic Caliphate from 656 begun from an ultimate in cognition and passes a procedure to to 661. A son of Abu Talib, Ali was also the first male who form that ultimate. The ultimate is idea. accepted Islam. Sunnis consider Ali the fourth of the Rashidun

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International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development 43 . . . . . Translated . Translated . Based on Description of . Access in http:// . . Researched by . Researched . Vol. 1, No. 63. 1, No. Vol. . Beirut: Alvfa’ Institute Alvfa’ Beirut: Education of Philosophy Logic and Knowledge from Marefat Three Three Principles Treatises Translated Translated and interpreted of Pure Pure Termination, Description Masnavi Manavi Philosophy of art in Love Study Love in art of Philosophy . Vol. 2, No.10. Vol. . Imagination and Confirmation Farabi’s Farabi’s Logics The Age of the world picture: in the Age of the world picture: The Beharolanvar. Geometry of Imagination and Beauty . Qom: Asra Publication . Qom: . Translated by Dr. J. Musleh. Tehran: Tehran: J. Musleh. by Dr. Translated . Horizons of intellectual idea in Islamic Tehran: Amirkabir Publications Tehran: Journal of Philosophy . Tehran: translation and publication by Matn by Matn publication and translation Tehran: . : khayyam Journal of Architectural and Planning Research Architectural Journal of . Vol. 4.No. 1. 4.No. Vol. . .Tehran: Matn Publications Matn .Tehran: Khial Magazine International Journal of Architecture and Urban Translated by Bagher Parham. Tehran: Forouzan Tehran: Parham. by Bagher Translated Mollasadra, S.M. (1987). Mollasadra, S.M. (2002). Mollasadra, Habib, F., & Khastoo. M. (2014). An Analytical Approach Analytical An & Khastoo. M. (2014). Habib, F., M. (1977). Heideqqer, Imami Jome, S.M. (2009). Ab. Javadi Amoli, (1997). Majlesi, M.B. (1983). Marashi Najafi, S.SH. (1998). Molana, J. M. (1998). ( 1988). M.T. Yazdi. Mesbah (1981). Mollasadra. Bolkhari, H. (2007). Innovations of Farabi in concept and of Farabi in concept (2007). Innovations Bolkhari, H. (2009). Bolkhari, H. Corban, H.(2006). Dinani, Gh. (1996). Ebrahimi Artistic and Imaginative Dinani, Gh. (2002). Ebrahimi Dinani, Gh. 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