DOCSLIB.ORG

A Qualitative Investigation of Flow and Clutch States Christian F

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Qualitative Investigation of Flow and Clutch States Christian F University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers Faculty of Social Sciences 2019 Optimal experiences in exercise: A qualitative investigation of flow and clutch states Christian F. Swann Southern Cross University, [email protected] Patricia C. Jackman University of Lincoln, [email protected] Matthew chS weickle University of Wollongong, [email protected] Stewart A. Vella University of Wollongong, [email protected] Publication Details Swann, C., Jackman, P. C., Schweickle, M. J. & Vella, S. A. (2019). Optimal experiences in exercise: A qualitative investigation of flow and clutch states. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 40 87-98. Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] Optimal experiences in exercise: A qualitative investigation of flow and clutch states Abstract Objectives: Understanding how to promote rewarding exercise experiences is important for attempts to help individuals be physically active. This qualitative study aimed to investigate the optimal psychological states experienced during rewarding exercise activities. Specifically, participants were interviewed as soon as possible after recent, rewarding exercise experiences in order to maximise detail and accuracy of recall. Design: Event-focused qualitative study. Method: A sample of 18 individuals (Mage= 32.94 years) participated in event-focused, semi-structured interviews soon after a rewarding exercise experience (M = 2 days later). Data were analysed thematically, while strategies were employed to enhance trustworthiness. Results: Participants reported two distinct optimal experiences during rewarding exercise activities, matching descriptions of flow and clutch states. Flow occurred in contexts involving exploration, novelty/variation, and flexible outcomes, while the experience was described as enjoyable at the time, and involved lower perceived effort. Clutch states occurred in contexts involving achievement and pressure. Exercisers perceived clutch states to be enjoyable afterwards but not at the time, and to involve intense effort. Notable differences were apparent in the outcomes of each state in that flow had an energising effect, whereas clutch states were fatiguing. Conclusions: This study presents evidence for flow and clutch states in exercise, supporting emerging research in sport. These findings provide insights into the occurrence, experience, and outcomes of flow and clutch states specifically from the exerciser's perspective. Such insights can inform future research on flow and clutch states in this setting, and may provide strategies for reliably inducing each state during exercise. Disciplines Education | Social and Behavioral Sciences Publication Details Swann, C., Jackman, P. C., Schweickle, M. J. & Vella, S. A. (2019). Optimal experiences in exercise: A qualitative investigation of flow and clutch states. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 40 87-98. This journal article is available at Research Online: https://ro.uow.edu.au/sspapers/4476 OPTIMAL EXPERIENCES IN EXERCISE 0 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 1 2 3 4 5 6 Optimal Experiences in Exercise: A Qualitative Investigation of Flow and Clutch States 7 8 9 Christian Swann 1* , Patricia Jackman 2, Matthew Schweickle 3 & Stewart A. Vella 3 10 11 1School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Australia 12 2School of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Lincoln, UK 13 3School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Australia 14 MANUSCRIPT 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 ACCEPTED 22 *Address correspondence to: Christian Swann, School of Health and Human Sciences, 23 Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales 2450, Australia. Email: 24 [email protected] OPTIMAL EXPERIENCES IN EXERCISE 0 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 1 2 3 4 5 6 Optimal Experiences in Exercise: A Qualitative Investigation of Flow and Clutch States 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 MANUSCRIPT 15 16 17 ACCEPTED OPTIMAL EXPERIENCES IN EXERCISE 1 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 1 Abstract 2 Objectives: Understanding how to promote rewarding exercise experiences is important for 3 attempts to help individuals be physically active. This qualitative study aimed to investigate 4 the optimal psychological states experienced during rewarding exercise activities. 5 Specifically, participants were interviewed as soon as possible after recent, rewarding 6 exercise experiences in order to maximise detail and accuracy of recall. 7 Design: Event-focused qualitative study. 8 Method: A sample of 18 individuals ( Mage = 32.94 years) participated in event-focused, 9 semi-structured interviews soon after a rewarding exercise experience ( M = 2 days later). 10 Data were analysed thematically, while strategies were employed to enhance trustworthiness. 11 Results: Participants reported two distinct optimal experiences during rewarding exercise 12 activities, matching descriptions of flow and clutch states. Flow occurred in contexts 13 involving exploration, novelty/variation, and flexible outcomes, while the experience was 14 described as enjoyable at the time, and involved loMANUSCRIPTwer perceived effort. Clutch states 15 occurred in contexts involving achievement and pressure. Exercisers perceived clutch states 16 to be enjoyable afterwards but not at the time, and to involve intense effort. Notable 17 differences were apparent in the outcomes of each state in that flow had an energising effect, 18 whereas clutch states were fatiguing. 19 Conclusions: This study presents evidence for flow and clutch states in exercise, supporting 20 emerging research in sport. These findings provide insights into the occurrence, experience, 21 and outcomes ofACCEPTED flow and clutch states specifically from the exerciser’s perspective. Such 22 insights can inform future research on flow and clutch states in this setting, and may provide 23 strategies for reliably inducing each state during exercise. 24 25 Keywords: end-spurt, enjoyment, physical activity, runner’s high, the zone. OPTIMAL EXPERIENCES IN EXERCISE 2 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 1 Optimal Experiences in Exercise: A Qualitative Investigation of Flow and Clutch States 2 The field of positive psychology advocates studying the best experiences that 3 individuals have, in order to understand how to promote them more frequently (Seligman & 4 Csikszentmihalyi, 2000). These aims are particularly relevant in the study of exercise 5 participation, which is defined as planned, structured, and/or repetitive bodily movement, of 6 which a primary objective is to improve or maintain physical fitness (Caspersen, Powell & 7 Christenson, 1985; Pink, 2008). For example, despite the well-known benefits of regular 8 physical activity, the majority of adults in most developed countries are not meeting physical 9 activity guidelines (Andersen, Mota & Di Pietro, 2016). Furthermore, it is estimated that 10 around 50% of individuals drop out of exercise programs (Dishman & Buckworth, 1996; 11 Marcus et al., 2006; Ekkekakis, 2017), with even higher rates in the real world (e.g., 96% of 12 people dropped out of a gym membership in Brazil within one year of joining; Sperandei, 13 Viera & Reis, 2016). A meta-analysis reported that positive affect during moderate intensity 14 exercise was linked to future physical activity, butMANUSCRIPT post-exercise affect displayed a null 15 relationship (Rhodes & Kates, 2015). That is, even though people typically feel good after 16 exercise (e.g., Fox, 1999), how people feel during exercise appears to be more important for 17 determining subsequent engagement. These findings place emphasis on individuals’ 18 experience during exercise as an important mechanism for long-term engagement. Therefore, 19 understanding how and why individuals have positive experiences during exercise could 20 provide insights into how practitioners may be able to achieve such experiences consistently. 21 Optimal ACCEPTEDexperiences, such as “the runner’s high” and “the zone”, are commonly 22 discussed in exercise-related media (e.g., Fetters, 2014) and research (e.g., Boecker et al., 23 2008). The concept of flow (Csikszentmihalyi, 1975, 2002, 2014) is the most-studied and 24 developed psychological framework for such optimal experiences. Flow is defined as an 25 enjoyable, intrinsically rewarding experience characterized by concentration and absorption OPTIMAL EXPERIENCES IN EXERCISE 3 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 1 in a specific activity, to the exclusion of irrelevant thoughts and emotions, and a sense of 2 everything coming together or clicking into place, even in challenging situations 3 (Csikszentmihalyi, 2002). Understanding of flow generally revolves around 4 Csikszentmihalyi’s conceptualization of this state as including nine dimensions (e.g., 5 Csikszentmihalyi, 2002; Jackson & Csikszentmihalyi, 1999). Three dimensions are proposed 6 to be conditions through which flow occurs (Nakamura & Csikszentmihalyi, 2002): (i) 7 challenge-skills balance; (ii) clear goals; and (iii) unambiguous feedback. The other six 8 dimensions are proposed to be characteristics of the experience: (iv) concentration on the task 9 at hand; (v) sense of control; (vi) loss of self-consciousness; (vii) action-awareness merging; 10 (viii) transformation of time; and (iv) autotelic experience which denotes that the experience 11 is enjoyable and intrinsically rewarding (e.g., Csikszentmihalyi, 2002; Nakamura & 12 Csikszentmihalyi, 2002). Given the desirability of these experiential characteristics, flow
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mindfulness in Sport: a Proposed Intervention for Choking Susceptible Athletes
    ABSTRACT MINDFULNESS IN SPORT: A PROPOSED INTERVENTION FOR CHOKING SUSCEPTIBLE ATHLETES by Jenna Kaitlin Hussey Although antecedents of choking under pressure have been studied, prevention efforts have been unsuccessful. Current choking susceptibility (CS) criteria includes trait anxiety (TA), self- consciousness (SC), and coping style. This study implemented a sport specific mindfulness (MF) intervention to reduce levels of TA, SC, and alter coping to reduce CS. Two CS athletes completed the 6 week Mindful Sport Performance Enhancement (MSPE) program. Anxiety direction, trait, and state MF were assessed throughout the program, with a follow-up 5-6 weeks post intervention to gain further insight into the continuing effects of the MF training. Visual analysis demonstrated increases in MF levels, and changes in TA, SC and coping, resulting in both participants failing to meet the CS criteria post-intervention, inferring a reduced likelihood of choking in future performances. Enhanced MF levels promoted greater awareness and acceptance, along with anxiety directional changes, which may help counter the negative effects of stressful sport performances. MINDFULNESS IN SPORT: A PROPOSED INTERVENTION FOR CHOKING SUSCEPTIBLE ATHLETES A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Miami University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Department of Kinesiology and Health by Jenna Kaitlin Hussey Miami University Oxford, OH 2015 Advisor ____________________________________ R. Weinberg, PhD Reader______________________________________
    [Show full text]
  • Does Engaging in Creative Activities Influence the Use of Coping Skills and Perception of Challenge-Skill Balance in Elite Athletes?
    IAFOR Journal of Psychology & the Behavioral Sciences Volume 5 – SI – Autumn 2019 Does Engaging in Creative Activities Influence the Use of Coping Skills and Perception of Challenge-Skill Balance in Elite Athletes? Veronique Richard, Florida State University, USA Yanyun Yang, Florida State University, USA Mark Runco, American Institute for Behavioral Research and Technology, USA Ahmed M. Abdulla, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain Gershon Tenenbaum, Florida State University, USA Abstract The aim of this study was to test the notion that engagement in creative activity directly affects the flow state dimension of challenge-skills balance, and indirectly via coping strategies in the realm of sport. Two hundred and eight athletes classified as intermediate, advanced, and expert level were administered a Creative Activities and Accomplishment Checklist (CAAC), the Dispositional Coping Inventory for Competitive Sport (DCICS), and the Challenge-Skill Balance subscale of the Dispositional Flow Scale (CS-DFS-2). Measurement and structural equation modeling were used to test the postulated model. The best fit of the model showed that 36% of the variance in challenge-skills balance was accounted for by creative activities and task-oriented coping, of which 27% was attributed to the indirect effect from creative activities via task-oriented coping. The findings extend the role that creativity engagement has on flow state. Keywords: creativity, coping skills, challenge-skill balance, sport psychology, elite athletes 3 IAFOR Journal of Psychology & the Behavioral Sciences Volume 5 – SI – Autumn 2019 Csikszentmihalyi’s (1996) initial qualitative research on creativity highlighted the psychological state highly creative individuals reach when they are fully engaged in their creative process.
    [Show full text]
  • Hypnosis in the Clutch
    Research Article ISSN: 2574 -1241 DOI: 10.26717/BJSTR.2019.23.003863 Hypnosis in the Clutch John Pates* Department of Sport, England *Corresponding author: John Pates, Department of Sport, Hartpury University, hartpury house, Gloucester, gl193be, England ARTICLE INFO Abstract Received: November 14, 2019 The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a hypnosis-based intervention on golf performance and a mental state called the ‘Clutch’ see Swann et November 22, 2019 Published: al. [1]. The participants in this study were three elite European Tour golfers. The golf Citation: John Pates. Hypnosis in the baseline, across individual design. The Clutch state data was analyzed using a procedure performance data was analyzed using an idiosyncratic AB single-subject, multiple Clutch. Biomed J Sci & Tech Res 23(2)- that monitored the participants internal experience Wollman et al. [2]. The results of the performance data indicated that all three participants mean stroke average decreased from baseline to intervention. For participant 2 and 3 there was only one overlapping data point between baseline and intervention conditions. For participant 1 there were Keywords:2019. BJSTR. Clutch MS.ID.003863. states, Hypnosis, Trig- no overlapping data points between baseline and intervention. Finally, each participant gers, Pres-shot routines reported they had felt the intervention had increased sensations they associated with Clutch states. These results support the hypothesis that a hypnosis-based intervention can improve golf performance and increase feelings and cognitions that are associated with Clutch states. The positive results suggest the intervention strategy has great potential for training elite golfers. Consultancy guidelines for the use of hypnosis within sport is discussed.
    [Show full text]
  • Sport and Exercise Psychology: the Key Concepts, Second Edition
    SPORT AND EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY Praise for the first edition: ‘‘The exploration of the concepts is concise; the writing style is engaging and easily understandable without being patronising or simplistic ... a useful reference tool, a quick and user-friendly resource to be used to inform discussion, or [as] a source of illumination.’’ Higher Education Academy Psychology Network Now including exercise psychology terms for the first time in its new edition, Sport and Exercise Psychology: The Key Concepts offers a highly accessible introduction to this fascinating subject, its central theories and state-of-the-art research. Over 300 alphabetically ordered entries cover such diverse terms as: adherence aggression emotion exercise dependence home advantage kinesiophobia left-handedness motivation retirement self-confidence. Cross-referenced, with suggestions for further reading and a full index, this Key Guide contains invaluable advice on the psychology of sport and exercise. A comprehensive A–Z guide to a fast-moving field of inquiry, this book is an essential resource for scholars, coaches, trainers, journalists, competitors, exercisers—in fact, anyone associated with sport and exercise. Ellis Cashmore is Professor of Culture, Media and Sport at Stafford- shire University, UK, and author of Making Sense of Sports as well as biographies, such as Beckham and Tyson: Nurture of the Beast. ALSO AVAILABLE FROM ROUTLEDGE Fifty Key Thinkers in Psychology Noel Sheehy 978-0-415-16775-8 Psycholinguistics: The Key Concepts John Field 978-0-415-25891-3 SPORT AND EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY The Key Concepts Second Edition Ellis Cashmore First published 2002 This edition published 2008 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY10016 RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2008.
    [Show full text]
  • Introducing Neuropsychology, Second Edition
    Introducing Neuropsychology Introducing Neuropsychology, second edition investi- edition, key topics are dealt with in separate focus gates the functions of the brain and explores the boxes, and “interim comment” sections allow the relationships between brain systems and human reader a chance to “take stock” at regular intervals. behaviour. The material is presented in a jargon-free, The book assumes no particular expertise on easy to understand manner and aims to guide the reader’s part in either psychology or brain students new to the field through current areas of physiology. Thus, it will be of great interest not only research. to those studying neuropsychology and cognitive Following a brief history of the discipline and a neuroscience, but also to medical and nursing description of methods in neuropsychology, the students, and indeed anyone who is interested in remaining chapters review traditional and recent learning about recent progress in understanding research findings. Both cognitive and clinical aspects brain–behaviour relationships. of neuropsychology are addressed to illustrate the advances scientists are making (on many fronts) in John Stirling has worked at Manchester Polytechnic/ their quest to understand brain–behaviour relation- MMU for over 30 years, teaching Bio- and Neuro- ships in both normal and disturbed functioning. The psychology, Psychopathology and Experimental rapid developments in neuropsychology and cogni- Design and Statistics. He has published over 30 tive neuroscience resulting from traditional research scientific journal articles, and three books. methods as well as new brain-imaging techniques are presented in a clear and straightforward way. Each Rebecca Elliott has worked at the University of chapter has been fully revised and updated and new Manchester for 8 years, using brain-imaging tech- brain-imaging data are incorporated throughout, niques to study emotion and cognition in psychiatric especially in the later chapters on Emotion and disorders.
    [Show full text]
  • Mark P. Otten Curriculum Vita
    Mark P. Otten Curriculum Vita Department of Psychology California State University, Northridge 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, CA 91330-8255 [email protected] https://csunsportpsychlab.wordpress.com Education Ph.D., Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (2007) Advisor: Dr. Peter Bentler Major Emphasis: Quantitative Psychology Minor Emphases: Social Psychology, Developmental Psychology M.A., Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (2002) B.A., Statistics, University of California, Davis (2001) Professional Experience California State University, Northridge, Department of Psychology Professor, 2018-present Associate Professor, 2014-18 Assistant Professor, 2008-14 Part-time Faculty, 2004-2005 California State University, Long Beach, Department of Psychology Part-time Faculty, 2008 Teaching Experience California State University, Northridge, Department of Psychology • Univariate Statistics for Psychology and Lab • Advanced Social Psychology: Sport and Exercise (previously Sport Psychology) • Multivariate Statistics and Lab • Seminar in Professional Development • Latent Variable Analysis and Lab • Advanced Univariate Statistics for Psychology and Lab • Graduate Seminar in Research Methods • Psychology of Stress Honors, Awards, and Fellowships California State University, Northridge Distinguished Teaching, Counseling or Librarianship Award (Spring 2016) Sabbatical, Department of Psychology and College of Social and Behavioral Sciences, California State University, Northridge (Spring 2015) Membership, College of Social
    [Show full text]
  • Choking Under Pressure of Top Performers: Evidence from Biathlon Competitions
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Lindner, Florian Working Paper Choking under pressure of top performers: Evidence from Biathlon competitions Working Papers in Economics and Statistics, No. 2017-24 Provided in Cooperation with: Institute of Public Finance, University of Innsbruck Suggested Citation: Lindner, Florian (2017) : Choking under pressure of top performers: Evidence from Biathlon competitions, Working Papers in Economics and Statistics, No. 2017-24, University of Innsbruck, Research Platform Empirical and Experimental Economics (eeecon), Innsbruck This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/184975 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open
    [Show full text]
  • Religions and Psychotherapies
    Religions and Psychotherapies Edited by Prof. Dr. Klaus Baumann and Prof. Dr. Frank-Gerald B. Pajonk Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Religions www.mdpi.com/journal/religions Prof. Dr. Klaus Baumann and Prof. Dr. Frank-Gerald B. Pajonk (Eds.) Religions and Psychotherapies This book is a reprint of the Special Issue that appeared in the online, open access journal, Religions (ISSN 2077-1444) from 2011–2012 (available at: http://www.mdpi.com/journal/religions/special_issues/religions-psychotherapies). Guest Editors Klaus Baumann Caritaswissenschaft und Christliche Sozialarbeit, Theologische Fakultät Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Germany Frank-Gerald B. Pajonk Praxis Isartal, Kloster Schäftlarn, Germany Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Germany Editorial Office MDPI AG Klybeckstrasse 64 Basel, Switzerland Publisher Shu-Kun Lin Managing Editor Jeremiah R. Zhang 1. Edition 2014 MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona ISBN 978-3-906980-77-5 (Hbk) ISBN 978-3-906980-78-2 (PDF) Articles in this volume are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution license (CC BY), which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book taken as a whole is © 2014 MDPI, Basel, Switzerland, distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons by Attribution (CC BY-NC-ND) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). III Table of Contents List of Contributors ............................................................................................................................. V Preface............................................................................................................................................. XV Editorial Religions 2014, 5(3), 871–875; doi:10.3390/rel5030871 .................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 2016 AASP South Central Regional Conference Program
    2016 AASP South Central Regional Conference Program April 22th (Friday) Time Event 4:30pm Registration Begins 5:00‐5:15 pm Opening and Welcome Speech 5:15‐6:15 pm Keynote Speech 1 ‐ Dr. Monro Cullum Facts and Myths about Sports‐Related Concussion 6:15‐6:45 pm Session 1 Research Presentation ‐ Deanna Perez (Boston University) Intuitive Control and Positive Competitive State Anxiety: New Assessments to Predict Clutch Performance 7:00‐9:00 pm Conference Social ‐ East Side Denton (117 E Oak St, Denton) Keynote Bios: Monro Cullum, Ph.D. Dr. Cullum received his PhD in Clinical Psychology from The University of Texas at Austin, followed by a postdoctoral residency in neuropsychology at the University of California San Diego and San Diego VA. He became Assistant Professor of Psychiatry and Neurology at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center in Denve and was recruited to UT Southwestern in 1994 to develop and direct clinical and research programs in neuropsychology. Dr. Cullum is currently a tenured Professor of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Neurological Surgery, Chairman of the Division of Psychology, and Director of Neuropsychology at The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center where he holds the Pamela Blumenthal Distinguished Professorship in Clinical Psychology. He is nationally recognized in the field of neuropsychology, a field focused upon understanding brainbehavioral relationships and the evaluation and treatment of patients with known or suspected cognitive disorders. He is a past-president of the National Academy of Neuropsychology and the Society for Clinical Neuropsychology, a division of the American Psychological Association. Dr. Cullum is board-certified in clinical neuropsychology and is active in clinical service, teaching, leadership, and research.
    [Show full text]
  • Definition of Choking in Sport 1
    DEFINITION OF CHOKING IN SPORT 1 Definition of Choking in Sport: Re-conceptualization and Debate Christopher Mesagno School of Health Sciences, University of Ballarat, Australia Denise M. Hill University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, United Kingdom Accepted to International Journal of Sport Psychology (IJSP) Please note: Since IJSP does not provide pdf versions of documents, please refer to the in print version for the official draft. Author note: Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to: Christopher Mesagno, Ph.D. University of Ballarat, School of Health Sciences, PO Box 663, Ballarat, Victoria 3353 Australia. Phone: 61 3 5327 6136. Fax: 61 3 5327 9478. Email: [email protected] DEFINITION OF CHOKING IN SPORT 1 1 Abstract 2 In sport, choking under pressure is a negative athletic experience that may have psychologically 3 damaging effects. The media recognizes that choking is a dramatic drop in performance, whereas 4 researchers have labeled choking as any decrease in performance under pressure. This 5 discrepancy between the media’s and researchers’ perception of choking leads to ambiguity 6 among terms and confusion among researchers, applied practitioners, and the general public. 7 Thus, the current position paper will: critically analyze current choking definitions and explore 8 why they are not appropriate operational definitions; explain the current underperformance and 9 choking terminology debate; offer an alternative choking definition that should be debated; and 10 also identify ways that researchers can improve the robustness of choking investigations. It is 11 hoped that this paper will stimulate debate and improve the quality of future choking research. 12 Keywords: Under-performance, anxiety, paradoxical performance 2 1 Introduction 2 Choking (under pressure) in sport can have damaging effects on athletes that includes 3 under-achieved sporting potential, diminished enjoyment, lowered well-being, and impaired 4 self-identity (Hill, Hanton, Matthews, & Fleming, 2011).
    [Show full text]
  • The Religious Function of the Psyche
    THE RELIGIOUS FUNCTION OF THE PSYCHE Traditional concepts of God are no longer tenable for many people who nevertheless experience a strong sense of the sacred. These people require an approach to religion that recognizes its actual manifestations within their own lives. The Religious Function of the Psyche offers an examination of divinity that focuses on its unique, personal manifestations within the psyche, the body, relationships and the world at large. Using the language and interpretive methods of depth psychology, particularly those of C.G.Jung and psychoanalytic self psychology, the author, Lionel Corbett, offers an introduction to Jung and religion and a bridge between the transpersonal and the personal levels of the psyche. Lionel Corbett suggests a psychological model for the relationship between the divine and the human, and offers an alternative approach to spirituality than that found in traditional religious systems. Problems of evil, suffering, and the notion of human development as an incarnation of spirit, are dealt with in this book by a religious approach to the psyche that can be applied in both everyday life and within the practice of psychotherapy. Lionel Corbett is Professor of Depth Psychology, Pacifica Graduate Institute, Santa Barbara, California, USA. THE RELIGIOUS FUNCTION OF THE PSYCHE Lionel Corbett First published 1996 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2002. © 1996 Lionel Corbett All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Clinical and Organizational Applications of Applied Behavior Analysis Clinical and Organizational Applications of Applied Behavior Analysis
    CLINICAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL APPLICATIONS OF APPLIED BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS CLINICAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL APPLICATIONS OF APPLIED BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS Edited by HENRY S. ROANE Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA JOEL L. RINGDAHL Rehabilitation Institute, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA TERRY S. FALCOMATA Department of Special Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 125 London Wall, London, EC2Y 5AS, UK 525 B Street, Suite 1800, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK First published 2015 Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangement with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein.
    [Show full text]