Riktlinjer Vid Design Av Användargränssnitt

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Riktlinjer Vid Design Av Användargränssnitt Handelshögskolan vid Göteborgs universitet Institutionen för informatik RIKTLINJER VID DESIGN AV ANVÄNDARGRÄNSSNITT SAMT INTERNET EXPLORER VS NETSCAPE NAVIGATOR - EN STUDIE I DESIGN OCH ANVÄNDARVÄNLIGHET ”Har du tänkt på hur användarna hanterar de tjusiga gränssnitt du designar? Visst, de klickar på knapparna och länkar med länkarna, men hur använder de det egentligen? Gör de som du hade tänkt dig? Får de det resultat som de hade tänkt sig? Kan de utföra de arbetsuppgifter de hade tänkt sig? Eller kan de bara göra det du hade tänkt dig? Och hade du i så fall tänkt rätt?” Ur tidningen Datateknik nr 29, 1998 Frågor som varje designer av användargränssnitt borde ställa sig, men vilket tyvärr inte alltid sker. I denna rapport, som delats upp i två huvudavsnitt, förutom ett inledande kapitel om interaktion mellan människa och dator, formuleras ett antal riktlinjer som bör övervägas vid utformning av ett användarvänligt och funktionellt gränssnitt. Det har framkommit att det inte bara är användning och placering av visuella komponenter, såsom fönster, menyer och kontroller som har betydelse, utan även slutanvändarens mentala kapacitet och fysiska omgivning. I en fallstudie jämförs de ledande webbläsarna Internet Explorer och Netscape Navigator mot de framtagna riktlinjerna. Webbläsare är till för att på ett så enkelt och effektivt sätt kunna förflytta sig på nätet och att skicka mail. Avancerade funktioner har svårt att komma till sin rätt, då användare ej tar sig tid att utforska dem om de ens upptäcks. Examensarbete 10p för ADB-programmet 80p Vårterminen 1999 Handledare: Roy Corneliusson Jessica Hellström & Maria D. Nilsson Riktlinjer vid design av användargränssnitt … INNEHÅLLSFÖRTECKNING INTRODUKTION................................................................................................................ 2 BAKGRUND ......................................................................................................................... 2 SYFTE OCH AVGRÄNSNING................................................................................................... 2 DISPOSITION ....................................................................................................................... 3 SPRÅKBRUK ........................................................................................................................ 3 SAMSPELET MELLAN MÄNNISKA OCH DATOR........................................................ 4 VARFÖR SKALL ANVÄNDAREN INVOLVERAS I DESIGNPROCESSEN?......................................... 4 VAD VÄNTAR OSS I FRAMTIDEN?.......................................................................................... 5 ATT DESIGNA ETT ANVÄNDARGRÄNSSNITT ............................................................ 6 INTRODUKTION ................................................................................................................... 6 Syfte & metod ................................................................................................................. 6 ANVÄNDARNA .................................................................................................................... 7 Låt oss tänka på saken! ................................................................................................... 7 Erfarna vs ovana användare ........................................................................................... 8 Det är inte bara insidan som räknas…............................................................................. 9 DET GRAFISKA ANVÄNDARGRÄNSSNITTET HAR ERÖVRAT VÄRLDEN ...................................... 9 Direkt manipulation.......................................................................................................10 GRUNDLÄGGANDE PRINCIPER VID DESIGN AV ANVÄNDARGRÄNSSNITT .................................11 Allmänna riktlinjer.........................................................................................................12 Layout ...........................................................................................................................15 Fönster ....................................................................................................................................15 Verktygsfält & paletter ............................................................................................................17 Menyer....................................................................................................................................18 Kontroller................................................................................................................................20 Färger .....................................................................................................................................26 SAMMANFATTNING ............................................................................................................28 INTERNET EXPLORER VS NETSCAPE NAVIGATOR ................................................30 INTRODUKTION ..................................................................................................................30 Syfte ..............................................................................................................................30 Utvärderingsmetoder .....................................................................................................30 BAKGRUND ........................................................................................................................31 UNDERSÖKNING .................................................................................................................32 Design ...........................................................................................................................33 Användarvänlighet.........................................................................................................36 RESULTAT..........................................................................................................................40 Design ...........................................................................................................................41 Användarvänlighet.........................................................................................................42 DISKUSSION ......................................................................................................................44 VAD VI HADE KUNNAT GÖRA ANNORLUNDA ........................................................................44 VAD VI TYCKER OCH TÄNKER OM ÄMNET ............................................................................44 VAD VI KAN FÖRVÄNTA OSS I FRAMTIDEN............................................................................45 REFERENSLISTA..............................................................................................................46 Jessica Hellström & Maria D. Nilsson 1 Riktlinjer vid design av användargränssnitt … INTRODUKTION Bakgrund För inte allt för många år sedan, var datorer stora, komplicerade maskiner som inte bara krävde mycket elektricitet, utan också ständig tillsyn av experter. För att på den tiden bli en sk datoranvändare, krävdes inte bara utbildning och kunskap om kommandon och koder för att få datorerna att utföra önskade operationer, utan även labb-rock. Idag har datorn en självskriven plats på våra kontor, och hemanvändningen ökar hela tiden kraftigt. Den information som tidigare lästes från pappersbaserade dokument, samlade i pärmar eller utspridda på skrivbordet, tas numera från det lilla fönster som utgör bildskärmen. Pärmarna har ersatts av mappar i form av ikoner och att bläddra sig igenom buntar av papper består numera av att manipulera mer eller mindre strukturerade användargränssnitt. Sättet på hur dessa användargränssnitt är designade och hur information presenteras på skärmen har stor betydelse för hur väl användaren kan utföra sina uppgifter. Under våra två år på ADB-programmet har vi sett många exempel på hur användargränssnitt inte ska designas. Det verkar finnas ett stort behov av mer kunskap och insikt inom detta område både på institutionen och ute i näringslivet. Därför ansåg vi att detta var ett lämpligt ämne att fördjupa sig i, samtidigt som det egna intresset var stort. Syfte och avgränsning Vi vill med denna rapport öka förståelsen för hur viktig användargränssnitts- design är och formulera ett antal riktlinjer för vad som bör tänkas på vid skapandet av ett funktionellt och användarvänligt gränssnitt. Efter att ha tittat på olika författares teorier om hur användargränssnitt på bästa sätt bör designas, har vi kommit fram till att de har ungefär samma tankar och idéer i ämnet. Därför har vi valt att inte jämföra olika teorier, utan istället sammanställt de riktlinjer vi anser vara viktigast. Vi har ej heller tagit upp några tekniska aspekter på gränssnitt. Studien i del två syftar till att se hur pass väl de framtagna riktlinjerna följs i verkligheten. Anledningen till att vi har valt Netscape Navigator och Internet Explorer är att dessa är de två vanligaste webbläsarna idag, och därför bör följa de riktlinjer som leder till god design. För att begränsa vår undersökning har vi valt att helt utelämna mail-funktionerna och övriga tilläggsfunktioner, som exempelvis Netscapes Composer. Jessica Hellström & Maria D. Nilsson 2 Riktlinjer vid design av användargränssnitt … Uppsatsen riktar sig till de studenter som sysslar med systemutveckling, där design av användargränssnitt ofta helt glöms bort, eller är ett ”nödvändigt ont” som först
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