DOCSLIB.ORG

Phylogeny of Isolepis (Cyperaceae) Revisited: Non-Monophyletic Nature of I

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Phylogeny of Isolepis (Cyperaceae) Revisited: Non-Monophyletic Nature of I Plant Syst Evol (2016) 302:231–238 DOI 10.1007/s00606-015-1253-7 SHORT COMMUNICATION Phylogeny of Isolepis (Cyperaceae) revisited: non-monophyletic nature of I. fluitans sensu lato and resurrection of I. lenticularis 1,5 2 3 4 Yu Ito • Jan-Adriaan Viljoen • Norio Tanaka • Okihito Yano • A. Muthama Muasya2 Received: 18 March 2015 / Accepted: 19 September 2015 / Published online: 30 October 2015 Ó Springer-Verlag Wien 2015 Abstract The aquatic and wetland ephemeral genus Australasian species. The overall morphological evidence Isolepis (Cyperaceae) comprises 76 species mostly in the conflicts with the species recognition of I. fluitans sensu southern hemisphere, and especially Africa and Australa- lato and rather indicates the non-monophyly of I. fluitans, sia. The latest taxonomic revision recognizes three sub- which we tested in a phylogenetic framework. Sequence genera (Fluitantes, Isolepis and Micranthae) and three data from three plastid DNA regions and nuclear ITS were sections in subgen. Isolepis. Subgen. Fluitantes, mat- analyzed using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, forming perennial herbs typically bearing a single terminal and Bayesian inference. We obtained moderately resolved spikelet, comprises nine species with a nearly cosmopolitan phylogenies with the plastid DNA and ITS data sets. distribution except in Americas and Antarctica. Of these, Although partially conflicting, both phylogenies rejected I. fluitans includes infraspecific taxa from Africa–Europe the monophyly of I. fluitans and instead revealed inter- and Asia–Australasia that are distinguished by the length of continental pattern with infraspecific taxa showing close the involucral bract relative to the spikelet. This morpho- relationships with species in the subgenus within their logical character is also used in the key to subgen. geographic area. A revised key to species of subgenus Fluitantes that separates African–European and Asian– Fluitantes is provided with the Asian–Australasian I. flui- tans var. lenticularis resurrected to species rank as I. len- ticularis. The phylogeny reveals a single dispersal event from Africa to Australasia, or vice versa in subgen. Handling editor: Pablo Vargas. Fluitantes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00606-015-1253-7) contains supplementary Keywords Aquatic plants Á Cyperaceae Á Isolepis Á ITS Á material, which is available to authorized users. Molecular phylogeny Á Plastid DNA & Yu Ito [email protected] Introduction 1 Botanical Gardens, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 112-0001, Japan 2 Isolepis R.Br. (Cyperaceae) is an aquatic and wetland or Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape ephemeral plant genus that comprises 76 species mostly in Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa 3 the southern hemisphere, and especially Africa and Aus- Tsukuba Botanical Garden, National Museum of Nature and tralasia (Muasya 1998;WCSP2015). This sedge genus, Science, Tsukuba 305-0005, Japan 4 defined as having ‘‘bisexual flowers with glumes spirally Faculty of Biosphere-Geosphere Science, Okayama (or occasionally distichously) arranged’’ (Muasya and University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Japan Simpson 2002; Muasya et al. 2006, 2007), has been phy- 5 Present Address: Plant Phylogenetics & Conservation Group, logenetically studied based on morphological (Muasya and Centre for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Simpson 2002) and molecular data (Muasya et al. 2001, Kunming 650223, People’s Republic of China 2009; Muasya and de Lange 2010). Although the Ficinia- 123 232 Y. Ito et al. Isolepis clade was strongly supported ([90 % Bootstrap Materials and methods support; Muasya et al. 2009), none of these studies recovered Isolepis as monophyletic and instead, for Taxon sampling example, dispersed the genus at least into three weakly supported clades (Muasya et al. 2009). With a primal focus on Isolepis subgen. Fluitantes,we Muasya and Simpson (2002) revised the taxonomy of obtained a total of 43 samples (41 unique OTUs), which the genus Isolepis, recognizing three subgenera (Isolepis, were equivalent to 32 species from all subgenera and Fluitantes (C.B.Clarke) Muasya and Micranthae sections of Isolepis sensu Muasya and Simpson (2002) (C.B.Clarke) Muasya) and three sections in subgenus Iso- including five samples of each of the three varieties of lepis (Isolepis, Cernuae (C.B.Clarke) Muasya and Prolif- I. fluitans (Online Resource 1). The sample set contained erae Muasya). Subgen. Fluitantes is defined as being those used in the previous molecular phylogenetic studies ‘‘plants mat-forming, with above ground rhizomes; spikelet (Muasya et al. 2001; Hirahara et al. 2007a, 2007b; Muasya single and not proliferating’’ and has been previously et al. 2009; Muasya and de Lange 2010; Yano et al. 2012) classified as the segregate genus Eleogiton Link (Muasya and newly added 15 samples, including I. pottsii and and Simpson 2002). Isolepis fluitans is among the nine I. reticularis, species new to molecular phylogenetic species of subgen. Fluitantes and includes three varieties studies. that are in part distinguished by the length of involucral The outgroup included Dracoscirpoides falsa, Ficinia bract relative to the spikelet: Australasian var. lenticularis pinguior, and Hellmuthia membranacea, following Muasya (‘‘longer’’) and African–European var. fluitans and Ethio- et al. (2001, 2009) and Muasya and de Lange (2010). pian endemic var. nervosa (‘‘shorter’’) (Muasya and Simpson 2002). This morphological character is also found DNA extraction, amplification and sequencing in the key to species of subgen. Fluitans provided by Muasya and Simpson (2002; Table 1), where ‘‘longer’’ is Total genomic DNA was extracted from either silica gel- given for Australasian I. crassiuscula and I. producta, dried leaf tissues or herbarium specimens using the CTAB while ‘‘shorter’’ is for South African Cape endemic I. ru- method described in Ito et al. (2010). The targeted DNA bicunda and I. striata. Besides, the other African members regions, three from plastid DNA (ptDNA; rbcL, rps16, and of subgen. Fluitantes had involucral bracts ‘‘shorter’’ than trnL) and one from nuclear DNA (ITS), were amplified spikelets: I. graminoides; I. inyangensis; I. ludwigii using the following primers: rbcL-1F (Fay et al. 1997) and (Muasya and Simpson 2002). Meanwhile, the length of rbcL-729R (50-CTTCGCATGTACCTGCAGTAGC-30; glumes and the length of anthers divide I. fluitans, modified from Fay et al. 1997) plus rbcL-636F (Asmussen I. graminoides, I. inyangensis, plus I. ludwigii and I. cras- and Chase 2001) and rbcL-1379R (Little and Barrington siuscula, I. producta, I. rubicunda, plus I. striata (Muasya 2003) for rbcL, ‘‘c’’ and ‘‘d’’ for the trnL intron (Taberlet and Simpson 2002; Table 1). These characters, however, et al. 1991), rpsF and rpsR2 for rps16 (Oxelman et al. need to be reevaluated because, for example, in the Flora of 1997), and ITS-4 and ITS-5 for ITS (Baldwin 1992). PCR Victoria, Australia, I. crassiuscula, I. fluitans, and I. pro- amplification was performed following the procedure of Ito ducta are largely overlapped (Wilson 1994; Table 1). The et al. (2010). overall morphological evidence conflicts with the species Sequences of the rbcL, rps16, and trnL, and ITS were recognition of I. fluitans sensu Muasya and Simpson (2002) aligned using the software Mafft (ver. 7.058; Katoh and and rather indicates that the Australasian and African plus Standley 2013) and then edited manually. Gaps associated African–European varieties of I. fluitans have close rela- with mononucleotide repeats were not included in the tionships with the respective geographical relatives in phylogenetic analyses, because homology assessment can subgen. Fluitantes. be difficult for these repeated nucleotides (Kelchner 2000) The primary aim of this study was to test the monophyly and they might be technical artifacts of the PCR amplifi- of Isolepis fluitans sensu Muasya and Simpson (2002). To cation (Clarke et al. 2001). Ambiguously aligned regions, do so, we performed simultaneous molecular phylogenetic found in trnL, were excluded from the analyses. analyses based on plastid DNA (ptDNA) and nuclear DNA Phylogenetic inference was determined using maximum (nDNA) data sets. For ptDNA markers, two regions (rbcL, parsimony (MP) in PAUP* (ver. 4.0b10; Swofford 2002), trnL) of Muasya et al (2001) and one region (rps16) of maximum likelihood (ML) in the RAxML web-server Muasya and de Lange’s (2010) were chosen and combined program (Stamatakis et al. 2008), and Bayesian inference altogether. The nuclear ITS data set that Muasya and de (BI) in MrBayes (ver. 3.2.2; Ronquist et al. 2012). The Lange (2010) used was expanded and then analyzed incongruence length difference test (Farris et al. 1994) was separately. conducted to test congruence between the four DNA 123 Phylogeny of Isolepis Table 1 Distribution and some morphological characters of Isolepis subgen. Fluitantes : non-monophyly of Distribution Involucral Spikeleta Length of involucral bract over Glumesa,c Glumesd Anthersa,c Anthersd bracta (mm) spikeleta,b Isolepis beccarii Indonesia 4–18 9 0.3–0.7 3.1–7.3 9 1.5–2.7 mm Longer 1.9–3 9 0.9-1.2 mm N/A 0.4–0.7 mm N/A long I. crassiuscula Australasia, 3–10 9 0.6–1.6 3.7–11.2 9 1.9–3.6 mm Equala 2.7–4.5 9 0.8-1.6 mma 3–4 mm 0.7–1.5 mm 0.8–1.5 mm Asia long longa long I. fluitans I. fluitans var. Africa, 2–12 9 0.3–1.3 2.4–9.4 9 0.7–2.7 mm Shortera 1.5–3.4 9 0.5-1.3 mmb N/A 0.4–1.5 mm N/A fluitans Europe longb I. fluitans var. Australasia 2–12 9 0.3–1.3 2.4–9.4 9 0.7–2.7 mm Longera 1.5–3.4 9 0.5-1.3 mmb 1.7–2.8 mm 0.4–1.5 mm 0.5–1.0 mm and resurrection of lenticularis long longb long I. fluitans var. Africa 2–12 9 0.3–1.3 2.4–9.4 9 0.7–2.7 mm Shortera 1.5–3.4 9 0.5-1.3 mmb N/A 0.4–1.5 mm N/A nervosa longb I.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Outline of Angiosperm Phylogeny
    Outline of angiosperm phylogeny: orders, families, and representative genera with emphasis on Oregon native plants Priscilla Spears December 2013 The following listing gives an introduction to the phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants that has emerged in recent decades, and which is based on nucleic acid sequences as well as morphological and developmental data. This listing emphasizes temperate families of the Northern Hemisphere and is meant as an overview with examples of Oregon native plants. It includes many exotic genera that are grown in Oregon as ornamentals plus other plants of interest worldwide. The genera that are Oregon natives are printed in a blue font. Genera that are exotics are shown in black, however genera in blue may also contain non-native species. Names separated by a slash are alternatives or else the nomenclature is in flux. When several genera have the same common name, the names are separated by commas. The order of the family names is from the linear listing of families in the APG III report. For further information, see the references on the last page. Basal Angiosperms (ANITA grade) Amborellales Amborellaceae, sole family, the earliest branch of flowering plants, a shrub native to New Caledonia – Amborella Nymphaeales Hydatellaceae – aquatics from Australasia, previously classified as a grass Cabombaceae (water shield – Brasenia, fanwort – Cabomba) Nymphaeaceae (water lilies – Nymphaea; pond lilies – Nuphar) Austrobaileyales Schisandraceae (wild sarsaparilla, star vine – Schisandra; Japanese
    [Show full text]
  • Isolepis Tenella, a New Combination in Cyperaceae
    Isolepis tenella, a New Combination in Cyperaceae A. Muthama Muasya East African Herbarium, National Museums of Kenya, P.O. Box 45166, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; and Laboratory of Plant Systematics, Institute of Botany & Microbiology, K.U. Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium. [email protected] David A. Simpson Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, United Kingdom. [email protected] Erik Smets Laboratory of Plant Systematics, Institute of Botany & Microbiology, K.U. Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium. [email protected] ABSTRACT . Since the publication of a monograph on Also, typical Cyperus-like spikelets are observed in Isolepis (Cyperaceae) in 2002, further data on the Ficinia, but the latter genus is diagnosed by the genus have been collected, necessitating additional presence of a hypogynous disk. nomenclatural change. Isolepis is a predominantly A phylogenetic study of Cyperus s.l. (Muasya et al., southern hemisphere genus with high species di- 2002), utilizing plastid (rbcL, rps16 intron, trnL intron, versity in South Africa and Australia. A new and trnL-F intergenic spacer) sequence data resolved combination is made here: Isolepis tenella (L.f.) Cyperus tenellus L.f. embedded within the Isolepis– Muasya & D. A. Simpson, transferring an aberrant Ficinia clade and sister to Isolepis cernua (Vahl) annual previously named Cyperus tenellus. Roemer & Schultes. This position has been confirmed Key words: Cyperaceae, Cyperus tenellus, Isolepis by an expanded analysis of Cyperaceae incorporating tenella. rbcL sequence data (Simpson et al., in press). We are convinced that this taxon belongs to Isolepis and make Recent systematic studies in the genus Isolepis R.
    [Show full text]
  • Quarterly Changes
    Plant Names Database: Quarterly changes 30 November 2015 © Landcare Research New Zealand Limited 2015 This copyright work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 New Zealand license. Attribution if redistributing to the public without adaptation: "Source: Landcare Research" Attribution if making an adaptation or derivative work: "Sourced from Landcare Research" http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.7931/P1Z598 CATALOGUING IN PUBLICATION Plant names database: quarterly changes [electronic resource]. – [Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand] : Landcare Research Manaaki Whenua, 2014- . Online resource Quarterly November 2014- ISSN 2382-2341 I.Manaaki Whenua-Landcare Research New Zealand Ltd. II. Allan Herbarium. Citation and Authorship Wilton, A.D.; Schönberger, I.; Gibb, E.S.; Boardman, K.F.; Breitwieser, I.; Cochrane, M.; Dawson, M.I.; de Pauw, B.; Fife, A.J.; Ford, K.A.; Glenny, D.S.; Heenan, P.B.; Korver, M.A.; Novis, P.M.; Redmond, D.N.; Smissen, R.D. Tawiri, K. (2015) Plant Names Database: Quarterly changes. November 2015. Lincoln, Manaaki Whenua Press. This report is generated using an automated system and is therefore authored by the staff at the Allan Herbarium who currently contribute directly to the development and maintenance of the Plant Names Database. Authors are listed alphabetically after the third author. Authors have contributed as follows: Leadership: Wilton, Heenan, Breitwieser Database editors: Wilton, Schönberger, Gibb Taxonomic and nomenclature research and review: Schönberger, Gibb, Wilton, Breitwieser, Dawson, Ford, Fife, Glenny, Heenan, Novis, Redmond, Smissen Information System development: Wilton, De Pauw, Cochrane Technical support: Boardman, Korver, Redmond, Tawiri Disclaimer The Plant Names Database is being updated every working day. We welcome suggestions for improvements, concerns, or any data errors you may find.
    [Show full text]
  • Nuclear Genes, Matk and the Phylogeny of the Poales
    Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2018 Nuclear genes, matK and the phylogeny of the Poales Hochbach, Anne ; Linder, H Peter ; Röser, Martin Abstract: Phylogenetic relationships within the monocot order Poales have been well studied, but sev- eral unrelated questions remain. These include the relationships among the basal families in the order, family delimitations within the restiid clade, and the search for nuclear single-copy gene loci to test the relationships based on chloroplast loci. To this end two nuclear loci (PhyB, Topo6) were explored both at the ordinal level, and within the Bromeliaceae and the restiid clade. First, a plastid reference tree was inferred based on matK, using 140 taxa covering all APG IV families of Poales, and analyzed using parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. The trees inferred from matK closely approach the published phylogeny based on whole-plastome sequencing. Of the two nuclear loci, Topo6 supported a congruent, but much less resolved phylogeny. By contrast, PhyB indicated different phylo- genetic relationships, with, inter alia, Mayacaceae and Typhaceae sister to Poaceae, and Flagellariaceae in a basally branching position within the Poales. Within the restiid clade the differences between the three markers appear less serious. The Anarthria clade is first diverging in all analyses, followed by Restionoideae, Sporadanthoideae, Centrolepidoideae and Leptocarpoideae in the matK and Topo6 data, but in the PhyB data Centrolepidoideae diverges next, followed by a paraphyletic Restionoideae with a clade consisting of the monophyletic Sporadanthoideae and Leptocarpoideae nested within them. The Bromeliaceae phylogeny obtained from Topo6 is insufficiently sampled to make reliable statements, but indicates a good starting point for further investigations.
    [Show full text]
  • Co-Extinction of Mutualistic Species – an Analysis of Ornithophilous Angiosperms in New Zealand
    DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES CO-EXTINCTION OF MUTUALISTIC SPECIES An analysis of ornithophilous angiosperms in New Zealand Sandra Palmqvist Degree project for Master of Science (120 hec) with a major in Environmental Science ES2500 Examination Course in Environmental Science, 30 hec Second cycle Semester/year: Spring 2021 Supervisor: Søren Faurby - Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences Examiner: Johan Uddling - Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences “Tui. Adult feeding on flax nectar, showing pollen rubbing onto forehead. Dunedin, December 2008. Image © Craig McKenzie by Craig McKenzie.” http://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/sites/all/files/1200543Tui2.jpg Table of Contents Abstract: Co-extinction of mutualistic species – An analysis of ornithophilous angiosperms in New Zealand ..................................................................................................... 1 Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning: Samutrotning av mutualistiska arter – En analys av fågelpollinerade angiospermer i New Zealand ................................................................... 3 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 5 2. Material and methods ............................................................................................................... 7 2.1 List of plant species, flower colours and conservation status ....................................... 7 2.1.1 Flower Colours .............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • On the Flora of Australia
    L'IBRARY'OF THE GRAY HERBARIUM HARVARD UNIVERSITY. BOUGHT. THE FLORA OF AUSTRALIA, ITS ORIGIN, AFFINITIES, AND DISTRIBUTION; BEING AN TO THE FLORA OF TASMANIA. BY JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER, M.D., F.R.S., L.S., & G.S.; LATE BOTANIST TO THE ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION. LONDON : LOVELL REEVE, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. r^/f'ORElGN&ENGLISH' <^ . 1859. i^\BOOKSELLERS^.- PR 2G 1.912 Gray Herbarium Harvard University ON THE FLORA OF AUSTRALIA ITS ORIGIN, AFFINITIES, AND DISTRIBUTION. I I / ON THE FLORA OF AUSTRALIA, ITS ORIGIN, AFFINITIES, AND DISTRIBUTION; BEIKG AN TO THE FLORA OF TASMANIA. BY JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER, M.D., F.R.S., L.S., & G.S.; LATE BOTANIST TO THE ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION. Reprinted from the JJotany of the Antarctic Expedition, Part III., Flora of Tasmania, Vol. I. LONDON : LOVELL REEVE, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 1859. PRINTED BY JOHN EDWARD TAYLOR, LITTLE QUEEN STREET, LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS. CONTENTS OF THE INTRODUCTORY ESSAY. § i. Preliminary Remarks. PAGE Sources of Information, published and unpublished, materials, collections, etc i Object of arranging them to discuss the Origin, Peculiarities, and Distribution of the Vegetation of Australia, and to regard them in relation to the views of Darwin and others, on the Creation of Species .... iii^ § 2. On the General Phenomena of Variation in the Vegetable Kingdom. All plants more or less variable ; rate, extent, and nature of variability ; differences of amount and degree in different natural groups of plants v Parallelism of features of variability in different groups of individuals (varieties, species, genera, etc.), and in wild and cultivated plants vii Variation a centrifugal force ; the tendency in the progeny of varieties being to depart further from their original types, not to revert to them viii Effects of cross-impregnation and hybridization ultimately favourable to permanence of specific character x Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection ; — its effects on variable organisms under varying conditions is to give a temporary stability to races, species, genera, etc xi § 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Stability Despite Reduction: Flower Structure, Patterns of Receptacle Elongation and Organ Fusion in Eriocaulon (Eriocaulaceae: Poales)
    plants Article Stability Despite Reduction: Flower Structure, Patterns of Receptacle Elongation and Organ Fusion in Eriocaulon (Eriocaulaceae: Poales) Dmitry D. Sokoloff 1 , Shrirang R. Yadav 2, Arun N. Chandore 3 and Margarita V. Remizowa 1,* 1 Biological Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia; dmitry.sokoloff@msu-botany.ru or sokoloff[email protected] 2 Shivaji University, Vidyanagar, Kolhapur 416 004, MS, India; sryadavdu@rediffmail.com 3 Department of Botany, Abasaheb Marathe Arts and New Commerce, Science College, Rajapur 416 702, District Ratnagiri, MS, India; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected] Received: 6 October 2020; Accepted: 22 October 2020; Published: 24 October 2020 Abstract: Eriocaulaceae (Poales) differ from potentially related Xyridaceae in pattern of floral organ arrangement relative to subtending bract (with median sepal adaxial). Some Eriocaulaceae possess reduced and non-trimerous perianth, but developmental data are insufficient. We conducted a SEM investigation of flower development in three species of Eriocaulon to understand whether organ number and arrangement are stable in E. redactum, a species with a highly reduced calyx and reportedly missing corolla of female flowers. Early flower development is similar in all three species. Male and female flowers are indistinguishable at early stages. Despite earlier reports, both floral types uniformly possess three congenitally united sepals and three petals in E. redactum. Petals and inner stamens develop from common primordia. We assume that scanning electron microscopy should be used in taxonomic accounts of Eriocaulon to assess organ number and arrangement. Two types of corolla reduction are found in Eriocaulaceae: suppression and complete loss of petals.
    [Show full text]
  • A Systematic Study of Selcet Species Complexes Of
    A SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF SELECT SPECIES COMPLEXES OF ELEOCHARIS SUBGENUS LIMNOCHLOA (CYPERACEAE) A Dissertation by DAVID JONATHAN ROSEN Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY December 2006 Major Subject: Rangeland Ecology and Management A SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF SELECT SPECIES COMPLEXES OF ELEOCHARIS SUBGENUS LIMNOCHLOA (CYPERACEAE) A Dissertation by DAVID JONATHAN ROSEN Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Approved by: Chair of Committee, Stephan L. Hatch Committee Members, J. Richard Carter William E. Fox III James R. Manhart Fred E. Smeins Head of Department, Steven G. Whisenant December 2006 Major Subject: Rangeland Ecology and Management iii ABSTRACT A Systematic Study of Select Species Complexes of Eleocharis Subgenus Limnochloa (Cyperaceae). (December 2006) David Jonathan Rosen, B.S., Texas State University; M.S., Texas A&M University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Stephan L. Hatch A systematic study of two complexes of closely related species within Eleocharis subg. Limnochloa was conducted to better define poorly understood species and to lay the foundation for a worldwide revision of this group. Research utilized scanning electron microscopy (SEM), study of more than 2300 herbarium specimens and types from 35 herbaria, multivariate analysis, and field studies in the southeast United States and Mexico. Examination of achene gross- and micromorphology using SEM indicated a relationship among the species of the Eleocharis mutata complex (comprising E. mutata, E. spiralis, and E. cellulosa), their distinctness from the E.
    [Show full text]
  • Nomination File 1203
    Nomination of The Central Highlands of Sri Lanka: Its Cultural and Natural Heritage for inscription on the World Heritage List Submitted to UNESCO by the Government of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka 1 January 2008 Nomination of The Central Highlands of Sri Lanka: Its Cultural and Natural Heritage for inscription on the World Heritage List Submitted to UNESCO by the Government of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka 1 January 2008 Contents Page Executive Summary vii 1. Identification of the Property 1 1.a Country 1 1.b Province 1 1.c Geographical coordinates 1 1.e Maps and plans 1 1.f Areas of the three constituent parts of the property 2 1.g Explanatory statement on the buffer zone 2 2. Description 5 2.a Description of the property 5 2.a.1 Location 5 2.a.2 Culturally significant features 6 PWPA 6 HPNP 7 KCF 8 2.a.3 Natural features 10 Physiography 10 Geology 13 Soils 14 Climate and hydrology 15 Biology 16 PWPA 20 Flora 20 Fauna 25 HPNP 28 Flora 28 Fauna 31 KCF 34 Flora 34 Fauna 39 2.b History and Development 44 2.b.1 Cultural features 44 PWPA 44 HPNP 46 KCF 47 2.b.2 Natural aspects 49 PWPA 51 HPNP 53 KCF 54 3. Justification for Inscription 59 3.a Criteria under which inscription is proposed (and justification under these criteria) 59 3..b Proposed statement of outstanding universal value 80 3.b.1 Cultural heritage 80 3.b.2 Natural heritage 81 3.c Comparative analysis 84 3.c.1 Cultural heritage 84 PWPA 84 HPNP 85 KCF 86 3.c.2 Natural Heritage 86 3.d Integrity and authenticity 89 3.d.1 Cultural features 89 PWPA 89 HPNP 90 KCF 90 3.d.2 Natural features 91 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Ficinia Nodosa
    Ficinia nodosa COMMON NAME Wiwi, knobby club rush, ethel sedge SYNONYMS Scirpus nodosus Rottb., Isolepis nodosa (Rottb.) R.Br., Scirpoides nodosa (Rottb.) Sojak; Holoschoenus nodosus (Rottb.) Dietr. FAMILY Cyperaceae AUTHORITY Ficinia nodosa (Rottb.) Goetgh., Muasya et D.A.Simpson FLORA CATEGORY Vascular – Native ENDEMIC TAXON No ENDEMIC GENUS No ENDEMIC FAMILY No STRUCTURAL CLASS Sedges NVS CODE Coromandel, January. Photographer: John FICNOD Smith-Dodsworth CHROMOSOME NUMBER 2n = 30 CURRENT CONSERVATION STATUS 2012 | Not Threatened PREVIOUS CONSERVATION STATUSES 2009 | Not Threatened 2004 | Not Threatened DISTRIBUTION Indigenous. Kermadec, Three Kings, North, South, Stewart and Chatham Coromandel, January. Photographer: John Islands. Widespread in the southern Hemisphere Smith-Dodsworth HABITAT Mostly coastal but occasional extending into montane area (up to 700 m a.s.l.). In a wide range of habitats but favouring open situations - commonly on sand, especially on sand dunes, sandy beaches and at the back of estuaries. Sometimes colonising sandstone, limestone of volcanic rock outcrops in lowland forest. Rarely in tussock grassland. FEATURES Rhizome short, 5-10 mm diameter, ascending to subhorizontal, woody, covered with red-brown bracts 5-10 mm long. Culms numerous, somewhat woody, 0.15-2.0 m, 1-2 mm diameter, yellow-green to bronze-green, densely packed on rhizome, rush-like, rigid and erect (sometimes in lush specimens with upper third curving over), terete or slightly compressed, finely striated when dry. Leaves reduced to 3-6 basal sheaths, the uppermost 50-130 mm long, brown or red-brown, the oblique orifice slightly dilated. Inflorescence an apparently lateral, solitary, hemispherical head, 7-15 mm wide, comprised of numerous, densely crowded, sessile spikelets; subtending bract continuous with the culm, rigid, erect, pungent, > inflorescence.
    [Show full text]
  • (Cypereae, Cyperaceae) Based on Molecular Phylogenetic Data
    Delimiting the genera of the Ficinia Clade (Cypereae, Cyperaceae) based on molecular phylogenetic data A. Muthama Muasya1,2 and Isabel Larridon2,3 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Bolus Herbarium, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa 2 Identification and Naming, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK 3 Department of Biology, Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Lab, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium ABSTRACT Generic delimitations in the Ficinia Clade of tribe Cypereae are revisited. In particular, we aim to establish the placement of annual species currently included in Isolepis of which the phylogenetic position is uncertain. Phylogenetic inference is based on two nuclear markers (ETS, ITS) and five plastid markers (the genes matK, ndhF, rbcL and rps16, the trnL intron and trnL-F spacer) data, analyzed using model based methods. Topologies based on nuclear and plastid data show incongruence at the backbone. Therefore, the results are presented separately. The monophyly of the smaller genera (Afroscirpoides, Dracoscirpoides, Erioscirpus, Hellmuthia, Scirpoides) is confirmed. However, Isolepis is paraphyletic as Ficinia is retrieved as one of its clades. Furthermore, Ficinia is paraphyletic if I. marginata and allies are excluded. We take a pragmatic approach based on the nuclear topology, driven by a desire to minimize taxonomic changes, to recircumscribe Ficinia to include the annual Isolepis species characterized by cartilaginous glumes and formally include all the Isolepis species inferred outside the core Isolepis clade. Consequently, the circumscription of Isolepis is narrowed to encompass only those species retrieved as part of the core Isolepis clade. Five new combinations are Submitted 20 August 2020 made (Ficinia neocapensis, Ficinia hemiuncialis, Ficinia incomtula, Ficinia leucoloma, Accepted 18 December 2020 Ficinia minuta).
    [Show full text]
  • New Combinations in Schoenoplectus (Cyperaceae) from China
    New Combinations in Schoenoplectus (Cyperaceae) from China Song-Yun Liang and Shu-Ren Zhang* State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, People’s Republic of China. *Author for correspondence: [email protected] ABSTRACT . Five new combinations in Schoenoplectus 1. Schoenoplectus chuanus (Tang & F. T. Wang) (Rchb.) Palla (Cyperaceae) are proposed for taxa S. Yun Liang & S. R. Zhang, comb. nov. occurring in China. All these taxa previously had been Basionym: Scirpus chuanus Tang & F. T. Wang, placed in Scirpus L. s.l., which has been split into Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 11: 222. 1961. TYPE: segregate genera in the recent literature. The China. Jiangsu: Nanjing, watery places, 17 Aug. following transfers are made for taxa originally 1931, K. L. Chu 341 (holotype, PE). described from China: Schoenoplectus chuanus (Tang Distribution. Schoenoplectus chuanus is only & F. T. Wang) S. Yun Liang & S. R. Zhang, its type known from Jiangsu, China. from Jiangsu; S. jingmenensis (Tang & F. T. Wang) S. Yun Liang & S. R. Zhang, from Hubei; S. mono- Specimen examined. CHINA. Jiangsu: Jurong, M. B. cephalus (J. Q. He) S. Yun Liang & S. R. Zhang, from Deng 3640 (PE). Anhui; S. pseudoarticulatus (L. K. Dai & S. M. Huang) S. Yun Liang & S. R. Zhang, from Hainan; and S. 2. Schoenoplectus jingmenensis (Tang & F. T. supinus (L.) Palla subsp. densicorrugatus (Tang & F. T. Wang) S. Yun Liang & S. R. Zhang, comb. nov. Wang) S. Yun Liang & S. R. Zhang, from Xinjiang. Basionym: Scirpus jingmenensis Tang & F. T. Key words: China, Cyperaceae, Schoenoplectus, Wang, Fl.
    [Show full text]