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Insights Into Tyrosinase Inhibition by Compounds Isolated from Greyia Radlkoferi Syzsyl Using Biological Activity, Molecular Docking and Gene Expression Analysis
Insights into tyrosinase inhibition by compounds isolated from Greyia radlkoferi Syzsyl using biological activity, molecular docking and gene expression analysis Namrita Lall a *, Elizabeth Mogapi a, Marco Nuno de Canha a, Bridget Crampton a, Mabatho Nqephe a, Ahmed Hussein a, b and Vivek Kumara a Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, 0002 b Department of Chemistry, University of Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, 7535, Cape Town Corresponding author: Professor Namrita Lall Department of Plant and Soil Sciences Plant Science Complex, University of Pretoria Pretoria, South Africa, 0002 Email: [email protected] Tel.: 00 27 12 420 2524 Fax: 00 27 12 420 6668 1 ABSTRACT Greyia radlkoferi ethanol extract and its five compounds were tested for their inhibitory activity against the mushroom tyrosinase enzyme and melanin production on melanocytes. The crude extract showed significant tyrosinase inhibition with IC50 of 17.96µg/ml. This is the first report of the isolation of these 5 compounds from Greyia radlkoferi. 2’, 4’, 6’- trihydroxydihydrochalcone showed the highest tyrosinase inhibition at 17.70µg/ml (68.48µM), with low toxicity when compared with crude extract. This compound is therefore, a key component in the crude extract, which is responsible for tyrosinase inhibitory activity. The RT-qPCR indicated that the mechanism of action is most likely post transcriptional. Further, the molecular docking study showed that tyrosinase inhibitory activity depends on interaction of the compound with Cu2+ ions at the active site. This is the first report of the tyrosinase inhibitory activity of the G. radlkoferi extract and molecular insights on interaction of its compounds with Cu2+ ions as the driving factor for tyrosinase inhibition. -
1. EUONYMUS Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 197
Fl. China 11: 440–463. 2008. 1. EUONYMUS Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 197. 1753 [“Evonymus”], nom. cons. 卫矛属 wei mao shu Ma Jinshuang (马金双); A. Michele Funston Shrubs, sometimes small trees, ascending or clambering, evergreen or deciduous, glabrous, rarely pubescent. Leaves opposite, rarely also alternate or whorled, entire, serrulate, or crenate, stipulate. Inflorescences axillary, occasionally terminal, cymose. Flowers bisexual, 4(or 5)-merous; petals light yellow to dark purple. Disk fleshy, annular, 4- or 5-lobed, intrastaminal or stamens on disk; anthers longitudinally or obliquely dehiscent, introrse. Ovary 4- or 5-locular; ovules erect to pendulous, 2(–12) per locule. Capsule globose, rugose, prickly, laterally winged or deeply lobed, occasionally only 1–3 lobes developing, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds 1 to several, typically 2 developing, ellipsoid; aril basal to enveloping seed. Two subgenera and ca. 130 species: Asia, Australasia, Europe, Madagascar, North America; 90 species (50 endemic, one introduced) in China. Euonymus omeiensis W. P. Fang (J. Sichuan Univ., Nat. Sci. Ed. 1: 38. 1955) was described from Sichuan (Emei Shan, Shishungou, ca. 1300 m). This putative species was misdiagnosed; it is a synonym of Reevesia pubescens Masters in the Sterculiaceae (see Fl. China 12: 317. 2007). The protologue describes the fruit as having bracts. The placement of Euonymus tibeticus W. W. Smith (Rec. Bot. Surv. India 4: 264. 1911), described from Xizang (3000–3100 m) and also occurring in Bhutan (Lhakhang) and India (Sikkim), is unclear, as only a specimen with flower buds is available. Euonymus cinereus M. A. Lawson (in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 1: 611. 1875) was described from India. -
Complete Sequence and Comparative Analysis of the Chloroplast Genome of Coconut Palm (Cocos Nucifera)
Complete Sequence and Comparative Analysis of the Chloroplast Genome of Coconut Palm (Cocos nucifera) Ya-Yi Huang, Antonius J. M. Matzke, Marjori Matzke* Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan Abstract Coconut, a member of the palm family (Arecaceae), is one of the most economically important trees used by mankind. Despite its diverse morphology, coconut is recognized taxonomically as only a single species (Cocos nucifera L.). There are two major coconut varieties, tall and dwarf, the latter of which displays traits resulting from selection by humans. We report here the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of a dwarf coconut plant, and describe the gene content and organization, inverted repeat fluctuations, repeated sequence structure, and occurrence of RNA editing. Phylogenetic relationships of monocots were inferred based on 47 chloroplast protein-coding genes. Potential nodes for events of gene duplication and pseudogenization related to inverted repeat fluctuation were mapped onto the tree using parsimony criteria. We compare our findings with those from other palm species for which complete cp genome sequences are available. Citation: Huang Y-Y, Matzke AJM, Matzke M (2013) Complete Sequence and Comparative Analysis of the Chloroplast Genome of Coconut Palm (Cocos nucifera). PLoS ONE 8(8): e74736. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0074736 Editor: Hector Candela, Universidad Miguel Herna´ndez de Elche, Spain Received June 25, 2013; Accepted August 6, 2013; Published August 30, 2013 Copyright: ß 2013 Huang et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. -
Vascular Flora of the Possum Walk Trail at the Infinity Science Center, Hancock County, Mississippi
The University of Southern Mississippi The Aquila Digital Community Honors Theses Honors College Spring 5-2016 Vascular Flora of the Possum Walk Trail at the Infinity Science Center, Hancock County, Mississippi Hanna M. Miller University of Southern Mississippi Follow this and additional works at: https://aquila.usm.edu/honors_theses Part of the Biodiversity Commons, and the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Miller, Hanna M., "Vascular Flora of the Possum Walk Trail at the Infinity Science Center, Hancock County, Mississippi" (2016). Honors Theses. 389. https://aquila.usm.edu/honors_theses/389 This Honors College Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Honors College at The Aquila Digital Community. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of The Aquila Digital Community. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The University of Southern Mississippi Vascular Flora of the Possum Walk Trail at the Infinity Science Center, Hancock County, Mississippi by Hanna Miller A Thesis Submitted to the Honors College of The University of Southern Mississippi in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in the Department of Biological Sciences May 2016 ii Approved by _________________________________ Mac H. Alford, Ph.D., Thesis Adviser Professor of Biological Sciences _________________________________ Shiao Y. Wang, Ph.D., Chair Department of Biological Sciences _________________________________ Ellen Weinauer, Ph.D., Dean Honors College iii Abstract The North American Coastal Plain contains some of the highest plant diversity in the temperate world. However, most of the region has remained unstudied, resulting in a lack of knowledge about the unique plant communities present there. -
Jervis Bay Territory Page 1 of 50 21-Jan-11 Species List for NRM Region (Blank), Jervis Bay Territory
Biodiversity Summary for NRM Regions Species List What is the summary for and where does it come from? This list has been produced by the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (SEWPC) for the Natural Resource Management Spatial Information System. The list was produced using the AustralianAustralian Natural Natural Heritage Heritage Assessment Assessment Tool Tool (ANHAT), which analyses data from a range of plant and animal surveys and collections from across Australia to automatically generate a report for each NRM region. Data sources (Appendix 2) include national and state herbaria, museums, state governments, CSIRO, Birds Australia and a range of surveys conducted by or for DEWHA. For each family of plant and animal covered by ANHAT (Appendix 1), this document gives the number of species in the country and how many of them are found in the region. It also identifies species listed as Vulnerable, Critically Endangered, Endangered or Conservation Dependent under the EPBC Act. A biodiversity summary for this region is also available. For more information please see: www.environment.gov.au/heritage/anhat/index.html Limitations • ANHAT currently contains information on the distribution of over 30,000 Australian taxa. This includes all mammals, birds, reptiles, frogs and fish, 137 families of vascular plants (over 15,000 species) and a range of invertebrate groups. Groups notnot yet yet covered covered in inANHAT ANHAT are notnot included included in in the the list. list. • The data used come from authoritative sources, but they are not perfect. All species names have been confirmed as valid species names, but it is not possible to confirm all species locations. -
Introduction Methods Results
Papers and Proceedings Royal Society ofTasmania, Volume 1999 103 THE CHARACTERISTICS AND MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS OF THE VEGETATION AND FLORA OF THE HUNTINGFIELD AREA, SOUTHERN TASMANIA by J.B. Kirkpatrick (with two tables, four text-figures and one appendix) KIRKPATRICK, J.B., 1999 (31:x): The characteristics and management problems of the vegetation and flora of the Huntingfield area, southern Tasmania. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 133(1): 103-113. ISSN 0080-4703. School of Geography and Environmental Studies, University ofTasmania, GPO Box 252-78, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia 7001. The Huntingfield area has a varied vegetation, including substantial areas ofEucalyptus amygdalina heathy woodland, heath, buttongrass moorland and E. amygdalina shrubbyforest, with smaller areas ofwetland, grassland and E. ovata shrubbyforest. Six floristic communities are described for the area. Two hundred and one native vascular plant taxa, 26 moss species and ten liverworts are known from the area, which is particularly rich in orchids, two ofwhich are rare in Tasmania. Four other plant species are known to be rare and/or unreserved inTasmania. Sixty-four exotic plantspecies have been observed in the area, most ofwhich do not threaten the native biodiversity. However, a group offire-adapted shrubs are potentially serious invaders. Management problems in the area include the maintenance ofopen areas, weed invasion, pathogen invasion, introduced animals, fire, mechanised recreation, drainage from houses and roads, rubbish dumping and the gathering offirewood, sand and plants. Key Words: flora, forest, heath, Huntingfield, management, Tasmania, vegetation, wetland, woodland. INTRODUCTION species with the most cover in the shrub stratum (dominant species) was noted. If another species had more than half The Huntingfield Estate, approximately 400 ha of forest, the cover ofthe dominant one it was noted as a codominant. -
Native Orchid Society South Australia
Journal of the Native Orchid Society of South Australia Inc Arachnorchis cardiochila Print Post Approved .Volume 31 Nº 10 PP 543662/00018 November 2007 NATIVE ORCHID SOCIETY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA POST OFFICE BOX 565 UNLEY SOUTH AUSTRALIA 5061 www.nossa.org.au. The Native Orchid Society of South Australia promotes the conservation of orchids through the preservation of natural habitat and through cultivation. Except with the documented official representation of the management committee, no person may represent the Society on any matter. All native orchids are protected in the wild; their collection without written Government permit is illegal. PRESIDENT SECRETARY Bill Dear: Cathy Houston Telephone 8296 2111 mob. 0413 659 506 telephone 8356 7356 Email: [email protected] VICE PRESIDENT Bodo Jensen COMMITTEE Bob Bates Thelma Bridle John Bartram John Peace EDITOR TREASURER David Hirst Marj Sheppard 14 Beaverdale Avenue Telephone 8344 2124 Windsor Gardens SA 5087 0419 189 188 Telephone 8261 7998 Email [email protected] LIFE MEMBERS Mr R. Hargreaves† Mr. L. Nesbitt Mr H. Goldsack† Mr G. Carne Mr R. Robjohns† Mr R Bates Mr J. Simmons† Mr R Shooter Mr D. Wells† Mr W Dear Conservation Officer: Thelma Bridle Registrar of Judges: Les Nesbitt Field Trips Coordinator: Trading Table: Judy Penney Tuber bank Coordinator: Jane Higgs ph. 8558 6247; email: [email protected] New Members Coordinator: John Bartram ph: 8331 3541; email: [email protected] PATRON Mr L. Nesbitt The Native Orchid Society of South Australia, while taking all due care, take no responsibility for loss or damage to any plants whether at shows, meetings or exhibits. -
(I) Sections 10-16
APPENDIX 1 FLORA DETAILS Appendix 1: Flora Details Table 1.1: Flora species observed on the subject site by Keystone Ecological for this study. Cover abundance ratings (see text for details) are provided for full floristic quadrats (Q1 to Q7), each of 400 m2. Species observed nearby those quadrats within the same vegetation type are shown as ‘N’. Species observed in other parts of the site during random meander (RM) are indicated by ‘x’,. Additional species not found during survey but reported by Mark Fitzgerald (2005) are indicated (x), but their locations are not known and may not have been observed on site. Vegetation type and quadrat Family Scientific Name Common Name 2/3 1 2 1 2 2 RM MF Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Acanthaceae Thunbergia alata* Black-eyed Susan N Amaranthaceae Deeringia amaranthoides - 2 Anacardiaceae Euroschinus falcatus var. falcatus Ribbonwood x Apocynaceae Parsonsia straminea Common Silkpod 2 2 1 Araliaceae Polyscias elegans Black Pencil Cedar 2 2 2 4b Araliaceae Schefflera actinophylla* Umbrella Tree 2 4b 2 N Arecaceae Archontophoenix cunninghamiana Bangalow Palm 1 3 Arecaceae Livistona australis Cabbage Tree Palm 2 1 Arecaceae Syagrus romanzoffiana* Cocos Palm N Asparagaceae Asparagus aethiopicus* Asparagus Fern 4b 4b 3 1 1 N Asparagaceae Asparagus densiflorus* Asparagus Fern 4b 4b Aspleniaceae Asplenium australasicum Birds Nest Fern N 1 N Asteliaceae Cordyline stricta Narrow-leaf Palm Lily 1 Asteraceae Conyza sp.* - 1 Asteraceae Delairea odorata* Cape Ivy N Bignoniaceae Pandorea pandorana Wonga Vine N 2 1 Casuarinaceae -
KEYSTONE XL PIPELINE PROJECT: Rare Plants and Rare Ecological
KEYSTONE XL PIPELINE PROJECT Rare Plants and Rare Ecological Communities (Condition 8) KXL1399-STCE-EN-RP-0002 Rev C January 2019 Prepared for: TransCanada Keystone Pipeline Limited Partnership A Wholly Owned Subsidiary of TransCanada PipeLines Limited Calgary, Alberta Prepared by: Stantec Consulting Ltd. Calgary, Alberta KEYSTONE XL PIPELINE PROJECT RARE PLANTS AND RARE ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES (CONDITION 8) Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................... I ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................................................... III 1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 1.1 2.0 SURVEY METHODS ..................................................................................................... 2.1 2.1 SUMMARY OF PREVIOUS SURVEYS ......................................................................... 2.1 2.1.1 Previous Rare Plants .................................................................................... 2.1 2.1.2 Previous Rare Ecological Communities ....................................................... 2.2 2.1.3 Other Data Sources ...................................................................................... 2.2 2.2 2017 SURVEYS ............................................................................................................. 2.2 2.2.1 Rare Plants .................................................................................................. -
The Alien Vascular Flora of Tuscany (Italy)
Quad. Mus. St. Nat. Livorno, 26: 43-78 (2015-2016) 43 The alien vascular fora of Tuscany (Italy): update and analysis VaLerio LaZZeri1 SUMMARY. Here it is provided the updated checklist of the alien vascular fora of Tuscany. Together with those taxa that are considered alien to the Tuscan vascular fora amounting to 510 units, also locally alien taxa and doubtfully aliens are reported in three additional checklists. The analysis of invasiveness shows that 241 taxa are casual, 219 naturalized and 50 invasive. Moreover, 13 taxa are new for the vascular fora of Tuscany, of which one is also new for the Euromediterranean area and two are new for the Mediterranean basin. Keywords: Vascular plants, Xenophytes, New records, Invasive species, Mediterranean. RIASSUNTO. Si fornisce la checklist aggiornata della fora vascolare aliena della regione Toscana. Insieme alla lista dei taxa che si considerano alieni per la Toscana che ammontano a 510 unità, si segnalano in tre ulteriori liste anche i taxa che si ritengono essere presenti nell’area di studio anche con popolazioni non autoctone o per i quali sussistono dubbi sull’effettiva autoctonicità. L’analisi dello status di invasività mostra che 241 taxa sono casuali, 219 naturalizzati e 50 invasivi. Inoltre, 13 taxa rappresentano una novità per la fora vascolare di Toscana, dei quali uno è nuovo anche per l’area Euromediterranea e altri due sono nuovi per il bacino del Mediterraneo. Parole chiave: Piante vascolari, Xenofte, Nuovi ritrovamenti, Specie invasive, Mediterraneo. Introduction establishment of long-lasting economic exchan- ges between close or distant countries. As a result The Mediterranean basin is considered as one of this context, non-native plant species have of the world most biodiverse areas, especially become an important component of the various as far as its vascular fora is concerned. -
Checklist of the Vascular Alien Flora of Catalonia (Northeastern Iberian Peninsula, Spain) Pere Aymerich1 & Llorenç Sáez2,3
BOTANICAL CHECKLISTS Mediterranean Botany ISSNe 2603-9109 https://dx.doi.org/10.5209/mbot.63608 Checklist of the vascular alien flora of Catalonia (northeastern Iberian Peninsula, Spain) Pere Aymerich1 & Llorenç Sáez2,3 Received: 7 March 2019 / Accepted: 28 June 2019 / Published online: 7 November 2019 Abstract. This is an inventory of the vascular alien flora of Catalonia (northeastern Iberian Peninsula, Spain) updated to 2018, representing 1068 alien taxa in total. 554 (52.0%) out of them are casual and 514 (48.0%) are established. 87 taxa (8.1% of the total number and 16.8 % of those established) show an invasive behaviour. The geographic zone with more alien plants is the most anthropogenic maritime area. However, the differences among regions decrease when the degree of naturalization of taxa increases and the number of invaders is very similar in all sectors. Only 26.2% of the taxa are more or less abundant, while the rest are rare or they have vanished. The alien flora is represented by 115 families, 87 out of them include naturalised species. The most diverse genera are Opuntia (20 taxa), Amaranthus (18 taxa) and Solanum (15 taxa). Most of the alien plants have been introduced since the beginning of the twentieth century (70.7%), with a strong increase since 1970 (50.3% of the total number). Almost two thirds of alien taxa have their origin in Euro-Mediterranean area and America, while 24.6% come from other geographical areas. The taxa originated in cultivation represent 9.5%, whereas spontaneous hybrids only 1.2%. From the temporal point of view, the rate of Euro-Mediterranean taxa shows a progressive reduction parallel to an increase of those of other origins, which have reached 73.2% of introductions during the last 50 years. -
Vol: Ii (1938) of “Flora of Assam”
Plant Archives Vol. 14 No. 1, 2014 pp. 87-96 ISSN 0972-5210 AN UPDATED ACCOUNT OF THE NAME CHANGES OF THE DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANT SPECIES INCLUDED IN THE VOL: I (1934- 36) & VOL: II (1938) OF “FLORA OF ASSAM” Rajib Lochan Borah Department of Botany, D.H.S.K. College, Dibrugarh - 786 001 (Assam), India. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Changes in botanical names of flowering plants are an issue which comes up from time to time. While there are valid scientific reasons for such changes, it also creates some difficulties to the floristic workers in the preparation of a new flora. Further, all the important monumental floras of the world have most of the plants included in their old names, which are now regarded as synonyms. In north east India, “Flora of Assam” is an important flora as it includes result of pioneering floristic work on Angiosperms & Gymnosperms in the region. But, in the study of this flora, the same problems of name changes appear before the new researchers. Therefore, an attempt is made here to prepare an updated account of the new names against their old counterpts of the plants included in the first two volumes of the flora, on the basis of recent standard taxonomic literatures. In this, the unresolved & controversial names are not touched & only the confirmed ones are taken into account. In the process new names of 470 (four hundred & seventy) dicotyledonous plant species included in the concerned flora are found out. Key words : Name changes, Flora of Assam, Dicotyledonus plants, floristic works.