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Hybrid Voltage Multiplier for RF Energy Harvesting Circuits Fredrick Isingo ET AL., GJEE, 2020; 2:14 Research Article GJEE (2020), 2:14 Global Journal of Energy and Environment (ISSN: 2641-9947) Hybrid Voltage Multiplier for RF Energy Harvesting Circuits Fredrick Isingo, Prosper Mafole, Abdi T Abdalla Department of Electronics & Telecommunications Engineering, Collage of Information & Communication Technologies, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania ABSTRACT Paper describes the design of an improved voltage multiplier for *Correspondence to Author: Radio Frequency (RF) energy harvesting circuits using a generic Fredrick Isingo doubler circuit and the Dickson’s charge pump, all these utilize Department of Electronics & Tele- the BAT63-02V Schottky diode. The design is based on using communications Engineering, Col- four narrowband antennas operating at 800MHz, 1800MHz lage of Information & Communica- 2100MHz and 2400MHz, the designs and simulations are per- tion Technologies, University of Dar formed by Keysight’s ADS 2019 simulation software, the outputs es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanza- observed show improved voltage levels that can be used to op- nia erate ultra-low powered devices such as sensor nodes and re- motes. How to cite this article: Fredrick Isingo, Prosper Mafole, Keywords: RF energy harvesting, Schottky Diode, Voltage mul- Abdi T Abdalla. Hybrid Voltage Mul- tipliers. tiplier for RF Energy Harvesting Cir- cuits. Global Journal of Energy and Environment, 2020,2:14. eSciPub LLC, Houston, TX USA. Website: https://escipub.com/ GJEE: https://escipub.com/global-journal-of-energy-and-environment/ 1 Accepted article, Online first, For proof only Fredrick Isingo ET AL., GJEE, 2020; 2:14 Ultra-low-power devices, have bought attention The reminder of this paper is organized as and attracted a significant interest in the follows: Section II discusses the RF Energy expansion of Information and Communication Harvesting circuit blocks. Section III shows the Technology (ICT) research sector. Radio proposed RF energy harvesting circuit. Section Frequency (RF) energy harvesting is a process IV show simulation results and comparison of capturing readily available electromagnetic discussion. Section V is dedicated for radiation from different transmitting sources conclusions and recommendation. transforming it to DC and storing the electrical I. RF ENERGY HARVESTING CIRCUITS energy. Among different means of energy RF energy harvester is composed of an antenna, harvesting such as wind, solar and vibration a well matched impedance network, a voltage harnessing, which remain limited and unstable in multiplier and a power bank as illustrated on13 practice. RF energy harvesting as a strong candidate against all, it has been identified as a reliable source for powering extremely low power electronic devices1-6. Harvesting this abundant resource has been under research since the beginning of 19th century 7. However, the field is still the Figure 1: Basic block diagram for RF energy challenges facing harvesting RF energy are low harvester14 voltages and currents that tend to limit direct utilization of this technology. RF abundance makes it suitable for providing power to a wide Any RF harvesting circuit is made up of an range of low power appliances in the emerging antenna, impedance matching network, voltage revolution of the Internet of Things (IoT). multiplier and a storing unit 14. For a RF There has been a considerable amount of work harvesting circuit to work effectively and conducted on improving RF energy harvesters efficiently the antenna must receive the as previously done by 2,8 the authors designed designed frequency and matched appropriately a wideband antennas for harvesting ambient RF, to assure maximum power reception at the after implementation, suggested the use of desired frequency with minimum signal directional antennas and beam forming to reflections, the matching network balances the increase efficiency. However, challenges antenna’s impedance to the overall circuit experienced in 9, brought about authors resistance and the voltage multiplier converts proposing a MIMO based topology for energy the received AC signal to DC then stored in 5,15 harvesting for the convenience of analysis by batteries or capacitors for future use . adding power splitters between receive antenna A. Impedance matching network and rectifier. However in 10-12, authors used From the antenna to voltage multiplier, simple matching networks, PN diodes and impedances should match so as to assure MOSFET’s to increase switching capabilities but maximum energy capturing and transfer to the yielding low output voltages and currents. voltage multiplier, for matching to be achieved The main objective of this paper is to improve the successfully, the impedance matching circuitry output voltage of RF energy harvester by using should be as simple as possible so as to avoid multi narrowband matched antennas, rectifying unnecessary signal losses, the mostly preferred independent nodes to constantly power an topologies are the T and П Type impedance LMC555 timer acting as an oscillator, driving a matching topologies, their selection criteria was Dickson charge pump which is then charging a based on their most responsive frequency super-capacitor. acceptance15-16 GJEE: https://escipub.com/global-journal-of-energy-and-environment/ 2 Fredrick Isingo ET AL., GJEE, 2020; 2:14 received RF power can be described by the Friss Port_1 transmission equation below, L1 L2 2 Port_2 퐶 푃푅 = 푃푇퐺푇퐺푅 ( ) C1 4휋푟푓 The received power and transmitted power in dBm are expressed by PR and PT respectively, the antenna gain, and speed of light are also Figure 2: T- Type Impedance match network expressed as GR and C respectively, the r lastly represents the distance in-between the receiver Port_1 and transmitter. Port_2 C2 C1 D2 C4 D3 VS1 C=10 pF C=10 pF VDC=0 V F=900 MHz C2 C3 D1 D4 C1 L1 VAC=3 V C=10 pF C=10 pF PH=0 ° BW=0 MHz Figure 4: Generic voltage doubler 17 1.1. The Dickson’s charge pump: Figure 3: П - Type Impedance match network The Dickson’s charge pump is a revolution that To achieve maximum power transfer the load overcame the deficiencies of stray capacitance impedance needs to match to source impedance in Cockcroft – Walton voltage multiplier 20. The and for this case a conjugate match is obtained, output voltage of Dickson charge pump for n – ∗ 푍푆 = 푍퐿 (1) multiplying stages can be expressed by Equation 1 condition for conjugate match Equation 3 and circuit wise on Figure 5. 푉 = 푁(푉 − 푉 ) (3) 푅푆 = 푅퐿 And 푋푆 = −푋퐿 (2) 표푢푡 푝 푑 Equation 2 Conditions for maximum power Equation 3: N stage output voltage B. Voltage Multipliers Whereas; There are several types of voltage multipliers as Vout= Output voltage described by 7 and 12, but the most common N = Number of Stages types used in low power boosting are; the Vp = Input voltage Dickson charge pump and Greinacher voltage V = Diode threshold voltage multiplier. These two will be considered as it has d been mostly recommended in literature 12, 17, 18. A voltage multiplier is made from a series of PwrOscillator_2D1 D3 D2 D4 D5 diodes and capacitors to get high DC voltages, C1 C3 C4 C2 C5 extended to n stages in which each stage CLK contributes to a higher value than the initial stage 7, 14 and 19. CLK A voltage multiplier performs the task of Figure 5: Dickson’s charge pump 21 converting AC signal voltage to twice, thrice and 1.2. Greinacher voltage multiplier: so forth, based on the topology and the peak The Greinacher voltage multiplier overcomes amplitude of the signal to DC. Figure 4 shows a the shortcomings of the Villard voltage doubler generic concept for a voltage doubler. by having an additional diode placed at the The conversion of RF signal to DC requires output as described by 20, extending it to n some n-stages of voltage multiplications, the stages is possible but limits its output as there is GJEE: https://escipub.com/global-journal-of-energy-and-environment/ 3 Fredrick Isingo ET AL., GJEE, 2020; 2:14 a great efficiency loss described by 22, current These antennas required a T- type impedance improvements to this is overcome by choosing a match so as to deliver maximum power transfer very sensitive diode 11. to the load (Greinacher voltage multiplier), the optimum values at 800MHz to adhere to C1 D2 C4 D3 VS1 C=10 pF C=10 pF maximum power transfer is by having VDC=0 V F=900 MHz C2 C3 D1 D4 VAC=3 V C=10 pF C=10 pF PH=0 ° C =234.95pF, L =293.73nH and L =18.27nH as BW=0 MHz 1 1 2 described on Figure 7 Figure 6: Dual stage Greinacher voltage multiplier 22 The Dickson’s charge pump as seen in 10, 18, 23, 24 and Greinacher voltage multipliers demonstrated in 23, 25, 26 were taken into account due to their wide applicability on various energy harvesting systems. For that reason it was taken Figure 7: 800MHz matching network into account. Similarly to the 1800MHz antenna matching, II. PROPOSED RF ENERGY HARVESTING CIRCUIT C1=24.20pF, L1=19.36fH and L2=6.84nH as The proposed RF energy harvesting circuit is described by Figure 7 made up of 4 narrowband receiving antennas at the frequencies of 800MHz, 1800MHz, 2100MHz and 2400MHz having independent impedance matching and a dual stage voltage multiplier, the energy flows aggregating together to constantly power a LMC555 timer from Texas instruments acting as a pulse generator in astable mode. The timer provides clocking Figure 8: 1800MHz matching network signals to the Dickson’s charge pump in which it As the frequency increases, matching multiplies the clock pulses respect to the number complexities increase aswell, the matching of stages as revised from Equation 3. topology has to be keen so as to maintain In achieving this proposed topology, the circuit optimum efficiency.
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