HIGH VOLTAGE DC up to 2 KV from AC by USING CAPACITORS and DIODES in LADDER NETWORK Mr
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Fundamentals of Microelectronics Chapter 3 Diode Circuits
9/17/2010 Fundamentals of Microelectronics CH1 Why Microelectronics? CH2 Basic Physics of Semiconductors CH3 Diode Circuits CH4 Physics of Bipolar Transistors CH5 Bipolar Amplifiers CH6 Physics of MOS Transistors CH7 CMOS Amplifiers CH8 Operational Amplifier As A Black Box 1 Chapter 3 Diode Circuits 3.1 Ideal Diode 3.2 PN Junction as a Diode 3.3 Applications of Diodes 2 1 9/17/2010 Diode Circuits After we have studied in detail the physics of a diode, it is time to study its behavior as a circuit element and its many applications. CH3 Diode Circuits 3 Diode’s Application: Cell Phone Charger An important application of diode is chargers. Diode acts as the black box (after transformer) that passes only the positive half of the stepped-down sinusoid. CH3 Diode Circuits 4 2 9/17/2010 Diode’s Action in The Black Box (Ideal Diode) The diode behaves as a short circuit during the positive half cycle (voltage across it tends to exceed zero), and an open circuit during the negative half cycle (voltage across it is less than zero). CH3 Diode Circuits 5 Ideal Diode In an ideal diode, if the voltage across it tends to exceed zero, current flows. It is analogous to a water pipe that allows water to flow in only one direction. CH3 Diode Circuits 6 3 9/17/2010 Diodes in Series Diodes cannot be connected in series randomly. For the circuits above, only a) can conduct current from A to C. CH3 Diode Circuits 7 IV Characteristics of an Ideal Diode V V R = 0⇒ I = = ∞ R = ∞⇒ I = = 0 R R If the voltage across anode and cathode is greater than zero, the resistance of an ideal diode is zero and current becomes infinite. -
Vacuum Tube Theory, a Basics Tutorial – Page 1
Vacuum Tube Theory, a Basics Tutorial – Page 1 Vacuum Tubes or Thermionic Valves come in many forms including the Diode, Triode, Tetrode, Pentode, Heptode and many more. These tubes have been manufactured by the millions in years gone by and even today the basic technology finds applications in today's electronics scene. It was the vacuum tube that first opened the way to what we know as electronics today, enabling first rectifiers and then active devices to be made and used. Although Vacuum Tube technology may appear to be dated in the highly semiconductor orientated electronics industry, many Vacuum Tubes are still used today in applications ranging from vintage wireless sets to high power radio transmitters. Until recently the most widely used thermionic device was the Cathode Ray Tube that was still manufactured by the million for use in television sets, computer monitors, oscilloscopes and a variety of other electronic equipment. Concept of thermionic emission Thermionic basics The simplest form of vacuum tube is the Diode. It is ideal to use this as the first building block for explanations of the technology. It consists of two electrodes - a Cathode and an Anode held within an evacuated glass bulb, connections being made to them through the glass envelope. If a Cathode is heated, it is found that electrons from the Cathode become increasingly active and as the temperature increases they can actually leave the Cathode and enter the surrounding space. When an electron leaves the Cathode it leaves behind a positive charge, equal but opposite to that of the electron. In fact there are many millions of electrons leaving the Cathode. -
Hybrid Voltage Multiplier for RF Energy Harvesting Circuits
Fredrick Isingo ET AL., GJEE, 2020; 2:14 Research Article GJEE (2020), 2:14 Global Journal of Energy and Environment (ISSN: 2641-9947) Hybrid Voltage Multiplier for RF Energy Harvesting Circuits Fredrick Isingo, Prosper Mafole, Abdi T Abdalla Department of Electronics & Telecommunications Engineering, Collage of Information & Communication Technologies, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania ABSTRACT Paper describes the design of an improved voltage multiplier for *Correspondence to Author: Radio Frequency (RF) energy harvesting circuits using a generic Fredrick Isingo doubler circuit and the Dickson’s charge pump, all these utilize Department of Electronics & Tele- the BAT63-02V Schottky diode. The design is based on using communications Engineering, Col- four narrowband antennas operating at 800MHz, 1800MHz lage of Information & Communica- 2100MHz and 2400MHz, the designs and simulations are per- tion Technologies, University of Dar formed by Keysight’s ADS 2019 simulation software, the outputs es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanza- observed show improved voltage levels that can be used to op- nia erate ultra-low powered devices such as sensor nodes and re- motes. How to cite this article: Fredrick Isingo, Prosper Mafole, Keywords: RF energy harvesting, Schottky Diode, Voltage mul- Abdi T Abdalla. Hybrid Voltage Mul- tipliers. tiplier for RF Energy Harvesting Cir- cuits. Global Journal of Energy and Environment, 2020,2:14. eSciPub LLC, Houston, TX USA. Website: https://escipub.com/ GJEE: https://escipub.com/global-journal-of-energy-and-environment/ 1 Accepted article, Online first, For proof only Fredrick Isingo ET AL., GJEE, 2020; 2:14 Ultra-low-power devices, have bought attention The reminder of this paper is organized as and attracted a significant interest in the follows: Section II discusses the RF Energy expansion of Information and Communication Harvesting circuit blocks. -
Diodes As Rectifiers +
Diodes as Rectifiers As previously mentioned, diodes can be used to convert alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). Shown below is a representative schematic of a simple DC power supply similar to a au- tomobile battery charger. The way in which the diode rectifier is used results in what is called a half-wave rectifier. 0V 35.6Vpp 167V 0V pp 17.1Vp 0V T1 D1 Wallplug 1N4001 negative half−wave is 110VAC R1 resistive load removed by diode D1 D1 120 to 12.6VAC − stepdown transformer + D2 D2 input from RL input from RL transformer transformer (positive half−cycle) Figure 1: Half-Wave Rectifier Schematic (negative half−cycle) − D3 + D3 The input transformer steps the input voltage down from 110VAC(rms) to 12.6VAC(rms). The D4 D4 diode converts the AC voltage to DC by removing theD1 and negative D3 goingD1 and D3 part of the input sine wave. The result is a pulsating DC output waveform which is not ideal except for17.1V simplep applications 0V such as battery chargers as the voltage goes to zero for oneD2 have and D4 of every cycle. What we would D1 D1 v_out like is a DC output that is more consistent;T1 a waveform more like a battery what we have here. T1 1 D2 D2 C1 Wallplug R1 Wallplug R1 We need a way to use the negative half-cycle of theresistive sine load wave to to fill in between the pulses 50uF 1K 110VAC 110VAC created by the positive half-waves. This would give us a more consistent output voltage. -
Lecture 3: Diodes and Transistors
2.996/6.971 Biomedical Devices Design Laboratory Lecture 3: Diodes and Transistors Instructor: Hong Ma Sept. 17, 2007 Diode Behavior • Forward bias – Exponential behavior • Reverse bias I – Breakdown – Controlled breakdown Æ Zeners VZ = Zener knee voltage Compressed -VZ scale 0V 0.7 V V ⎛⎞V Breakdown V IV()= I et − 1 S ⎜⎟ ⎝⎠ kT V = t Q Types of Diode • Silicon diode (0.7V turn-on) • Schottky diode (0.3V turn-on) • LED (Light-Emitting Diode) (0.7-5V) • Photodiode • Zener • Transient Voltage Suppressor Silicon Diode • 0.7V turn-on • Important specs: – Maximum forward current – Reverse leakage current – Reverse breakdown voltage • Typical parts: Part # IF, max IR VR, max Cost 1N914 200mA 25nA at 20V 100 ~$0.007 1N4001 1A 5µA at 50V 50V ~$0.02 Schottky Diode • Metal-semiconductor junction • ~0.3V turn-on • Often used in power applications • Fast switching – no reverse recovery time • Limitation: reverse leakage current is higher – New SiC Schottky diodes have lower reverse leakage Reverse Recovery Time Test Jig Reverse Recovery Test Results • Device tested: 2N4004 diode Light Emitting Diode (LED) • Turn-on voltage from 0.7V to 5V • ~5 years ago: blue and white LEDs • Recently: high power LEDs for lighting • Need to limit current LEDs in Parallel V R ⎛⎞ Vt IV()= IS ⎜⎟ e − 1 VS = 3.3V ⎜⎟ ⎝⎠ •IS is strongly dependent on temp. • Resistance decreases R R R with increasing V = 3.3V S temperature • “Power Hogging” Photodiode • Photons generate electron-hole pairs • Apply reverse bias voltage to increase sensitivity • Key specifications: – Sensitivity -
CSE- Module-3: SEMICONDUCTOR LIGHT EMITTING DIODE :LED (5Lectures)
CSE-Module- 3:LED PHYSICS CSE- Module-3: SEMICONDUCTOR LIGHT EMITTING DIODE :LED (5Lectures) Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) are semiconductors p-n junction operating under proper forward biased conditions and are capable of emitting external spontaneous radiations in the visible range (370 nm to 770 nm) or the nearby ultraviolet and infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum General Structure LEDs are special diodes that emit light when connected in a circuit. They are frequently used as “pilot light” in electronic appliances in to indicate whether the circuit is closed or not. The structure and circuit symbol is shown in Fig.1. The two wires extending below the LED epoxy enclose or the “bulb” indicate how the LED should be connected into a circuit or not. The negative side of the LED is indicated in two ways (1) by the flat side of the bulb and (2) by the shorter of the two wires extending from the LED. The negative lead should be connected to the negative terminal of a battery. LEDs operate at relative low voltage between 1 and 4 volts, and draw current between 10 and 40 milliamperes. Voltages and Fig.-1 : Structure of LED current substantially above these values can melt a LED chip. The most important part of a light emitting diode (LED) is the semiconductor chip located in the centre of the bulb and is attached to the 1 CSE-Module- 3:LED top of the anvil. The chip has two regions separated by a junction. The p- region is dominated by positive electric charges, and the n-region is dominated by negative electric charges. -
ECE 255, Diodes and Rectifiers
ECE 255, Diodes and Rectifiers 23 January 2018 In this lecture, we will discuss the use of Zener diode as voltage regulators, diode as rectifiers, and as clamping circuits. 1 Zener Diodes In the reverse biased operation, a Zener diode displays a voltage breakdown where the current rapidly increases within a small range of voltage change. This property can be used to limit the voltage within a small range for a large range of current. The symbol for a Zener diode is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1: The symbol for a Zener diode under reverse biased (Courtesy of Sedra and Smith). Figure 2 shows the i-v relation of a Zener diode near its operating point where the diode is in the breakdown regime. The beginning of the breakdown point is labeled by the current IZK also called the knee current. The oper- ating point can be approximated by an incremental resistance, or dynamic resistance described by the reciprocal of the slope of the point. Since the slope, dI proportional to dV , is large, the incremental resistance is small, generally on the order of a few ohms to a few tens of ohms. The spec sheet usually gives the voltage of the diode at a specified test current IZT . Printed on March 14, 2018 at 10 : 29: W.C. Chew and S.K. Gupta. 1 Figure 2: The i-v characteristic of a Zener diode at its operating point Q (Cour- tesy of Sedra and Smith). The diode can be fabricated to have breakdown voltage of a few volts to a few hundred volts. -
Resistors, Diodes, Transistors, and the Semiconductor Value of a Resistor
Resistors, Diodes, Transistors, and the Semiconductor Value of a Resistor Most resistors look like the following: A Four-Band Resistor As you can see, there are four color-coded bands on the resistor. The value of the resistor is encoded into them. We will follow the procedure below to decode this value. • When determining the value of a resistor, orient it so the gold or silver band is on the right, as shown above. • You can now decode what resistance value the above resistor has by using the table on the following page. • We start on the left with the first band, which is BLUE in this case. So the first digit of the resistor value is 6 as indicated in the table. • Then we move to the next band to the right, which is GREEN in this case. So the second digit of the resistor value is 5 as indicated in the table. • The next band to the right, the third one, is RED. This is the multiplier of the resistor value, which is 100 as indicated in the table. • Finally, the last band on the right is the GOLD band. This is the tolerance of the resistor value, which is 5%. The fourth band always indicates the tolerance of the resistor. • We now put the first digit and the second digit next to each other to create a value. In this case, it’s 65. 6 next to 5 is 65. • Then we multiply that by the multiplier, which is 100. 65 x 100 = 6,500. • And the last band tells us that there is a 5% tolerance on the total of 6500. -
Mcnearney, Eugene Master's Thesis
Analysis of Droplet-target interactions in electrostatically charged spraying systems A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering, in Electrical and Electronic Engineering at the university of Canterbury by E. J. McNearney, B.E. Hons University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand December 2020. Abstract Increasing demands for food production and other agricultural products push demands for improved crop yields. Chemical pest management in the form of pesticides is a widely used method of increasing crop yields, over 90% of which is applied as liquid sprays. Poor application efficacy of these pesticides onto the target plant introduce concerns for both the environment and human health for those that come into contact. Traditional spraying techniques result in up to 70% off target losses, with less than 1% of the active chemical reaching the target pest. These losses are highly configuration dependent needing to be selected for the target plant and environmental conditions. One method to improve spray efficacy, electrostatically charging the liquid spray, has been previously introduced to market. This thesis has investigated factors influencing the liquid spray deposition onto the target, looking into plant impedances and using computer vision to quantify depositions with the ESS electrostatic nozzle. A high voltage power supply has also been developed to allow control of nozzle voltage. Leaf to ground impedances of potted grapevines were investigated as well as potential sources for the found values. It was found that the frequency and impedance relationship appears to follow dispersions found in other living tissues. It was also found that physical junctions in the plant where plant fibres intersect provided the largest impedance contributions with apparent linear regions in between. -
History of Diode
HISTORY OF DIODE In electronics, a diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts electric current in only one direction. The term usually refers to a semiconductor diode, the most common type today, which is a crystal of semiconductor connected to two electrical terminals, a P-N junction. A vacuum tube diode, now little used, is a vacuum tube with two electrodes; a plate and a cathode. The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current in one direction (called the diode's forward direction) while blocking current in the opposite direction (the reverse direction). Thus, the diode can be thought of as an electronic version of a check valve. This unidirectional behavior is called rectification, and is used to convert alternating current to direct current, and extract modulation from radio signals in radio receivers. However, diodes can have more complicated behavior than this simple on-off action, due to their complex non-linear electrical characteristics, which can be tailored by varying the construction of their P-N junction. These are exploited in special purpose diodes that perform many different functions. Diodes are used to regulate voltage (Zener diodes), electronically tune radio and TV receivers (varactor diodes), generate radio frequency oscillations (tunnel diodes), and produce light (light emitting diodes). Diodes were the first semiconductor electronic devices. The discovery of crystals' rectifying abilities was made by German physicist Ferdinand Braun in 1874. The first semiconductor diodes, called cat's whisker diodes were made of crystals of minerals such as galena. Today most diodes are made of silicon, but other semiconductors such as germanium are sometimes used. -
Voltage Doubler Circuit with 555 Timer
VOLTAGE DOUBLER CIRCUIT WITH 555 TIMER A Project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of B. Tech in Electrical Engineering By ASHFAQUE ARSHAD (11701614014) AKSHAY KUMAR (11701614005) DEBAYAN MANNA (11701614019) SURESH SAHU (11701614056) Under the supervision of MR. SUBHASIS BANERJEE Assistant Professor, Electrical Engineering, RCCIIT Department of Electrical Engineering RCC INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY CANAL SOUTH ROAD, BELIAGHATA, KOLKATA – 700015, WEST BENGAL Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT) © 2018 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It is my great fortune that I have got opportunity to carry out this project work under the supervision of (Voltage Doubler Circuit with 555 Timer Circuit under the supervision of Mr. Subhasis Banerjee) in the Department of Electrical Engineering, RCC Institute of Information Technology (RCCIIT), Canal South Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata-700015, affiliated to Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), West Bengal, India. I express my sincere thanks and deepest sense of gratitude to my guide for his constant support, unparalleled guidance and limitless encouragement. I wish to convey my gratitude to Prof. (Dr.) Alok Kole, HOD, Department of Electrical Engineering, RCCIIT and to the authority of RCCIIT for providing all kinds of infrastructural facility towards the research work. I would also like to convey my gratitude to all the faculty members and staffs of the Department of Electrical Engineering, RCCIIT for their whole hearted cooperation -
ASIC Design to Support Low Power High Voltage Power Supply for Radiation Monitoring Applications Daniel Rogge University of Nebraska - Lincoln, [email protected]
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Theses, Dissertations, and Student Research from Electrical & Computer Engineering, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering Fall 11-30-2018 ASIC Design to Support Low Power High Voltage Power Supply for Radiation Monitoring Applications Daniel Rogge University of Nebraska - Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/elecengtheses Part of the Computer Engineering Commons, Other Electrical and Computer Engineering Commons, and the VLSI and Circuits, Embedded and Hardware Systems Commons Rogge, Daniel, "ASIC Design to Support Low Power High Voltage Power Supply for Radiation Monitoring Applications" (2018). Theses, Dissertations, and Student Research from Electrical & Computer Engineering. 101. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/elecengtheses/101 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Electrical & Computer Engineering, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses, Dissertations, and Student Research from Electrical & Computer Engineering by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. ASIC DESIGN TO SUPPORT LOW POWER HIGH VOLTAGE POWER SUPPLY FOR RADIATION MONITORING APPLICATIONS by Daniel Rogge A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfilment of Requirements For the Degree of Master of Science Major: Electrical Engineering Under the Supervision of Professors Sina Balkir and Michael Hoffman Lincoln, Nebraska December, 2018 ASIC DESIGN TO SUPPORT LOW POWER HIGH VOLTAGE POWER SUPPLY FOR RADIATION MONITORING APPLICATIONS Daniel Rogge, M.S. University of Nebraska, 2018 Advisors: Sina Balkir and Michael Hoffman A low power high voltage power supply is designed for use in a long duration radi- ation monitoring system.