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Oil Refining in Mexico and Prospects for the Energy Reform
Articles Oil refining in Mexico and prospects for the Energy Reform Daniel Romo1 1National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico. E-mail address: [email protected] Abstract: This paper analyzes the conditions facing the oil refining industry in Mexico and the factors that shaped its overhaul in the context of the 2013 Energy Reform. To do so, the paper examines the main challenges that refining companies must tackle to stay in the market, evaluating the specific cases of the United States and Canada. Similarly, it offers a diagnosis of refining in Mexico, identifying its principal determinants in order to, finally, analyze its prospects, considering the role of private initiatives in the open market, as well as Petróleos Mexicanos (Pemex), as a placeholder in those areas where private enterprises do not participate. Key Words: Oil, refining, Energy Reform, global market, energy consumption, investment Date received: February 26, 2016 Date accepted: July 11, 2016 INTRODUCTION At the end of 2013, the refining market was one of stark contrasts. On the one hand, the supply of heavy products in the domestic market proved adequate, with excessive volumes of fuel oil. On the other, the gas and diesel oil demand could not be met with production by Petróleos Mexicanos (Pemex). The possibility to expand the infrastructure was jeopardized, as the new refinery project in Tula, Hidalgo was put on hold and the plan was made to retrofit the units in Tula, Salamanca, and Salina Cruz. This situation constrained Pemex's supply capacity in subsequent years and made the country reliant on imports to supply the domestic market. -
Climate and Energy Benchmark in Oil and Gas Insights Report
Climate and Energy Benchmark in Oil and Gas Insights Report Partners XxxxContents Introduction 3 Five key findings 5 Key finding 1: Staying within 1.5°C means companies must 6 keep oil and gas in the ground Key finding 2: Smoke and mirrors: companies are deflecting 8 attention from their inaction and ineffective climate strategies Key finding 3: Greatest contributors to climate change show 11 limited recognition of emissions responsibility through targets and planning Key finding 4: Empty promises: companies’ capital 12 expenditure in low-carbon technologies not nearly enough Key finding 5:National oil companies: big emissions, 16 little transparency, virtually no accountability Ranking 19 Module Summaries 25 Module 1: Targets 25 Module 2: Material Investment 28 Module 3: Intangible Investment 31 Module 4: Sold Products 32 Module 5: Management 34 Module 6: Supplier Engagement 37 Module 7: Client Engagement 39 Module 8: Policy Engagement 41 Module 9: Business Model 43 CLIMATE AND ENERGY BENCHMARK IN OIL AND GAS - INSIGHTS REPORT 2 Introduction Our world needs a major decarbonisation and energy transformation to WBA’s Climate and Energy Benchmark measures and ranks the world’s prevent the climate crisis we’re facing and meet the Paris Agreement goal 100 most influential oil and gas companies on their low-carbon transition. of limiting global warming to 1.5°C. Without urgent climate action, we will The Oil and Gas Benchmark is the first comprehensive assessment experience more extreme weather events, rising sea levels and immense of companies in the oil and gas sector using the International Energy negative impacts on ecosystems. -
Integrating Into Our Strategy
INTEGRATING CLIMATE INTO OUR STRATEGY • 03 MAY 2017 Integrating Climate Into Our Strategy INTEGRATING CLIMATE INTO OUR STRATEGY • 03 CONTENTS Foreword by Patrick Pouyanné, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Total 05 Three Questions for Patricia Barbizet, Lead Independent Director of Total 09 _____________ SHAPING TOMORROW’S ENERGY Interview with Fatih Birol, Executive Director of the International Energy Agency 11 The 2°C Objective: Challenges Ahead for Every Form of Energy 12 Carbon Pricing, the Key to Achieving the 2°C Scenario 14 Interview with Erik Solheim, Executive Director of UN Environment 15 Oil and Gas Companies Join Forces 16 Interview with Bill Gates, Breakthrough Energy Ventures 18 _____________ TAKING ACTION TODAY Integrating Climate into Our Strategy 20 An Ambition Consistent with the 2°C Scenario 22 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Down 23% Since 2010 23 Natural Gas, the Key Energy Resource for Fast Climate Action 24 Switching to Natural Gas from Coal for Power Generation 26 Investigating and Strictly Limiting Methane Emissions 27 Providing Affordable Natural Gas 28 CCUS, Critical to Carbon Neutrality 29 A Resilient Portfolio 30 Low-Carbon Businesses to Become the Responsible Energy Major 32 Acquisitions That Exemplify Our Low-Carbon Strategy 33 Accelerating the Solar Energy Transition 34 Affordable, Reliable and Clean Energy 35 Saft, Offering Industrial Solutions to the Climate Change Challenge 36 The La Mède Biorefinery, a Responsible Transformation 37 Energy Efficiency: Optimizing Energy Consumption 38 _____________ FOCUS ON TRANSPORTATION Offering a Balanced Response to New Challenges 40 Our Initiatives 42 ______________ OUR FIGURES 45 04 • INTEGRATING CLIMATE INTO OUR STRATEGY Total at a Glance More than 98,109 4 million employees customers served in our at January 31, 2017 service stations each day after the sale of Atotech A Global Energy Leader No. -
Educator's Guide: Orion
Legends of the Night Sky Orion Educator’s Guide Grades K - 8 Written By: Dr. Phil Wymer, Ph.D. & Art Klinger Legends of the Night Sky: Orion Educator’s Guide Table of Contents Introduction………………………………………………………………....3 Constellations; General Overview……………………………………..4 Orion…………………………………………………………………………..22 Scorpius……………………………………………………………………….36 Canis Major…………………………………………………………………..45 Canis Minor…………………………………………………………………..52 Lesson Plans………………………………………………………………….56 Coloring Book…………………………………………………………………….….57 Hand Angles……………………………………………………………………….…64 Constellation Research..…………………………………………………….……71 When and Where to View Orion…………………………………….……..…77 Angles For Locating Orion..…………………………………………...……….78 Overhead Projector Punch Out of Orion……………………………………82 Where on Earth is: Thrace, Lemnos, and Crete?.............................83 Appendix………………………………………………………………………86 Copyright©2003, Audio Visual Imagineering, Inc. 2 Legends of the Night Sky: Orion Educator’s Guide Introduction It is our belief that “Legends of the Night sky: Orion” is the best multi-grade (K – 8), multi-disciplinary education package on the market today. It consists of a humorous 24-minute show and educator’s package. The Orion Educator’s Guide is designed for Planetarians, Teachers, and parents. The information is researched, organized, and laid out so that the educator need not spend hours coming up with lesson plans or labs. This has already been accomplished by certified educators. The guide is written to alleviate the fear of space and the night sky (that many elementary and middle school teachers have) when it comes to that section of the science lesson plan. It is an excellent tool that allows the parents to be a part of the learning experience. The guide is devised in such a way that there are plenty of visuals to assist the educator and student in finding the Winter constellations. -
Shell QRA Q2 2021
ROYAL DUTCH SHELL PLC 2ND QUARTER 2021 AND HALF YEAR UNAUDITED RESULTS SUMMARY OF UNAUDITED RESULTS Quarters $ million Half year Q2 2021 Q1 2021 Q2 2020 %¹ Reference 2021 2020 % 3,428 5,660 (18,131) -39 Income/(loss) attributable to shareholders 9,087 (18,155) +150 2,634 4,345 (18,377) -39 CCS earnings attributable to shareholders Note 2 6,980 (15,620) +145 5,534 3,234 638 +71 Adjusted Earnings² A 8,768 3,498 +151 13,507 11,490 8,491 Adjusted EBITDA (CCS basis) A 24,997 20,031 12,617 8,294 2,563 +52 Cash flow from operating activities 20,910 17,415 +20 (2,946) (590) (2,320) Cash flow from investing activities (3,535) (5,039) 9,671 7,704 243 Free cash flow G 17,375 12,376 4,383 3,974 3,617 Cash capital expenditure C 8,357 8,587 8,470 9,436 8,423 -10 Operating expenses F 17,905 17,042 +5 8,505 8,724 7,504 -3 Underlying operating expenses F 17,228 16,105 +7 3.2% (4.7)% (2.9)% ROACE (Net income basis) D 3.2% (2.9)% ROACE on an Adjusted Earnings plus Non- 4.9% 3.0% 5.3% controlling interest (NCI) basis D 4.9% 5.3% 65,735 71,252 77,843 Net debt E 65,735 77,843 27.7% 29.9% 32.7% Gearing E 27.7% 32.7% Total production available for sale (thousand 3,254 3,489 3,379 -7 boe/d) 3,371 3,549 -5 0.44 0.73 (2.33) -40 Basic earnings per share ($) 1.17 (2.33) +150 0.71 0.42 0.08 +69 Adjusted Earnings per share ($) B 1.13 0.45 +151 0.24 0.1735 0.16 +38 Dividend per share ($) 0.4135 0.32 +29 1. -
Design Radiator Catalogue
January 2019 Offers Beauty And Functionality Design Stay Classy Radiator Be Extraordinary Catalogue MORE THAN A RADIATOR AESTHETICALLY STRONG DIFFERENT IN STYLE 2 warmhaus.co.uk Contents Chrome Radiators p. 5 White & Anthracite Radiators p. 29 Multi Column Radiators p. 55 Myth Atmosphere Moonlight - Arcadia - Andromeda - Artemis - Atlantis - Aquila - Celine - Camelot - Carina - Luna - Nysa - Draco - Mika - Dinas - Circinus - Selena - Lyonesse - Columba - Shiva - Meropis - Crux - Chandra - Brittia - Hercules - Hawaiki - Mensa Traditional Radiators p. 65 - Oasis - Orion Heritage - Phoenix Stainless Steel Radiators p. 19 - Pyxis - Aztec Impulse - Vela - Inca - Tucana - Roma - Storm - Aquarius - Maya - Hurricane - Aries - Lydia - Thunder - Lyra - Kush - Swirl - Dorado - Tuwana - Flash - Gemini - Aksum - Whirlwind - Leo - Hittite - Tornado - Hydra - Pisces - Pictor - Scorpius - Taurus - Virgo - Cepheus warmhaus.co.uk 3 CHROME RADIATORS 4 warmhaus.co.uk Myth Warmhaus Myth Series offers you the opportunity to live with legends of the past. warmhaus.co.uk 5 CHROME RADIATORS 6 warmhaus.co.uk MYTH ARCADIA Product Code C5 Profile: Square Bar: Square PRODUCT HEIGHT WIDTH C/C W/C PRODUCT BTU/DT60 WATT CODE (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) Arcadia C5 600 300 260 55~70 675 198 Arcadia C5 600 400 360 55~70 829 243 Arcadia C5 600 500 460 55~70 982 288 Arcadia C5 600 600 560 55~70 1136 333 Arcadia C5 800 300 260 55~70 939 275 Arcadia C5 800 400 360 55~70 1162 341 Arcadia C5 800 500 460 55~70 1383 406 Arcadia C5 800 600 560 55~70 1607 471 Arcadia C5 1000 300 260 55~70 -
The Argo Navis Constellation
THE ARGO NAVIS CONSTELLATION At the last meeting we talked about the constellation around the South Pole, and how in the olden days there used to be a large ship there that has since been subdivided into the current constellations. I could not then recall the names of the constellations, but remembered that we talked about this subject at one of the early meetings, and now found it in September 2011. In line with my often stated definition of Astronomy, and how it seems to include virtually all the other Philosophy subjects: History, Science, Physics, Biology, Language, Cosmology and Mythology, lets go to mythology and re- tell the story behind the Argo Constellation. Argo Navis (or simply Argo) used to be a very large constellation in the southern sky. It represented the ship The Argo Navis ship with the Argonauts on board used by the Argonauts in Greek mythology who, in the years before the Trojan War, accompanied Jason to Colchis (modern day Georgia) in his quest to find the Golden Fleece. The ship was named after its builder, Argus. Argo is the only one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy that is no longer officially recognised as a constellation. In 1752, the French astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille subdivided it into Carina (the keel, or the hull, of the ship), Puppis (the poop deck), and Vela (the sails). The constellation Pyxis (the mariner's compass) occupies an area which in antiquity was considered part of Argo's mast (called Malus). The story goes that, when Jason was 20 years old, an oracle ordered him to head to the Iolcan court (modern city of Volos) where king Pelias was presiding over a sacrifice to Poseidon with several neighbouring kings in attendance. -
Statoil Business Update
Statoil US Onshore Jefferies Global Energy Conference, November 2014 Torstein Hole, Senior Vice President US Onshore competitively positioned 2013 Eagle Ford Operator 2012 Marcellus Operator Williston Bakken 2011 Stamford Bakken Operator Marcellus 2010 Eagle Ford Austin Eagle Ford Houston 2008 Marcellus 1987 Oil trading, New York Statoil Office Statoil Asset 2 Premium portfolio in core plays Bakken • ~ 275 000 net acres, Light tight oil • Concentrated liquids drilling • Production ~ 55 kboepd Eagle Ford • ~ 60 000 net acres, Liquids rich • Liquids ramp-up • Production ~34 koepd Marcellus • ~ 600 000 net acres, Gas • Production ~130 kboepd 3 Shale revolution: just the end of the beginning • Entering mature phase – companies with sustainable, responsible development approach will be the winners • Statoil is taking long term view. Portfolio robust under current and forecast price assumptions. • Continuous, purposeful improvement is key − Technology/engineering − Constant attention to costs 4 Statoil taking operations to the next level • Ensuring our operating model is fit for Onshore Operations • Doing our part to maintain the company’s capex commitments • Leading the way to reduce flaring in Bakken • Not just reducing costs – increasing free cash flow 5 The application of technology Continuous focus on cost, Fast-track identification, Prioritised development of efficiency and optimisation of development & implementation of potential game-changing operations short-term technology upsides technologies SHORT TERM – MEDIUM – LONG TERM • Stage -
These Sky Maps Were Made Using the Freeware UNIX Program "Starchart", from Alan Paeth and Craig Counterman, with Some Postprocessing by Stuart Levy
These sky maps were made using the freeware UNIX program "starchart", from Alan Paeth and Craig Counterman, with some postprocessing by Stuart Levy. You’re free to use them however you wish. There are five equatorial maps: three covering the equatorial strip from declination −60 to +60 degrees, corresponding roughly to the evening sky in northern winter (eq1), spring (eq2), and summer/autumn (eq3), plus maps covering the north and south polar areas to declination about +/− 25 degrees. Grid lines are drawn at every 15 degrees of declination, and every hour (= 15 degrees at the equator) of right ascension. The equatorial−strip maps use a simple rectangular projection; this shows constellations near the equator with their true shape, but those at declination +/− 30 degrees are stretched horizontally by about 15%, and those at the extreme 60−degree edge are plotted twice as wide as you’ll see them on the sky. The sinusoidal curve spanning the equatorial strip is, of course, the Ecliptic −− the path of the Sun (and approximately that of the planets) through the sky. The polar maps are plotted with stereographic projection. This preserves shapes of small constellations, but enlarges them as they get farther from the pole; at declination 45 degrees they’re about 17% oversized, and at the extreme 25−degree edge about 40% too large. These charts plot stars down to magnitude 5, along with a few of the brighter deep−sky objects −− mostly star clusters and nebulae. Many stars are labelled with their Bayer Greek−letter names. Also here are similarly−plotted maps, based on galactic coordinates. -
A Compendium of Distances to Molecular Clouds in the Star Formation Handbook?,?? Catherine Zucker1, Joshua S
A&A 633, A51 (2020) Astronomy https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201936145 & c ESO 2020 Astrophysics A compendium of distances to molecular clouds in the Star Formation Handbook?,?? Catherine Zucker1, Joshua S. Speagle1, Edward F. Schlafly2, Gregory M. Green3, Douglas P. Finkbeiner1, Alyssa Goodman1,5, and João Alves4,5 1 Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] 2 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA 3 Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Physics and Astrophysics Building, 452 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA 4 University of Vienna, Department of Astrophysics, Türkenschanzstraße 17, 1180 Vienna, Austria 5 Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Harvard University, 10 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA Received 21 June 2019 / Accepted 12 August 2019 ABSTRACT Accurate distances to local molecular clouds are critical for understanding the star and planet formation process, yet distance mea- surements are often obtained inhomogeneously on a cloud-by-cloud basis. We have recently developed a method that combines stellar photometric data with Gaia DR2 parallax measurements in a Bayesian framework to infer the distances of nearby dust clouds to a typical accuracy of ∼5%. After refining the technique to target lower latitudes and incorporating deep optical data from DECam in the southern Galactic plane, we have derived a catalog of distances to molecular clouds in Reipurth (2008, Star Formation Handbook, Vols. I and II) which contains a large fraction of the molecular material in the solar neighborhood. Comparison with distances derived from maser parallax measurements towards the same clouds shows our method produces consistent distances with .10% scatter for clouds across our entire distance spectrum (150 pc−2.5 kpc). -
Oil for As Long As Most Americans Can Remember, Gasoline Has Been the Only Fuel They Buy to Fill up the Cars They Drive
Fueling a Clean Transportation Future Chapter 2: Gasoline and Oil For as long as most Americans can remember, gasoline has been the only fuel they buy to fill up the cars they drive. However, hidden from view behind the pump, the sources of gasoline have been changing dramatically. Gasoline is produced from crude oil, and over the last two de- cades the sources of this crude have gotten increasingly di- verse, including materials that are as dissimilar as nail polish remover and window putty. These changes have brought rising global warming emissions, but not from car tailpipes. Indeed, tailpipe emissions per mile are falling as cars get more efficient. Rather, it is the extraction and refining of oil that are getting dirtier over time. The easiest-to-extract sources of oil are dwindling, and the oil industry has increasingly shifted its focus to resources that require more energy-intensive extraction or refining methods, resources that were previously too expensive and risky to be developed. These more challenging oils also result Yeulet © iStock.com/Cathy in higher emissions when used to produce gasoline (Gordon 2012). The most obvious way for the United States to reduce the problems caused by oil use is to steadily reduce oil con- sumption through improved efficiency and by shifting to cleaner fuels. But these strategies will take time to fully im- plement. In the meantime, the vast scale of ongoing oil use Heat-trapping emissions from producing transportation fuels such as gasoline are on the rise, particularly emissions released during extracting and refining means that increases in emissions from extracting and refin- processes that occur out of sight, before we even get in the car. -
Space Based Astronomy Educator Guide
* Space Based Atronomy.b/w 2/28/01 8:53 AM Page C1 Educational Product National Aeronautics Educators Grades 5–8 and Space Administration EG-2001-01-122-HQ Space-Based ANAstronomy EDUCATOR GUIDE WITH ACTIVITIES FOR SCIENCE, MATHEMATICS, AND TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION * Space Based Atronomy.b/w 2/28/01 8:54 AM Page C2 Space-Based Astronomy—An Educator Guide with Activities for Science, Mathematics, and Technology Education is available in electronic format through NASA Spacelink—one of the Agency’s electronic resources specifically developed for use by the educa- tional community. The system may be accessed at the following address: http://spacelink.nasa.gov * Space Based Atronomy.b/w 2/28/01 8:54 AM Page i Space-Based ANAstronomy EDUCATOR GUIDE WITH ACTIVITIES FOR SCIENCE, MATHEMATICS, AND TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION | OFFICE OF HUMAN RESOURCES AND EDUCATION | EDUCATION DIVISION | OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCE This publication is in the Public Domain and is not protected by copyright. Permission is not required for duplication. EG-2001-01-122-HQ * Space Based Atronomy.b/w 2/28/01 8:54 AM Page ii About the Cover Images 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. EIT 304Å image captures a sweeping prominence—huge clouds of relatively cool dense plasma suspended in the Sun’s hot, thin corona. At times, they can erupt, escaping the Sun’s atmosphere. Emission in this spectral line shows the upper chro- mosphere at a temperature of about 60,000 degrees K. Source/Credits: Solar & Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO). SOHO is a project of international cooperation between ESA and NASA.