Index

Acanthophis, distribution of, 2 (cont.) Acanthophis antarticus and, 148, 170-176, , antivenin to, 14 191-193 venom, nerve activity of, II7 transmitter release by, 195-204 venom, systemic activity of, 8 Agkistrodon acutus, venom, systemic acetylcholine actions of, 99-101 botulinum and, 312-314, Agkistrodon halys, venom, com- 317 ponents of, 98 metabolism of, 126-133, 326- Agkistrodon halys blomhoffi 327 venom, components of, 88, 92, neuromuscular transmission 104 and, 326-327 venom, systemic actions of, 105 nerve conduction and, 115 Agkistrodon mokeson nerve permeability and, 121-123 venom, local action of, 83 receptor to, 119-120, 327 venom, nervous action of, II7 toxin and, 271 Agkistrodon piscivorus tetrodotoxin and, 147, 176-177 venom, components of, 88 supersensitivity to, 312, 330-336 venom, distribution of, 95 acetylcholinesterase venom, local action of, 83 and, 313, 336- venom, systemic action of, 95, 339 102, 105 cobra venom and, 32 Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus colubrid venom and, 125 venom, nervous action of, 117 neuromuscular transmission venom, systemic action of, 94 and, 326-327 Agkistrodon rhodostoma nerve conduction and, 115 venom, components of, 92 nerve permeability and, 121-123 venom, systemic action of, 97- tetanus toxin and, 271 101, 105 tetrodotoxin and, 177 Alaska butter clam, from action potential 163, 165, 189 basis of, 170, 190-191 alkaline phosphatase, nerve con• phospholipase A and, II4-115, duction and, 117 125 Ambystoma, tetrodotoxin and, 188

349 350 Index

I-amino acid oxidase, nerve per• Bothrops jararaca meability and, 125 venom, local action of, 90 y-amino butyric acid, nerve per• venom, systemic actions of, meability and, 121 99-100 anhydrotetrodotoxin, pharmacolo• Bothrops nasuta, venom, systemic gical actions of, 151, actions of, 95 180-182 Bothrops neuwidii, venom, com• ankylosis, botulinum toxin and, ponents of, 103 343, 344 Bothrops nummifera, venom, local anticoagulation, rattlesnake venom action of, 90 and, 99 Bothrops picadoi, venom, systemic antihistaminics, snakebite and, 16 actions of, 95 arsenite, nerve conduction and, 117 Bothrops schlegelii, venom, local atelectasis, clinical tetanus and, 216, actions of, 90 219 botulinum antiserum ATPase, cobra venom and, 33 cross reactivity to 308 Australian tiger snake fluorescence and, 319 venom toxicity of, 2 botulinum antitoxin venom, yield of, 3 cross reactivity of, 305, 286 bee venom, direct lytic factor of, 28 efficacy of, 297, 298 benzoylcholine, acetylcholine re• botulinum toxin ceptor and, 119-120 adrenergic transmission and, Bitis arietans, venom, actions of, 311, 339-342 83, 117 botulism and, 285 blood sausage, botulinum toxin in, cardiac muscle and, 295, 329 283 and, blue krait, venom, yield of, 3 295, 310, 314-318 Boigina dendrophila, venom, action epidemiology of, 286-288 of, 83 hemagglutinin of Boiginae, classification of, 71 antiserum to, 308 Bothrops mechanism of action of, distribution of, 87 309 venom, local actions of, 90 purification of, 306-308 venom, systemic action of, 95 stability of, 308-309 Bothrops alternatus, phospholipase human lethal dose of, 303 C of, 128 mechanism of action of, 312- Bothrops atrox 314 venom, components of, 88 parasympathetic nervous system venom, local actions of 83, 90- and, 339-340 91, 100 production of, 288-290 venom, nervous actions of, 117 purification of, 304-308 venom, systemic actions of, 99 reactive sites of, 318-321 Index 351

botulinum toxin (cont.) cardiotoxin site of action of, 309-312, 328- acetylcholine metabolism and, 327 131 source of, 303-305 amino acids of, 29 sympathetic nervous system cardiovascular activity of, 47-49 and, 340-342 central nervous action of, 50--52 tetanus toxin and, 277-278 cobra venom and, 27 trophic influences and, 331-339 ganglionic activity of, 46-47 botulism metabolism of, 38 animals and, 285-286 necrotic activity of, 49 diagnosis of, 294--297 nerve blockade by, 44 epidemiology of, 286-288 smooth muscle action of, 45-46 history of, 283-284 teratogenic effects of, 60 humans and, 284--285 toxicity of, 36-37 pathogenesis of, 288-290 chemosensitive zone, tetrodotoxin prognosis of, 298-299 and, 146 symptomatology of, 290--294 Chilonyeterus ajJinis, organ toxicity toxico-infection theory of, 290, of, 142 297, 304 choline acetylase treatment of, 297-298 acetylcholine metabolism and, Boulengerina annulata, distribution 131, 326 of,22 botulinum toxin and, 313 Boulengerina ehristyi, distribution tetrodotoxin and, 177 of,22 chymotrypsin, nerve conduction and, bradykinin 115, 116 crotalid venom and, 104 ciguatera, fugu poisoning and, 143 and, 96-97 ciguatoxin, tetrodotoxin and, 143- bronchopneumonia, clinical tetanus 144 and, 215, 219 botulinum Bungarus, distribution of, 2 botulinum toxin of, 284--288, Bungarus eaeruleus 303-304 fatality due to, 3 food chain and, 160 venom of antivenin to, 12 discovery of, 225 hyaluronidase activity of, 12 tetanus toxin of, 214, 263 local actions of, 7, 83 Clostridium we/ehii nerve action of, 117 phospholipase C of, 127 yield of, 4 toxin of, 113 Bungarus multicinetus, neuromus• coagulation, rattlesnake venom and, cular blockade by, 41 .99 Canthigaster rivulatus, organ toxicity cobramines A and B of, 142 amino acids of, 29 352 I~dex cobramines A and B (cont.) cobra venom, of (cont.) biochemical actions of, 57-58 cytotoxin, 28-29 cobra venom and, 27 direct lytic factor, 28-30 cobra neurotoxin, 23-27 amino acids of, 24 toxin y, 27-30 isolation of, 23-24 summary of actions of, 61 metabolism of, 38-39 collagenase, nerve conduction and, neuromuscular blockade by, 115 39-42 Colubridae, classification of, 87 toxicity of, 34-35 conjunctivitis cobra venom Hemachatus haemachatus venom acetylcholine metabolism and, and, 8 131 Naja nigricollis venom and, 8 biochemical actions of, 54-58 convulsin, rattlesnake venom and, 93 cytotoxic actions of, 58-60 coral snake, venom yield of, 3 enzymes of corticosteroids, snakebite and, 16 acetylcholinesterase, 32 Crotalidae ATPase, 33 classification of, 1, 87 5'-nucleotidase, 33 distribution of, 71 phosphodiesterase, 32 envenomation by, 72 phospholipase A, 31 envenomation, treatment of, phospholipase B, 31 84-85 phosphomonoesterase, 32- nerve growth factor of, 112 33 venom, components of, 88-89 metabolism of, 38 venom, local actions of, 89-92 nonproteins of, 33, 36 venom, plasma actions of, 79-81 pharmacological actions of venom, potency of, 73-75 blood, 51-54 venom, systemic actions of, cardiovascular system, 47- 76-77, 92-105 49 Crotalus, distribution of, 87 central nervous system, 50- Crotalus adamanteus 52 venom, components of, 98 ganglia, 46, 47 venom, local actions of, 90 , venom, nerve actions of, 117, 39-42 123 peripheral nerve, 43-45 venom, nerve growth factor of, , 42-43 113 smooth muscle, 45-46 venom, potency of, 74 toxicity of, 54-57 venom, systemic actions of, toxins of 93-94, 96-97 cardiotoxin, 27 Crotalus atrox cobramines, 27-30 venom, nerve actions of, 117 Index 353

Crotalus atrox (cont.) Dendroaspis (cont.) venom, potency of, 74 distribution of, 2 venom, systemic actions of, incidence of bite by, 5 97-98, 104 Dendroaspis angusticeps Crotalus cerastes, venom, potency venom, effects of, 83 of,74 venom, yield of, 4 Crotalus durissus terrificus Dendroaspis polylepis, venom, effects venom, components of, 93, 98, of, 83, 117 104 Denisonia, distribution of, 2 venom, local action of, 83 desoxytetrodotoxin, pharmacological venom, systemic actions of, actions of, 151-153, 93, 95-99, 105 181-182 Crotalus horridus atricaudatus, diacetylanhydrotetrodotoxin, phar- venom, effects of, 83 macological actions of, Crotalus horridus horridus 151-153, 181-182 venom, local action of, 83 digitonin, nerve conduction and, venom, nerve action of, 117 116 venom, plasma effects of, 81 dimethyl formamide, nerve con• venom, potency of, 74 duction and, 117 venom, systemic actions of, dimethyl sulfoxide, nerve con• 97-99 duction and, 117 Crotalus lepidus klauberi, venom, dinoflagellate, saxitoxin from, 160 effects of, 83 Diodon holacanthus, organ toxicity Crotalus rhodostoma, venom, effects of 142 of, 83 direct lytic factor Crotalus viridus oregan us activity of, 52-54 venom, local action of, 83 amino acids of, 29 crotamin, rattlesnake venom and, 93 bee venom and, 28 crotoxin cobra venom and, 28, 52 isolation of, 93 nerve permeability and, 120-124 action of, 93 phospholipase A and, 52 curare Dispholidus typus, venom, effects nerve conduction and, 115-119 of, 83 tetrodotoxin and, 176 DOPA, nerve permeability and, trophic influences and, 335 121 Cynops pyrrogaster, tetrodotoxin Elapidae and, 188 antivenins to, 12-14 Demansia, distribution of, 2 classification of, 1, 2, 87 demyelination, experimentally in• distribution of, 2 d uced, 113-114 incidence of bite by, 3 Dendroaspis symptomatology of bite by, 6 classification of, 2 toxicity of, 2 354 Index

Elapidae (cont.) Fugu pseudommus, organ toxicity venom, nerve growth factor of, of 142 108 Fugu rubripes venom, local action of, 7-8 food source and, 141 venom, systemic action of, 8-9 organ toxicity of, 142 venom, yield of, 3 Fugu stictonotus, organ toxicity of, electrocardiogram, botulism and, 142 294-295 Fugu vermicularis porphyreus electroencephalogram food source and, 141 botulism and, 294-295, 316-318 organ toxicity of, 142 and, 77-79 Fugu vermicularis l'ermicularis electro-olfactogram, tetrodotoxin food source and, 141 and, 150 organ toxicity of, 142 Enhydrina schistosa, venom, nerve Fugu xanthopterus, organ toxicity action of, 117 of, 142 epilepsy, hyperexcitability and, 120 fuku, see fugu ethoxytetrodotoxin, pharmacological ganglioside actions of, 180-182 cardiotoxin and, 3U factor V, coagulation and, 53, 102 tetanus toxin and, 246 factor VII, coagulation and, 53, 102 generator potential, tetrodotoxin factor VIII, coagulation and, 53, and, 149, 177-179, 101-102 206-207 factor IX, coagulation and, 53, 102 glutamate, nerve permeability and, factor XI, coagulation and, 102 121 ferric ion, botulinum toxin inactiva- Gonyaulax catenella, saxitoxin from, tion by, 319 15, 161, 163, 165, 166, fibrin, coagulation and, 99-101 170 fibrinogen, coagulation and, 99-102 Gonyaulax tamarensis, saxitoxin and, fugu 161, 165 history of, 137-138 H reflex, botulism induced, 315 poisoning by, 141-143, 187 Hageman factor, coagulation and, Fugu basilewskianus, organ toxicity 102 of, 142 Fugu chrysops, organ toxicity of, 142 Heloderma horridum, venom, nerve Fugu cutaneus, organ toxicity of, 142 action of, 117 Fugu niphobles, organ toxicity of, 142 Hemachatus, distribution of, 2 Fugu ocellatus obscurus Hemachatus haemachatus distribution of, 139 distribution of, 22 organ toxicity of, 142 venom of Fugu pardalis, organ toxicity of, 142 direct lytic factor of, 28, Fugu poecilonotus, organ toxicity of, 29,97 142 nerve action of, 117 Index 355

Hemachatus haemachatus (cont.) 5-hydroxytryptamine, botulism and, venom of (cont.) 313 neurotoxin of, 24 immunosympathectomy, nerve 5'-nucleotidase of, 33 growth factor and, 113 oxidative metabolic acti- Indian cobra, venom, yield of, 3 vity of, 55 Indian krait, venom, toxicity of, 2 phospholipase A of, 125 Kentrocapros, organ toxicity of, 142 systemic action of, 9 ketene, botulinum toxin inacti- toxicity of, 34-35 vation by, 318 hemicholinium Lachesis, distribution of, 88 botulinum toxin and, 314 Lachesis mutus multiple pharmacological ap• venom, local action of, 83 proach and, 333-335 venom, systemic action of, 99 hemolysis Lactoria diaphana, organ toxicity of, cobra venom induced, 52 142 Crotalidae induced, 97-98 Lagocephalus laevigatus inermis, Oxyuranus scutellanus canni organ toxicity of, 142 induced, 7, 9 Lagocephalus eunaris, organ toxicity phospholipase A induced, 51 of, 142 Pseudechis papuanus induced, Laticauda laticaudata, laticotoxin a 7, 9 of,25 hemorrhage Laticauda semifasciata crotalid bite induced, 91-92 venom, effects of, 83 elapid bite induced, 1 venom, erabutoxin a and b of, Oxyuranus scutellanus canni 24-25 induced, 7, 9 Latrodectus geometricus Pseudechis papuanus induced, venom, nerve action of, 117 7, 9 Latrodectus varidus histamine venom, nerve action of, 117 cobra venom and, 49 lipase, nerve conduction and, 116 crotalid venom and, 104-105 lysozyme, nerve conduction and, 116 hypotension and, 97 magnesium nerve excitability and, nerve conduction and, 117 120 phosphoiipase release of, 49 Malayan cobra, distribution of, 1 Hit-proteinase, rattlesnake venom mamba, venom, yield of, 3 and, 92 membrane potential Hp-proteinase, rattlesnake venom basis of, 170-171, 190 and, 92 phospholipase A and, 125 hyaluronidase tetrodotoxin and, 148, 177, 193 nerve conduction and, 115, 116 methoxytetrodotoxin, pharmacolo• nerve permeability and, 125 gical actions of, 151, Hydrophiidae, classification of, 87 180-182 356 Index

Micrurus, distribution of, 2 Naja naja Micrurus corallinus distribution of, 21-22 venom, antivenin to, 13 fatality of bite of, 3 venom, local action of, 7 venom of venom, systemic action of, 8 acetylcholinesterase of, 32 venom, yield of, 4 antitumor activity of, 59 Micrurus euryxanthus antivenin to, 13 venom, antivenin to, 13 central nervous activity of, venom, systemic action of, 8 50-51 Micrurus frontalis cobramines of, 28, 57-58 venom, antivenin to 13 cytotoxin of, 28-30 venom, yield of, 4 direct lytic factor of, 28-30 Micrurus fulvius nerve blockade by, 43, 115, venom, antivenin to, 12 117, 125 venom, local action of, 7 neuromuscular blockade venom, systemic action of, 8 by, 39 Micrurus lemniscatus oxidative metabolic activity venom, local action of, 7 of, 54-57 venom, systemic action of, 8 phospholipase A of, 31 monoformylanydrotetrodotoxin, phospholipase B of, 31 pharmacological ac• tissue damage by, 83 tions, 151, 180-182 toxicity of, 34-35 multiple sclerosis, demyelination yield of, 4 and, 114 Naja naja atra mussel poison (see saxitoxin) distribution of, 22 myonecrosis, Crotalidae induced, venom of 89-90 cardiotoxin of, 27 Mytilus calijorniasus, saxitoxin from, nerve blockade by, 44 164 neuromuscular blockade Naja, distribution of, 2 by, 39 Naja flava neurotoxin of, 24-25 distribution of, 22 5f -nucleotidase of, 33 venom, yield of, 4 summary of actions of, 60 Naja haje toxicity of, 34-35 distribution of, 22 Naja naja kaouthia venom, effects of, 83 distribution of, 22 venom, neuromuscular block- venom, effects of, 83 ade by, 40 Naja naja miolepis, distribution of, venom, toxicity of, 34-35 22 venom, toxin a of, 24-25 Naja naja oxiana, distribution of, 22 venom, yield of, 3 Naja naja philippinensis, distribution Naja melanoleuca, distribution of, 22 of,22 Index 357

Naja naja sputatrix, distribution of, Notechis, distribution of, 2 22 Notechis scutatus Naja nigricollis venom, nerve action of, 117 distribution of, 22 venom, yield of, 4 venom, neuromuscular block- 5'-nucleotidase, cobra venom and, 33 ade by, 40-41 Ophiophagus, distribution of, 2 venom, toxicity of, 34-35, 51 Ophiophagus elaps, antivenin to, 12 venom, toxin a of, 24 Ophiophagus hannah venom, toxin y of, 28 distribution of, 21-22 Naja nivea venom, effects of, 83 venom, systemic actions of, 9, 83 venom, nerve action of, 117 venom, toxicity of, 34-35 venom, neuromuscular block- Naja tripudians ade by, 41 venom, antivenin to, 12 venom, toxicity of, 34-35 venom, systemic action of, 8 ophthalmia necrosis Hemachatus haemachatus in• cobra venom induced, 49 duced, 7 elapid bite induced, 1, 7 Naja nigricollis induced, 7, 17 Naja naja kaouthia induced, 7 Ostracion tuberculatus, organ toxi• Naja naja leucodira induced, 7 city of, 142 potassium permanganate in- ovary, tetrodotoxin from, 139, 141- duced, 10 142, 187-188 Trimeresurus flavoviridis in- Oxyuranus, distribution of, 2 duced, 89 Oxyuranus scutellanus canni neostigmine, nerve permeability and, venom, antivenin to, 14 115, 121 venom, local effects of, 8 nephritis, venom induced, 95-96 venom, systemic action of, 8 nephrosis, venom induced, 95-96 papain, nerve conduction and, 115, nereistoxin, botulinum toxin and, 116 314 Paranaja multifasciata, distribution nerve growth factor of,22 antiserum to, 113 Pecten grandis, saxitoxin and, 165 effects of, 112-113 phosphodiesterase isolation of, 112 cobra venom and, 32 stability of, 112 nerve permeability and, 125 nerve sprouting, botulinum toxin phospholipase A induced, 337 cobra venom and, 30-31 neuraminidase, nerve conduction hemolysis and, 97-98 and, 117 myolysis and, 91 newt, tetrodotoxin from, 188 oxidative metabolic activity and, nitrous acid, botulinum toxin in• 54-57, 103-104, 129- activation .by, 319 130 358 Index

phospholipase A (cont.) Pseudechis papuanus pharmacologicaal actions of venom, local effect of, 8 acetylcholine metabolism, venom, system action, 8, 9 131 venom, yield of, 4 anticoagulation, 54 Pseudohaje goldii, distribution of, 22 cardiovascular system, 47- Pseudohaje nigra, distribution of, 22 48 puffer- tetrodotoxin and, 139, central nervous system, 50-- 187 52 pyridine aldoxime methiodide, or• muscle, 42, 45 ganophosphates and, nerve conduction, 43, 92 132 nerve permeability, 125-127 Pyrimidium phoenus, saxitoxin and, release of substances and, 36 161 sources of, 114 Ql0' tetanus toxin and, 240--242 phospholipase B, cobra venom and, Raynaud's disease, tetrodotoxin 31 treatment of, 155 phospholipase C receptor potential, tetrodotoxin and, acetylcholine metabolism and, 148 131 renal infraction, venom induced, 95 mitochondrial function and, Renshaw cell, spinal inhibition and, 129-130 266-267 nerve conduction and, 115, 127- resting potential 129 basis of, 170 phospholipid saxitoxin and, 172 demyelination and, 114 tetrodotoxin and, 172-174 mitochondrial function and, ribonuclease, nerve conduction and, 129-130 115 nerve conduction and, 114-119, risus sardonicus, clinical tetanus and, 126-129 215 phosphomonoesterase, cobra venom saponin, nerve conduction and, 117 and, 32 , presynaptic inhibition sarcoplasmic reticulum, tetanus toxin by, 269 and, 233, 256 potassium permanganate, enveno• Saxidomas giganteus, saxitoxin from, mation and, 10 165 procaine, nerve permeability and, saxitoxin 121 assay of, 163-164 Proteroglypha, classification of, I chemistry of, 188-189 prothrombin, rattlesnake venom history of, 187-188 and, 99, 102 human toxicity of, 162-163, 166 Pseudechis, distribution of, 2 isolation of, 164-166 Pseudechis papuanus mechanism of action of, 179- venom, antivenin to, 14 180, 191-195 Index 359 saxitoxin (cont.) tarichatoxin tetrodotoxin and, 188 nerve actions of, 172-176, 204- testicle, tetrodotoxin from, 141-142 206 , tetanus toxin and, 214, poisoning by, 159-163 226 sodium and, 190-191 tetanospasmin, tetanus toxin and, sources of, 164-166, 170 214, 226, 228, 245 stability of, 163 tetanus synaptic transmission and, 76 biochemical effects during, 230- tetrodotoxin and, 177-176 232 Schwann cell, nerve permeability complications of, 218 and, 124, 125 epidemiology of, 216-218 Schwann sheath, nerve permeability history of, 225-226 and, 124 morbidity due to, 213-214, 219 sea-snake venom, EEG and, 78 prevention of, 222-223 Sepedon hemachatus, venom, yield prognosis, 217 of,4 symptomatology of, 214-216 shellfish, poisoning due to, 159-163 temperature and, 237-245 shellfish poison (see saxitoxin) treatment of, 219-222 siphon, saxitoxin from, 165 world health and, 213-214 Sistrurus, distribution of, 87 tetanus antitoxin Sistrurus miliarius barbouri efficacy of, 247 venom, components of, 88 history of, 225-226 venom, potency of, 74 localization of, 247-251 somnolence, botulism and, 315 snakebite and, 16 Span 20, nerve conduction and, 117 tetanus and, 219 spawn, tetrodotoxin from, 139 tetanus toxin and, 229 Staphylococcus aureus, food chain tetanus dolorosus, tetanus toxin and, and, 160 266 Stewart factor, coagulation and, 102 tetanus neonatorum, world health , tetanus toxin and, 263, and, 214 265-271, 274 tetanus toxin sucrose, nerve permeability and, 121 administration of, 264-265 supersensitivity, botulinum toxin binding of, 245-251 and, 312 botulinum toxin and, 277-278 cholinergic transmission synaptic vesicles and acetylcholine metabolism and, central nervous system, 271 326 neuromuscular junction, botulinum toxin and, 317 251-255, 271-273 T-system, tetanus toxin and, 233, sphincter pupillae, 272 243, 244, 256 cerebral cortical inhibition and, Taricha torosa, tetrodotoxin and, 270-271 170, 188 components of, 226 360 Index cholinergic transmission (cont.) tetrodotoxin (cont.) dose response to, 229-230 respiration and, 147-148 isolation of, 225-228 saxitoxin and, 178-179 molecular weight of, 228-229 seasonal influence on, 141 site of action of, 255-257, 273- sodium and, 190-194 278 synaptic transmission and, 148- skeletal muscle action of, 230- 149, 176, 195-204 239 vomiting induced by, 144 spinal inhibition and, 266-269 thromboplastin, crotalid venom and, temperature and, 239-245 101-102 tetanus , prevention of tetanus toxin a, cobra venom and, 24 and,223 toxin y, cobra venom and, 28 Tetradon honckenyi, tetrodotoxin tracheostomy and, 170 botulinum toxin and, 297 tetrodoaminotoxin, pharmacological tetanus toxin and, 220-221 actions of, 151-153, Trimeresurus, distribution of, 88 180-182 Trimeresurus flavoviridis tetrodonic acid, pharmacological venom, components of, 98 ctionas of, 151-153, venom, local effects of, 89-92 180-182 Trimeresurus gramineus, venom, sys• tetrodotoxin temic effects of, 99-100 antidotes to, 144 Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus, • blood pressure and, 146-147 nom, systemic effects calcium and, 184 of, 102 cellular metabolism and, 149- Trimeresurus okinavenisis, venom, 151 systemic effect of, 99 central nervous action of, 204- Trimeresurus popeorum, venom, 206 effects of, 83 chemistry of, 188-189 Trimeresurus purpureomacu!atus, clinical uses of, 155-156 venom, effects of, 83 generator potentials and, 149, triorthocresyl phosphate, nerve de• 177-178, 206-208 generation and, 114 history of, 187-188 trophic factor, botuiinum toxin and, isolation of, 140, 170 312, 330-339 localization of, 139, 141 trypsin, nerve conduction and, 116 mechanism of action of, 179- tryptophan, botulinum toxin and, 185, 191-193 319-320 metabolism of, 153-154 tubulorhexis, rattlesnake venom muscle excitability and, 149, 176 induced, 95-96 nerve excitability and, 148, 172- Tween 20, nerve conduction and, 176 117 nonexcitable cells and, 149-151 urinalysis, botulism and, 294 Index 361 urinary retention, botulism and, 292 vomiting Viperidae botulism induced, 292 classification of, I, 87 tetrodotoxin induced, 144-146 venom, nerve growth factor of, Wallerian degeneration, experimen• Vipera russelli, venom, effects of, 83, tal neuropathy and, 114 117 zwitterion, tetrodotoxin as, 152, 179