Toxins and Signalling Evelyne Benoit, Françoise Goudey-Perriere, P
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The Cone Collector N°23
THE CONE COLLECTOR #23 October 2013 THE Note from CONE the Editor COLLECTOR Dear friends, Editor The Cone scene is moving fast, with new papers being pub- António Monteiro lished on a regular basis, many of them containing descrip- tions of new species or studies of complex groups of species that Layout have baffled us for many years. A couple of books are also in André Poremski the making and they should prove of great interest to anyone Contributors interested in Cones. David P. Berschauer Pierre Escoubas Our bulletin aims at keeping everybody informed of the latest William J. Fenzan developments in the area, keeping a record of newly published R. Michael Filmer taxa and presenting our readers a wide range of articles with Michel Jolivet much and often exciting information. As always, I thank our Bernardino Monteiro many friends who contribute with texts, photos, information, Leo G. Ros comments, etc., helping us to make each new number so inter- Benito José Muñoz Sánchez David Touitou esting and valuable. Allan Vargas Jordy Wendriks The 3rd International Cone Meeting is also on the move. Do Alessandro Zanzi remember to mark it in your diaries for September 2014 (defi- nite date still to be announced) and to plan your trip to Ma- drid. This new event will undoubtedly be a huge success, just like the two former meetings in Stuttgart and La Rochelle. You will enjoy it and of course your presence is indispensable! For now, enjoy the new issue of TCC and be sure to let us have your opinions, views, comments, criticism… and even praise, if you feel so inclined. -
What Makes Some Bacterial Toxins So Dangerous? the Most Poisonous Substances Known
Features Poisons and antidotes What makes some bacterial toxins so dangerous? The most poisonous substances known David Moss, Ajit Basak We are used to thinking of proteins as beneficial, so it is surprising to realize that the most toxic sub- and Claire Naylor stances known to man are also protein molecules. These are the bacterial exotoxins, proteins secreted (Birkbeck College, London) by pathogenic bacteria. Toxicity is measured by the median lethal dose (LD50). An LD50 value is defined as the mass of toxin per kg of body weight required to wipe out half of an animal population. Whereas Downloaded from http://portlandpress.com/biochemist/article-pdf/32/4/4/5064/bio032040004.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 classic poisons, such as potassium cyanide or arsenic trioxide, have LD50 values in the range 5–15 mg/ kg, the causative agent of botulism, botulinum toxin, has an LD50 in the range 1–3 ng/kg, a million times more toxic! Highly pathogenic toxins have a catalytic ing. Treatment has to be repeated every few months. and a binding domain or subunit In the early 19th Century, it was thought that chol- era was caused by ‘bad air’. It was then discovered that Nearly all of the most potent toxins have two compo- cholera was the result of ingesting faecal-contaminated nents, A and B, that are either separate polypeptide water and we now know that the pathogenic agent is an chains or are separate domains. Component A is an 87 kDa toxin secreted by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae3,4. enzyme which modifies an important protein inside the This bacterium is the cause of many deaths in the de- host cell, whereas B is a protein that enables the toxin veloping world in the aftermath of flooding. -
Antioxidants and Second Messengers of Free Radicals
antioxidants Antioxidants and Second Messengers of Free Radicals Edited by Neven Zarkovic Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Antioxidants www.mdpi.com/journal/antioxidants Antioxidants and Second Messengers of Free Radicals Antioxidants and Second Messengers of Free Radicals Special Issue Editor Neven Zarkovic MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade Special Issue Editor Neven Zarkovic Rudjer Boskovic Institute Croatia Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Antioxidants (ISSN 2076-3921) from 2018 (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/ antioxidants/special issues/second messengers free radicals) For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Article Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03897-533-5 (Pbk) ISBN 978-3-03897-534-2 (PDF) c 2019 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND. Contents About the Special Issue Editor ...................................... vii Preface to ”Antioxidants and Second Messengers of Free Radicals” ................ ix Neven Zarkovic Antioxidants and Second Messengers of Free Radicals Reprinted from: Antioxidants 2018, 7, 158, doi:10.3390/antiox7110158 ............... -
The Hawaiian Species of Conus (Mollusca: Gastropoda)1
The Hawaiian Species of Conus (Mollusca: Gastropoda) 1 ALAN J. KOHN2 IN THECOURSE OF a comparative ecological currents are factors which could plausibly study of gastropod mollus ks of the genus effect the isolation necessary for geographic Conus in Hawaii (Ko hn, 1959), some 2,400 speciation . specimens of 25 species were examined. Un Of the 33 species of Conus considered in certainty ofthe correct names to be applied to this paper to be valid constituents of the some of these species prompted the taxo Hawaiian fauna, about 20 occur in shallow nomic study reported here. Many workers water on marine benches and coral reefs and have contributed to the systematics of the in bays. Of these, only one species, C. ab genus Conus; nevertheless, both nomencla breviatusReeve, is considered to be endemic to torial and biological questions have persisted the Hawaiian archipelago . Less is known of concerning the correct names of a number of the species more characteristic of deeper water species that occur in the Hawaiian archi habitats. Some, known at present only from pelago, here considered to extend from Kure dredging? about the Hawaiian Islands, may (Ocean) Island (28.25° N. , 178.26° W.) to the in the future prove to occur elsewhere as island of Hawaii (20.00° N. , 155.30° W.). well, when adequate sampling methods are extended to other parts of the Indo-West FAUNAL AFFINITY Pacific region. As is characteristic of the marine fauna of ECOLOGY the Hawaiian Islands, the affinities of Conus are with the Indo-Pacific center of distribu Since the ecology of Conus has been dis tion . -
Scorpion Toxins Targeted Against the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+-Release Channel of Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle
Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 89, pp. 12185-12189, December 1992 Physiology Scorpion toxins targeted against the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-release channel of skeletal and cardiac muscle (ryanodine receptors/Pandinus imperator venom/planar bilayer/ventricular myocytes/Ca2+ indicator) HECTOR H. VALDIVIA*t, MARK S. KIRBYf, W. JONATHAN LEDERER*, AND ROBERTO CORONADO*t *Department of Physiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine, Madison, WI 53706; and tDepartment of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 Communicated by Michael V. L. Bennett, September 21, 1992 ABSTRACT We report the purification of two peptides, peratoxin inhibitor (IpTxi)] or activated [imperatoxin activa- called "imperatoxin inhibitor" and "imperatoxin activator," tor (IpTxa)] ryanodine receptors of skeletal and cardiac from the venom of the scorpion Pandinus imperator targeted muscle. Part of these results have been communicated in an against ryanodine receptor Ca2+-release channels. Impera- abstract form (8). toxin inhibitor has a Mr of 10,500, inhibits [3Hjryanodine binding to skeletal and cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum with an EDso of 10 nM, and blocks openings of skeletal and cardiac EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES Ca2+-release channels incorporated into planar bilayers. In Purification of Scorpion Toxins. Lyophilized P. imperator whole-cell recordings of cardiac myocytes, imperatoxin inhib- venom was obtained from Latoxan (Rosans, France). Venom itor decreased twitch amplitude and intracellular Ca2+ tran- (50 mg per batch) was extracted in 2-3 ml of deionized water sients, suggesting a selective blockade of Ca2+ release from the and chromatographed on a column (1. 5 x 125 cm) of Sepha- sarcoplasmic reticulum. Imperatoxin activator has a Mr of dex G-50 fine. -
Anti-Cholinergic Alkaloids As Potential Therapeutic Agents for Alzheimer's Disease
Indian Journal of Biochemistry & Biophysics Vol. 50, April 2013, pp. 120-125 Anti-cholinergic alkaloids as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer’s disease: An in silico approach Huma Naaz, Swati Singh, Veda P Pandey, Priyanka Singh and Upendra N Dwivedi* Bioinformatics Infrastructure Facility, Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226 007, India Received 10 September 2012; revised 25 January 2013 Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with many cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms is biochemically characterized by a significant decrease in the brain neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh). Plant-derived metabolites, including alkaloids have been reported to possess neuroprotective properties and are considered to be safe, thus have potential for developing effective therapeutic molecules for neurological disorders, such as AD. Therefore, in the present study, thirteen plant-derived alkaloids, namely pleiocarpine, kopsinine, pleiocarpamine (from Pleiocarpa mutica, family: Annonaceae), oliveroline, noroliveroline, liridonine, isooncodine, polyfothine, darienine (from Polyalthia longifolia, family: Apocynaceae) and eburnamine, eburnamonine, eburnamenine and geissoschizol (from Hunteria zeylanica, family: Apocynaceae) were analyzed for their anti-cholinergic action through docking with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) as target. Among the alkaloids, pleiocarpine showed promising anti-cholinergic potential, while its amino derivative showed about six-fold -
Multiple Actions of Φ-LITX-Lw1a on Ryanodine Receptors Reveal a Functional Link Between Scorpion DDH and ICK Toxins
Multiple actions of φ-LITX-Lw1a on ryanodine receptors reveal a functional link between scorpion DDH and ICK toxins Jennifer J. Smitha, Irina Vettera, Richard J. Lewisa, Steve Peigneurb, Jan Tytgatb, Alexander Lamc, Esther M. Gallantc, Nicole A. Beardd, Paul F. Alewooda,1,2, and Angela F. Dulhuntyc,1,2 aChemical and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; bLaboratory of Toxicology, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; cDepartment of Molecular Bioscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; and dDiscipline of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Education, Science, Technology and Mathematics, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia Edited by Clara Franzini-Armstrong, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, and approved April 23, 2013 (received for review August 26, 2012) We recently reported the isolation of a scorpion toxin named U1- mutations, atypical posttranslational modifications of RyRs, liotoxin-Lw1a (U1-LITX-Lw1a) that adopts an unusual 3D fold termed including hyperphosphorylation and S-nitrosylation, have been the disulfide-directed hairpin (DDH) motif, which is the proposed implicated in heart failure and pathologic muscle fatigue (10– evolutionary structural precursor of the three-disulfide-containing 12). Because of their wide distribution, there is mounting evidence inhibitor cystine knot (ICK) motif found widely in animals and plants. to suggest that dysregulation of RyRs also plays a role in a plethora Here we reveal that U1-LITX-Lw1a targets and activates the mam- of other disease states, including chronic pain, neurodegenerative malian ryanodine receptor intracellular calcium release channel (RyR) disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, and intellectual deficit (13– with high (fM) potency and provides a functional link between DDH 15). -
Determination of Cytotoxic Activity of Sanguinaria Canadensis Extracts
molecules Article Determination of Cytotoxic Activity of Sanguinaria canadensis Extracts against Human Melanoma Cells and Comparison of Their Cytotoxicity with Cytotoxicity of Some Anticancer Drugs Tomasz Tuzimski 1,* , Anna Petruczynik 2,* , Tomasz Plech 3 , Barbara Kapro ´n 4, Anna Makuch-Kocka 3 , Małgorzata Szultka-Mły ´nska 5 , Justyna Misiurek 2 and Bogusław Buszewski 5 1 Department of Physical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chod´zki4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland 2 Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chod´zki4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; [email protected] 3 Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Lublin, Chod´zki4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; [email protected] (T.P.); [email protected] (A.M.-K.) 4 Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, Radziwiłłowska 11, 20-080 Lublin, Poland; [email protected] 5 Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland; [email protected] (M.S.-M.); [email protected] (B.B.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (T.T.); [email protected] (A.P.) Abstract: Melanoma is an enormous global health burden, and should be effectively addressed with Citation: Tuzimski, T.; Petruczynik, A.; better therapeutic strategies. Therefore, new therapeutic agents are needed for the management of Plech, T.; Kapro´n,B.; Makuch-Kocka, this disease. The aim of this study was the investigation of cytotoxic activity of some isoquinoline A.; Szultka-Mły´nska,M.; Misiurek, J.; alkaloid standards and extracts obtained from Sanguinaria canadensis—collected before, during, Buszewski, B. Determination of and after flowering—against three different human melanoma cells (A375, G361, SK-MEL-3). -
615.954Foo3rded.Pdf
Index Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, walruses), 47ll-1 (AIDS), 451-3, 474, 475 second intermediate hosts, 471 Acromelic acids, 605 Arcobacterspp., 272-3 Acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis see Arizona spp., 344 Noroviruses Ascaris suum, 476 Adenoviruses,404 Aspergillusflavus, A. parasiticus see Aeromonas spp., 342-3 Aflatoxin Aeramonas hydrophile, 342-3 Aspergillus mycotoxins (nitropropionic acid, Aflatoxin, 586--9, 609-12 territrems, sterigmatocystin), 597--8 Aspergillusjlavus, A. parasiticus, 586 Astroviruses, 402-3 biosynthesis, 587-8 carcinogenesis in humans, 588-9 Bacillary dysentery, 359-60 ebselen, 625 Bacillus cereus gastroenteritis, 563-77, hepatitis B virus and carcinogenesis, contemporary problems, 564 588-9 historical aspects, 563--4 human foods (com, cotton seeds, peanuts, outbreaks, 57ll-1 tree nuts), 588 treatment and prevention. 577 Agaricus bisporus, 606 Bacillus cereus, 56&-75 AIDS see Acquired immunodeficiency antibodies, 574-5 syndrome characteristics, 564-5 Alcaligenes[aecalis, 343--4 chemical preservatives, 572 Allyl isothiocyanates, 694 detection, 573--4 Alternaria mycotoxins, 600 growth and survival, 572 Amanita spp. toxins (amanitins, growth temperature, 568 phallotoxins, virotoxins). 602-3 isolation, 573 ibotenic acid (lBA), 604 peR test, 574 isoxazoles, 605 prevalence in foods. 571-2 muscarine (MUS), 604-5 spore antibodies, 574-5 Amnesic shellfish poisoning (domoic acid), spores, germination, 572 676,682--4 spores, heat resistance of, 572 Pseudo-nitzschia spp., 682-3 virulence -
Microgram Journal, Vol 3, Number 2
MICROGRAM Laboratory Operations Division Office Of Science And Drug Abuse Prevention BUREAU OF NARCOTICS & DANGEROUS DRUGS / U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE / WASHINGTION, D.C. 20537 Vol.III, No. 2 March-April, 1970 STP (4-Methyl-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine) hydrochloride was found coating the inside of capsules sent to BNDDfrom Germany. The capsules were clear, hard gelatin, standard shape size No. o. Average weight was 114 milligrams. Each capsule had a white crystalline coating on inner surface of capsule body. Apparently a measu~ed amount of solution had been placedin the cap·sule body, after which it was rotated to spread the solution on the inner surface. The substance contained 8. 7 milli grams STP (DOM)HCl per ca·psule. · These were the first STP capsules of this type seen by our laboratory. A few years ago, capsules were ob tained in the U.S. similarly coated with LSD. STP (Free Base) on laboratory filter paper, also from Germany, was seen for the first time in our laboratory. The STP spots, containing approxi mately 8 miliigrams STP base each, were 5/8 to 3/4 inch in diameter. The paper was 1\ inches square. Phencyclidine (Free Base) was recently analyzed on parsley leaves. Called "Angel DUst, 11 the phencyclidine on two samples of leaves was 2.6% and 3.6%. Approximately thirty pounds of 94% pure powder was also analyzed. (For identification of phencyclidine base, see Microgram, II, 1, p.3 (Jan 1969). IMITATIONSof well-known drug products are examined frequently in our Special Testing and Research Laboratory. Many of these are well made preparations and closely resemble the imitated product. -
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1 Mobilising molluscan models and genomes in biology 2 Angus Davison1 and Maurine Neiman2 3 1. School of Life Sciences, University Park, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK 4 2. Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA and Department of Gender, 5 Women's, and Sexuality Studies, University of Iowa, Iowa, City, IA, USA 6 Abstract 7 Molluscs are amongst the most ancient, diverse, and important of all animal taxa. Even so, 8 no individual mollusc species has emerged as a broadly applied model system in biology. 9 We here make the case that both perceptual and methodological barriers have played a role 10 in the relative neglect of molluscs as research organisms. We then summarize the current 11 application and potential of molluscs and their genomes to address important questions in 12 animal biology, and the state of the field when it comes to the availability of resources such 13 as genome assemblies, cell lines, and other key elements necessary to mobilising the 14 development of molluscan model systems. We conclude by contending that a cohesive 15 research community that works together to elevate multiple molluscan systems to ‘model’ 16 status will create new opportunities in addressing basic and applied biological problems, 17 including general features of animal evolution. 18 Introduction 19 Molluscs are globally important as sources of food, calcium and pearls, and as vectors of 20 human disease. From an evolutionary perspective, molluscs are notable for their remarkable 21 diversity: originating over 500 million years ago, there are over 70,000 extant mollusc 22 species [1], with molluscs present in virtually every ecosystem. -
Description of a New Species of the Genus Raphitoma Bellardi, 1847 from the Mediterranean Sea (Mollusca Neogastropoda Conoidea Raphitomidae)
Biodiversity Journal, 2017, 8 (1): 205–210 MONOGRAPH Description of a new species of the genus Raphitoma Bellardi, 1847 from the Mediterranean Sea (Mollusca Neogastropoda Conoidea Raphitomidae) Francesco Pusateri1, Riccardo Giannuzzi Savelli2* & Peter Stahlschmidt3 1via Castellana 64, 90135 Palermo, Italy; e-mail: [email protected] 2via Mater Dolorosa 54, 90146 Palermo, Italy; e-mail: [email protected] 3University of Koblenz-Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, Fortstraße 7 - 76829 Landau, Germany; e-mail: [email protected] *Corresponding author ABSTRACT The family of Raphitomidae is currently considered a well supported clade of the Conoidea. The type genus Raphitoma Bellardi, 1847 is well known in the mediterranen Seas with about 40 species, some of which are still undescribed. Morphological analyses carried out on the genus Raphitoma Bellardi, 1847 (Mollusca Neogastropoda Conoidea Raphitomidae) from Mediterranean Sea allowed to identify a new species which is described in the present paper. KEY WORDS Raphitoma; Conoidea; new species; Mediterranean Sea. Received 12.01.2016; accepted 28.02.2017; printed 30.03.2017 Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress “Biodiversity, Mediterranean, Society”, September 4th-6th 2015, Noto- Vendicari (Italy) INTRODUCTION as “turrids”, and Turridae s.s. including some of the traditional “turrids”. More recently, Puillandre et al. The Raphitomidae Bellardi, 1875 are currently (2008) and Bouchet et al. (2011), based on DNA considered a well supported clade of the Conoidea phylogeny, have provided a major update of con- (Bouchet et al., 2011). oidean classification. Although a larger taxonomic The superfamily Conoidea, with over 300 gen- coverage would be desirable to further stabilize the era and 4,000 recognised species, but probably over molecular phylogeny, however, the position of the 12,000 extant species (Bouchet, 1990; Tucker, Raphitomidae as a clade of the Conoidea is suffi- 2004), represents the largest radiation of the entire ciently supported.