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THE EUROPEAN STATE and MINORITY RELIGIOUS GROUPS: EXPLORING PATTERNS of ENGAGEMENT and ACCESS By

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THE EUROPEAN STATE and MINORITY RELIGIOUS GROUPS: EXPLORING PATTERNS of ENGAGEMENT and ACCESS By THE EUROPEAN STATE AND MINORITY RELIGIOUS GROUPS: EXPLORING PATTERNS OF ENGAGEMENT AND ACCESS by Gerald T. FitzGerald A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of George Mason University in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Political Science Committee: _______________________________________ Peter Mandaville, Chair _______________________________________ Desmond Dinan _______________________________________ Justin Gest _______________________________________ Ming Wan, Program Director _______________________________________ Mark J. Rozell, Dean Date: __________________________________ Fall Semester 2017 George Mason University Fairfax, VA The European State and Minority Religious Groups: Exploring Patterns of Engagement and Access A Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at George Mason University by Gerald T. FitzGerald Master of Arts George Mason University, 2010 Bachelor of Science New York University, 2008 Director: Peter Mandaville Schar School of Policy and Government Fall Semester 2017 George Mason University Fairfax, VA Copyright 2017 Gerald T. FitzGerald All Rights Reserved ii DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my late father Dermot, my mother Valerie, and my son Finn. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... vi List of Figures................................................................................................................... vii List of Abbreviations and/or Symbols .............................................................................viii Abstract.............................................................................................................................. xi Introduction......................................................................................................................... 2 The importance of policy consistency............................................................................. 6 A preview of the selected cases..................................................................................... 10 Chapter 1 Literature review ............................................................................................. 24 Pluralism / corporatism and insiders / outsiders............................................................ 24 Comparative analyses of Jewish and Muslim communal organizations in Europe ...... 28 Structural accounts: The role of church-state institutions............................................. 39 Structural accounts: The ‘problem’ of Islamic pluralism.............................................. 42 Culturalist accounts: the ‘clash of civilizations’ hypothesis ......................................... 44 The ‘post-nationalist’ thesis .......................................................................................... 48 The ‘neo-corporatism’ hypothesis................................................................................. 51 Chapter 2 – Negotiating the political order: Cohesion, equality, difference, and the place of religion in politics......................................................................................................... 56 Chapter 3 Britain.............................................................................................................. 87 State-Church Institutions in Britain .............................................................................. 89 Jewish organizational representation in Britain (1760—present)................................. 94 Muslim organizational representation in Britain (1970—present) ............................. 111 The Satanic Verses Affair: from ad hoc pluralism to quasi-corporatism.................... 116 From ad hoc pluralism to quasi-corporatism: The formation of the Muslim Council of Britain.......................................................................................................................... 122 The New Labour-MCB ‘honeymoon’......................................................................... 126 The Muslim Council of Britain: Fall from grace and shift to co-opted pluralism...... 130 The 7/7 attacks: “The rules of the game have changed”............................................. 137 Procedural inconsistency: the securitization of engagement, targeted capacity building, and the ‘liberal foils’ ................................................................................................... 144 Structural inconsistencies: ‘re-balancing’ ................................................................... 149 iv Conclusions ................................................................................................................. 174 Chapter 4 France............................................................................................................ 179 State-Church Institutions in France............................................................................. 179 Jewish organizational representation in France (1789—present) ............................... 186 Muslim organizational representation in France (1905—present).............................. 213 The first Affaire du Foulard as a ‘suddenly imposed grievance’................................ 226 Structural inconsistencies: precursors to the CFCM................................................... 230 Structural consistency but procedural and legal inconsistencies: The CFCM (2003 to present)........................................................................................................................ 241 Conclusions ................................................................................................................. 260 Chapter 5 The Netherlands ............................................................................................. 268 State-Church Institutions in the Netherlands .............................................................. 268 Jewish organizational representation in the Netherlands (1795—present)................. 274 Muslim organizational representation in the Netherlands (1945—present) ............... 309 The institutionalization of Islam in the Netherlands ................................................... 321 Dutch ‘New Realism’ and the Fortuyn and Van Gogh murders as ‘suddenly imposed grievances’ .................................................................................................................. 340 Attempts to form inter-ethnic and inter-sectarian ‘Muslim’ umbrella groups............ 347 Structural consistency but procedural and legal inconsistencies: The CMO and CGI (2004 to present).......................................................................................................... 353 Conclusions ................................................................................................................. 360 Chapter 6 Conclusions .................................................................................................... 365 Appendix 1...................................................................................................................... 378 List of interviews......................................................................................................... 378 Appendix 2...................................................................................................................... 379 Definitions of relevant causal mechanisms suggested by McAdam et al. (2001)....... 379 Appendix 3...................................................................................................................... 381 Prime Minister Blair’s 12-point anti-terror plan, August 5, 2005............................... 381 Appendix 4...................................................................................................................... 386 Text of the full-page advertisement appearing in The Times (London), August 12, 2006 ..................................................................................................................................... 386 References....................................................................................................................... 388 v LIST OF TABLES Table Page Table 1: Insiders and outsiders and scope of study............................................................. 5 Table 2: Estimated Muslim populations in selected European states............................... 16 Table 3: Measuring corporatism ....................................................................................... 27 Table 4: Insider and outsider groups................................................................................. 28 Table 5: Cohesion, equality and difference: five possible models ................................... 59 Table 6: Multiculturalism Policy Scores 1980-2010 ........................................................ 79 Table 7: Changing patterns of engagement between the British state and Muslim civil society organizations....................................................................................................... 118 Table 8: British Muslim attitudes towards the Afghan War........................................... 132 Table 9: Changing patterns of engagement between the French state and Muslim civil society organizations ...................................................................................................... 234 vi LIST OF FIGURES
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