Hue University College of Education Do Trong Dang

Home , Acanthosaura coronata, Banded bullfrog, Buff striped keelback, Bungarus candidus, Dixonius, Hebius

HUE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF EDUCATION

DO TRONG DANG

RESEARCH ON THE SPECIES DIVERSITY, DISTRIBUTION AND CONSERVATION VALUE OF AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES SPECIES IN SOUTH PART OF CU MONG PASS, PHU YEN PROVINCE

Major: Zoology Code: 62 42 01 03

SUMMARY OF Ph.D IN BIOLOGY

Instructors PhD. Nguyen Quang Truong Prof. PhD. Ngo Dac Chung

HUE, 2017

The work was completed in:

College of Education, Hue University

Science instructors:

PhD. Nguyen Quang Truong

Prof. PhD. Ngo Dac Chung

Reviewer 1:

Reviewer 2:

Reviewer 3:

The thesis was defended at the Council of thesis assessment of Hue University

Council held at: 4 Le Loi street, Hue city, Thua Thien Hue province, at

……………………………………... on .…../…../2017

Theses can be further referred at:

1. National Library

2. Center for Information and Library of College of Education, Hue University

WORKS RELATED TO THE THESIS HAS BEEN PUBLISHED

1. Dang Trong Do, Chung Dac Ngo, Truong Quang Nguyen (2015), Diversity of the narrow-mouth frogs (Amphibia: Anura: Microhylidae) from Phu Yen Province, In Proceedings of the sixth National Scientific Conference on Ecology and Biological Resources, pp. 515-519. 2. Dang Trong Do, Chung Dac Ngo, Truong Quang Nguyen (2016), New records of turtles from Phu Yen Province, Vietnam, In Proceedings of the 2ND National Scientific Conference on Biologycal Research and Teaching in Vietnam, pp. 129-136. 3. Dang Trong Do, Chung Dac Ngo, Truong Quang Nguyen (2016), New records of Colubridae (Squamata: Serpentes) and an updated list of snakes from Phu Yen Province, Vietnam, In Proceedings of third National Scientific Conference on Amphibians and Reptiles in Vietnam, pp. 25-31. 4. Dang Trong Do, Chung Dac Ngo, Truong Quang Nguyen (2017), New records and an updated checklist of Amphibians (Amphibia) from Phu Yen Province, Vietnam, Hue University Journal of Science, Vol.126, No.1B. (Accepted post). 5. Do T. D., Ngo C. D., Ziegler T. & Nguyen T. Q. (2017), First record of Lycodon cardamomensis Daltry & Wüster, 2002 (Squamata: Colubridae) from Vietnam, Russian Journal of Herpetology, Vol.24, No.2, pp. 167-170. 6. Dang Trong Do, Chung Dac Ngo, Nguyen Van Tan, Truong Quang Nguyen (2017), New records of skinks (reptilia: squamata: scincidae) from Phu Yen Province, In Proceedings of the seventh National Scientific Conference on Ecology and Biological Resources, pp. 637-642.

INTRODUCTION

1. Rationale Located in Indo-Burma, Vietnam is one of the 34 countries known for the biodiversity and ranked as one of the 25 countries with the high biodiversity level in the world. Because of the variety of climates, terrain and habitat, the fauna of Vietnam is very diverse. The species composition of amphibians and reptiles in Vietnam increased rapidly from 340 species in 1996, 458 species in 2005, and 545 species in 2009 and in 2016 the number of it was 650. Besides the diversity of species composition, the herpetofauna of Vietnam is also endemic with 48 species of reptiles and 33 species of amphibians. The previous researches on amphibians and reptiles in Vietnam just focused on the mountainous area and the Annamite Range. These studies were rarely carried out in the South Central region. Phu Yen has an area of 116.819 ha of natural forest making up 31,1% and the quality of the forest is good. However the study on amphibians and reptiles in Phu Yen Province is very limited. There were a few related works published such as Campden-Main (1970) recorded four species snakes; Nguyen Van Sang et al. (2005) recorded 10 species of amphibians and reptiles; Ngo Dac Chung and Tran Duy Ngoc (2007) recorded 71 species; David et al. (2008) described a new species of snake – Oligodon ocellatus; Nguyen et al. (2009) recorded 17 species of amphibians and reptiles; Zieger et al. (2013) discovered a new Cyrtodactylus kingsadai in Dai Lanh. To update the list, evaluate the diversity and the conservation value of amphibians and reptiles species in Phu Yen. We have chosen the theme “Research on the species diversity, distribution and conservation value of amphibians and reptiles species in south part of Cu Mong Pass, Phu Yen Province”. 2. Research objectives Determine the species diversity, distribution and conservation status of the amphibians and reptiles in the south part of Cu Mong Pass, Phu Yen Province. 3. Research contents - Determine the diversity of species composition.

- Find out the distribution characteristics of amphibians and reptiles in Phu Yen province based on the research locations, the habitat and the altitude. - Evaluate the zoogeography relationship of amphibians and reptiles species composition between the southern Cu Mong Pass and the provinces of the South Central. - Assess the conservation value and identify the threats to amphibians and reptiles species in the study area. - Recommend the options of rational uses and conservation of amphibians and reptiles in Phu Yen Province. 4. The scientific and practical significances of the subject - Provide the up to date scientific data on the species composition, distribution and current status of amphibians and reptiles species in southern Cu Mong Pass. - Be an important scientific base which helps for the conservation planning and the sustainable uses of the amphibians and reptiles resources in particular and animals in Phu Yen Province in general. 5. The new contributions of the dissertation - Make an updated checklist of amphibians and reptiles from Phu Yen Province including 135 species belonging to 85 genera, 25 families, 5 orders. - 63 species of amphibians and reptiles are reported for the first time from this province; 24 species in the South Central region. Notably, we have recorded an addition of a snake species to the herpetofauna of Vietnam. - Additional data of morphological characters of 63 species new records from this province and 2 species which have not been identified scientific names were also provided. - Evaluate the distribution characteristics based on the study area, the altitude and the habitat. - Assess the conservation value and identify the threats to the amphibians and reptiles species in the south part of Cu Mong Pass as a scientific document for biodiversity conservation planning.

CHAPTER ONE LITERATURE REVIEW

1.1. Overview of research on amphibians and reptiles 1.1.1. Vietnam According to Nguyen et al. (2009), researches on amphibians and reptiles in Vietnam were conducted long time ago but flourished in the late 19th century, especially in the early 21st century and developed in several different ways: - Researches on the diversity of the species composition of amphibians and reptiles Most of the researches on amphibians and reptiles in this direction were concentrated in the mountainous areas of the Annamite Range and the Central Highland. The subjects of these studies focused on the less studied groups, such as genera belongs to the family colubrids (Amphiesma, Oligodon), family geckos (Cnemaspis, Cyrtodactylus, Gekko), family skinks (Scincella, Sphenomorphus, Tropidophorus) and other amphibians species (Ichthyophis, Leptolalax, Leptobrachium, Gracixalus, Philautus, Rhacophorus, Theloderma). - New species discoveries of amphibians and reptiles from Vietnam and taxonomic changes After Nguyen et al. (2009), from 2010-2016, 97 species and numerous taxonomical of amphibians and reptiles amendments were discovered by applying molecular biology techniques for classification researches. - Studies on biological characteristic, ecology and application There were a lot of researches on the morphological and ecological characteristics of amphibians and reptiles species: Bungarus fasciatus, Leiolepis belliana, Leiolepis reevesii, Ptyas korros, Ptyas muscosa, Hemidactylus frenatus, Gehyra mutilata. In recent years the researches on acoustic studies, tadpoles of amphibians species and the rare species of amphibians and reptiles have been expanded. Many species in acoustic fields were recorded such as Hylarrana guentheri, Feihyla vittata, Polypedates megacephalus, Microhyla marmorata; the tadpole morphology of species are described including Microhyla marmorata, Rhacophorus

3 maximus, Megophryidae; and researches on the rare species were of interest such as Mauremys annamensis, Shinisaurus crocodilurus. 1.1.2 South Central of Vietnam There is a little of work on amphibians and reptiles species composition in South Central region except the work of Geissler et al. (2011) in Binh Thuan and Duong Duc Loi’s dissertation (2016) which was conducted in northern Cu Mong Pass, Binh Dinh Province. However after Nguyen et al. (2009) there were many new species of science discovered in this area. That means the diverse of amphibians and reptiles in this region are very potential. 1.1.3 Southern Cu Mong Pass, Phu Yen Province Campden-Main (1970) recorded 4 species of snakes; Nguyen Van Sang et al. (2005) discovered 10 amphibians and reptiles species; Ngo Dac Chung and Tran Duy Ngoc (2007) recorded 71 species; David et al.(2008) described a new type of snake named Oligodon ocellatus; Nguyen et al. (2009) recorded 17 species, Zieger et al. (2013) discovered a new Cyrtodactylus kingsadai in Dai Lanh. The results of the work show that 73 species of amphibians and reptiles are recorded in Phu Yen, including 21 species of amphibians and 52 species of reptiles. 1.2. Overview of natural and social conditions of Phu Yen 1.2.1. Natural conditions 1.2.1.1. Geographical location Phu Yen is a province in the South Central Coast which has the geographical coordinates from 12o39’10" to 13o45’20" north latitude and from 108o39’45" to 109o29’20" east longitude. The East of Phu Yen borders the East Sea to the east, Gia Lai and Daklak Province to the east, Khanh Hoa Province to the South and Binh Dinh Province to the north. 1.2.1.2.Administrative units Phu Yen is subdivided into 9 district-level sub-divisions (Dong Hoa, Tay Hoa, Song Hinh, Phu Hoa, Dong Xuan, Tuy An), 88 communes, 16 wards, 8 townlets, one district-level town (Song Cau), and one provincial city (Tuy Hoa- 2nd class city) 1.2.1.3. Topography Three sides of Phu Yen are mountains, consisting of Cu Mong Pass in the north, Ca Pass in the south, the Annamite Range in the west and the East Sea in the east. Except for some of the peaks which

4 are in excess of 1000 m height located in the west of Dong Xuan, the southwest of Tay Hoa, the south of Song Hinh; the mountains of Phu Yen are not very high in general, from 300 m to 600 m. 1.2.1.4. Climate Phu Yen is a province in the South Central Coast and the climate is monsoon. The northeast and the southwest winds are the main types in the year; the average temperature and the rainfall are quite high. 1.2.1.5. Biological resources Plant resources: There are three types of forest in Phu Yen province in which the broadleaf evergreen forest is the most popular accounting for 96,5% of natural forest, dipterocarp forest makes up of 3,5% of the total forest area, and planted forest is the last one which has an area of 20.963 hectares. Animal resources: the fauna of Phu Yen is abundant with 51 animal species, 114 bird species. 1.2.2. Socioeconomic characteristics - Population: As of 2015 Phu Yen has a population of the 893.383, consisting of 446.848 males and 463.535 females. The urban population is 256.728; the rural population is 636.655, the average population density is 178/km2. The income of per capita is 2.013.800 VND/person/month. - Health: As of 2015 Phu Yen has 143 medical facilities with 14 hospitals, 112 health stations, and 2.111 patient beds, 2.448 medical staff and 776 pharmacists. - Education: According to a statistic as of school year 2015-2016, Phu Yen has total of 308 schools with 5.629 classes, 163.000 pupils and 10.379 teachers. The percentage of pupils attending schools reached 87,9%. CHAPTER 2 METHODOLOGY

2.1. Time and place of study - Research period This subject was conducted from 5/2014 to 5/2017 and based on 30 fieldworks in 8 districts and towns in Phu Yen lasted 125 days. The fieldwork was carried out from January to November every year.

- Study area In this thesis, the study area was limited to the south part of Cu Mong pass, Phu Yen Province (the geographical coordinates from 12o39’10" to 13o45’20" north latitude and from 108o39’45" to 109o29’20" east longitude). The fieldwork was done in Tuy Hoa city, Song Cau town and 6 districts (Dong Hoa, Tay Hoa, Song Hinh, Son Hoa, Dong Xuan, Tuy An) in 12 sites. 2.2. Research data 335 specimens (130 amphibian samples, 205 reptile samples), 8532 photos and 40 questionnaires were collected and analyzed in the fieldwork. 2.3. Research methods 2.3.1. Fieldwork The traditional methods were highly appreciated in this dissertation. We used some of them to conduct the subject such as establishment of survey area, collection and treatment of samples, recording and interviews, especially the handbook of biodiversity methods. 2.3.2. Laboratory research 2.3.2.1. Analysis of morphological characteristics Thanks to the work of Bourret (1942), Brown et al. (1997), Orlov et al. (2006), Nguyen Van Sang (2007), Vindum et al. (2003), Nguyen et al. (2010, 2011, 2013, 2015), Ziegler et al. (2016),… 2.3.2.2. Taxonomic identifications of amphibians and reptiles Amphibian identification: Bourret (1942), Taylor (1962), Dao Van Tien (1977), Inger et al. (1999), Ohler et al. (2000), Bain et al. (2003, 2004); Stuart et al. (2006), Poyarkov (2014), Vassilieva (2014)... Snake identification: Smith (1943), Campden-Main (1970), Nguyen Van Sang (2007), Das (2010), Vassilieva et al. (2016),... Lizard identification: Smith (1935), Taylor (1963), Dao Van Tien (1979), Nguyen et al. (2010), Nguyen (2011), Ziegler et al. (2013), Nguyen et al. (2014), Ziegler et al. (2016), Vassilieva et al. (2016),… Turtle identification: Dao Van Tien (1978), Stuart et al. (2001), Hendrie et al. (2011) and some related documents. The categories and siencetific names of amphibians and reptiles species are sorted by Frost (2016), Uetz & Hošek (2016). The common

names were based on Nguyen et al. (2009) and some latest documents. 2.3.2.3. Assessment of conservation value and endemicity Assess the threat levels to this species by using Vietnam Red Data Book (2007), IUCN’s Red List (2016), the decree 32/2006/ND-CP, the decree 160/2013/ND-CP, the convention CITIES (2017). Identify the priority conservation area of amphibians and reptiles species based on scoring method of Nguyen Quang Truong et al. (2011). 2.3.2.4. Statistical analysis The data was analyzed by using MS-2010 sofware and PAST statistics (Hammer et al., 2001). To compare the species composition of amphibians and reptiles in Phu Yen as well as between Phu Yen and the South Central region, we used the sorensen-Dice index. CHAPTER 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1. The species composition of amphibians and reptiles in sothern Cu Mong Pass, Phu Yen Province 3.1.1. The diversity of species composition Based on the analysis results of 335 samples (130 amphibians samples, 205 reptiles samples), with the questionaires and availble documents, we identified a total of 135 amphibians and reptiles species belonging to 85 genera, 25 families, 5 orders. (Table 3.1) Table 3.1. List of amphibians and reptiles species composition in Phu Yen Province No. Scientific name English name Data source AMPHIBIA CLASS AMPHIBIANS ANURA ORDER FROGS 1. Bufonidae Gray, 1825 1. Family Toads 1 Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Schneider, 1799) Black-spined toad 1S 2 Ingerophrynus galeatus (Günther,1864) Cambodian toad 3S 2. Megophryidae Bonaparte, 1850 2. Family Spadefoot frogs 3 Leptobrachium banae Lathrop, Murphy, Orlov Bana spadefoot toad 2S & Ho, 1998 4 Leptobrachium sp. Spadefoot toad 8S 5 Ophryophryne gerti Ohler, 20031 Gert’s mountain toad 3S 6 Ophryophryne hansi Ohler, 20031 Hans’ mountain toad 1S 7 Megophrys major (Boulenger, 1908)1 Andersons’ spadefoot toad 1S 3. Microhylidae Günther, 1858 (1843) 3. Family Narrow-mouthed frogs 7

8 Calluella guttulata (Blyth, 1855)1,2 Burmese squat frog 6S 9 Glyphoglossus molossus Günther, 18691,2 Balloon frog 4S 10 Kalophrynus honbaensis Vassilieva, Galoyan, Hon Ba sticky frog 4S Gogoleva, and Poyarkov, 20141 11 Kaloula indochinensis Chan, Blackburn, Murphy, Indochinese bullfrog 2S Stuart, Emmett, Ho, and Brown, 20131,2 12 Kaloula pulchra Gray, 1831 Banded bullfrog 5S 13 Microhyla berdmorei (Blyth, 1856)1 Berdmore’s narrow-mouthed frog 1S 14 Microhyla marmorata Bain & Nguyen, 20041 Marble pigmy frog 5S 15 Microhyla mukhlesuri Hasan, Islam, Kuramoto, Mukhlesur’s pigmy frog 4S Kurabayashi, and Sumida, 20141 16 Microhyla nanapollexa Bain & Nguyen, 20041 No-thumb pigmy frog 4S 17 Microhyla picta Schenkel, 19011 Painted rice frog 5S 18 Microhyla pulchra (Hallowell, 1861)1 Guangdong rice frog 1S 19 Micryletta inornata (Boulenger, 1908)2 Deli paddy frog D 4. Dicroglossidae Anderson, 1871 4. Family True frogs 20 Fejervaria limnocharis (Gravenhorst, 1829) Grass frog 4S 21 Hoplobatrachus rugulosus (Wiegmann, 1834) Common lowland frog 1S 22 Limnonectes cf. bannaensis Ye, Fei, and Jiang, 2007 Big-headed frog 3S 23 Limnonectes dabanus (Smith, 1922) Annam wart frog 2S 24 Limnonectes poilani (Bourret, 1942) Poilan’s frog 6S 25 Occidozyga lima (Gravenhorst, 1829) Green puddle frog 4S 26 Occidozyga martensii (Peters, 1867) Martens’ oriental frog 5S 5. Ranidae Batsch, 1796 5. Family Ranids 27 Amolops spinapectoralis Inger, Orlov & Darevsky, 19991 Spinyback torrent frog 5S 28 Hylarana attigua (Inger, Orlov & Darevsky, 1999)1 Similar frog 4S 29 Hylarana erythraea (Schlegel, 1837) Green paddy frog D 30 Sylvirana guentheri (Boulenger, 1882) Guenther’s Amoy frog D 31 Sylvirana nigrovittata (Blyth, 1856) Black-striped frog 5S 32 Odorrana gigatympana (Orlov, Ananjeva & Gigatympanum frog 2S Ho, 2006)1,2 33 Odorrana morafkai (Bain, Lathrop, Murphy, Morafka’s frog 4S Orlov & Ho, 2003) 6. Rhacophoridae Hoffman, 1932 (1858) 6. Family Treefrogs 34 Kurixalus banaensis (Bourret, 1939)1 Bana bubble-nest frog 5S 35 Polypedates mutus (Smith, 1940) Burmese whipping 9S 36 Rhacophorus annamensis Smith, 1924 Annam flying frog 6S 37 Theloderma vietnamense Poyarkov, Orlov, Taylor’s bug-eyed frog 1S Moiseeva, Pawangkhanant, Ruangsuwan, Vassilieva, Galoyan, Nguyen, and Gogoleva, 20151,2 GYMNOPHIONA ORDER CAECILIANS 7. Ichthyophiidae Taylor, 1968 7. Family asiatic tailed caecilians 38 Ichthyophis nguyenorum Nishikawa, Matsui & Nguyen caecilian 5S Orlov, 20122 REPTILIA CLASS REPTILES 8

SQUAMATA ORDER LIZARDS AND SNAKES 8. Agamidae Gray, 1827 8. Family Agamid lizards 39 Physignathus cocincinus (Cuvier, 1829) Indochinese water dragon 1S 40 Acanthosaura cf. capra Günther, 18611 Capra tree lizard 5S 1,2 41 Acanthosaura coronata Günther, 1861 Coronated tree lizard 6S 42 Bronchocela smaragdina Günther, 18642 Emerald long-tailed agama 2S 43 Bronchocela vietnamensis Hallermann & Orlov, 20052 Vietnam long-tailed agama D 44 Calotes bachae Hartmann, Geissler, Poyarkov, Bach lizard 5S Ihlow, Galoyan, Rödder & Böhme, 20131,2 45 Calotes versicolor (Daubin, 1802) Garden fence lizard 2S 46 Draco indochinensis Smith, 19281 Indochinese flying lizard 6S 47 Leiolepis guttata Cuvier, 18291 Spotted butterfly lizard 2S 48 Leiolepis reevesii (Gray, 1831)2 Eastern butterfly lizard D 9. Gekkonidae Gray, 1825 9. Family Geckos 49 Cyrtodactylus kingsadai (Ziegler, Phung, Le & Kingsada’s bow-fingered 3S Nguyen, 2013)2 gecko 50 Cyrtodactylus sp. fingered gecko 4S 51 Dixonius siamensis (Boulenger, 1898) Siamese leaf-toed gecko 6S 52 Dixonius minhlei Ziegler, Botov, Nguyen, Bauer, Minhle’s leaf-toed gecko 6S Brennan, Ngo & Nguyen, 20161,2 53 Gehyra mutilata (Wiegmann, 1834)1,2 Stump-tailed gecko 2S 54 Gekko badenii Szczerbak & Nekrasova, 19942 Baden gecko 1S 55 Gekko gecko (Linnaeus, 1758) Gecko 2S 56 Gekko grossmanni Günther, 19941 Grossmann’s gecko 6S 57 Gekko truongi Phung & Ziegler, 20111 Truong’s gecko 5S 58 Hemidactylus frenatus Schlegel, 1836 Common house gecko 3S 59 Hemidactylus platyurus (Schneider, 1792) Flat-tailed house gecko 1S 60 Ptychozoon lionatum Annadale, 19051,2 Smooth-backed gliding gecko 1S 10. Scincidae Oppel, 1811 10. Family Skinks 61 Eutropis longicaudatus (Hallowell, 1856) Long-tailed mabuya 1S 62 Eutropis macularius (Blyth,1853) Bronze mabuya 2S 63 Eutropis multifasciatus (Kuhl, 1820) East Indian brown mabuya 2S 64 Lipinia vittigera (Boulenger, 1894) Striped tree skink D 65 Lygosoma bowringii (Günther, 1864)1 Bowring’s supple skink 3S 66 Scincella melanosticta (Boulenger, 1887)1 Black ground skink 4S 67 Sphenomorphus maculatus (Blyth, 1853) Spotted forest skink 2S 68 Tropidophorus microlepis Günther, 18611 Small-scaled water skink 1S 11. Varanidae Merrem, 1820 11. Family Crocodile lizards 69 Varanus nebulosus (Gray, 1831) Clouded monitor P 70 Varanus salvator (Laurenti, 1768) Water monitor 2S 12. Typhlopidae Merrem, 1820 12. Family Blind snakes 71 Indotyphlops braminus (Daudin, 1803) Common blind snake 3S 13. Pythonidae Fitzinger, 1826 13. Family Pythons

72 Python molurus (Linnaeus, 1758) Asiatic rock python P 73 Malayopython reticulatus (Schneider, 1801) Reticulated python 2S 14. Xenopeltidae Gray, 1849 14. Family Sunbeam snakes 74 Xenopeltis unicolor Reinwardt in Boie, 1827 Sunbeam snake 2S 15. Colubridae Oppel, 1811 15. Family Colubrines 75 Ahaetulla prasina (Reinhardt, 1827) Oriental whip snake 3S 76 Boiga cyanea (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854) Green cat snake 2S 77 Boiga guangxiensis Wen, 19981 Guangxi cat snake 2S 78 Boiga multomaculata (Boie, 1827) Large-spotted cat snake 2S 79 Chrysopelea ornata (Shaw, 1802) Golden tree snake 4S 80 Coelognathus flavolineatus (Schlegel, 1837)1 Yellow-striped snake 3S 81 Coelognathus radiatus (Boie, 1827) Copperhead racer 3S 82 Cyclophiops multicintus (Roux, 1907)1 Many-banded green snake 2S 83 Dendrelaphis ngansonensis (Bourret, 1935)1 Nganson bronzeback 2S 84 Dendrelaphis pictus (Gmelin, 1789) Common bronzeback 1S 85 Dendrelaphis subocularis (Boulenger, 1888)1 Mountain bronzeback 2S 86 Dryocalamus davisonii (Blanford, 1878)1 Bridle snake 3S 87 Gonyosoma oxycephalum (Boie, 1827)1,2 Red-tailed rat snake 1S 88 Lycodon capucinus Boie in Boie, 18271 Common wolf snake 3S 89 Lycodon cardamomensis (Daltry & Wüster, 2002)1,2,3 Cardamom wolf snake 2S 90 Lycodon laoensis Günther, 1864 Laotian wolf snake 1S 91 Lycodon subcinctus Boie, 18271 Malayan banded wolf snake 1S 92 Oligodon cattienensis (Vassilieva,Geissler, Galoyan, Cat Tien kukri snake 2S Poyarkov Jr, Devender & Böhme, 2013)1,2 93 Oligodon cinereus pallidocinctus (Günther, 1864)1 Ashy kukri snake 2S 94 Oligodon deuvei David, Govel & Rooijen, 20081,2 Deuve’s kukri snake 1S 95 Oligodon moricei David, Govel & Rooijen, 20081,2 Morice’s kukri snake 1S 96 Oligodon ocellatus (Morice, 1875) Ocellated kukri snake 3S 97 Oligodon saintgironsi (David, Govel, Pauwels, 2008)1,2 Saint Girons’ kukri snake 1S 98 Oreocryptophis porphyraceus porphyraceus Black-banded 2S (Cantor, 1839)1,2 99 Orthiophis taeniurus (Cope, 1861)1 Beauty snake 1S 100 Ptyas korros (Schlegel, 1837) Indochinese rat snake 2S 101 Ptyas mucosa (Linnaeus, 1758) Common rat snake 1S 16. Homalopsidae Bonaparte, 1845 16. Family Fresh snakes 102 Enhydris enhydris (Schneider, 1799) Rainbow water snake 2S 103 Hypsiscopus plumbea (Boie, 1827) Plumbeous water snake 2S 17. Lamprophiidae Fitzinger, 1843 17. Family Mock vipers 104 Psammodynastes pulverulentus (Boie, 1827) Mock viper 1S 18. Natricidae Bornaparte, 1838 18. Family Keelbacks 105 Amphiesma stolatum (Linnaeus, 1758)1 Buff-striped keelback 2S 106 Hebius boulengeri (Gressitt, 1937)1 Boulenger’s keelback 6S 107 Rhabdophis chrysargos (Schlegel, 1837)1 Speckle-bellied keelback 2S 108 Rhabdophis subminiatus (Schlegel, 1837) Red-necked keelback 2S

109 Sinonatrix percarinata (Boulenger, 1899)1 Eastern water snake 1S 110 Xenochrophis flavipunctatus (Hallowell, 1861) Yellow-spotted keelback 2S 19. Pareatidae Romer, 1956 19. Family Slug snakes 111 Pareas carinatus (Boie, 1828)1 Keeled slug snake 3S 112 Pareas hamptoni (Boulenger, 1905)1 Hampton’s slug snake 2S 113 Pareas margaritophorus (Jan, 1866)1 White-spotted slug snake 1S 20. Elapidae Boie, 1827 20. Family Kraits, coral snakes and cobras 114 Bungarus candidus (Linnaeus, 1758) Blue krait 2S 115 Bungarus fasciatus (Schneider, 1801) Banded krait 2S 116 Naja kaouthia Lesson, 1831 Monocled cobra 3S 117 Ophiophagus hannah (Cantor, 1836) King cobra 1S 118 Sinomicrurus macclellandi (Reinhardt, 1844)1 MacClelland’s coral snake 1S 21. Viperidae Oppel, 1811 21. Family Pitvipers and vipers 119 Protobothrops mucrosquamatus (Cantor, 1839)1 Chinese habu 2S 120 Trimeresurus albolabris (Gray, 1842) White-lipped pitviper 5S 121 Trimeresurus stejnegeri (Schmidt, 1925)1 Stejneger’s bamboo pitviper 3S TESTUDINES ORDER TURTLES 22. Geoemydidae Theobald, 1868 22. Family Old World pond turtles 122 Cuora cyclornata Blanck, McCord & Le, 2006 Cyclornated box turtle D 123 Cuora mouhotii (Gray,1862)1 Keeled box turtle 2S 124 Cuora picturata Lehr, Fritz & Obst, 19981 Vietnam box turtle 2S 125 Cyclemys pulchristriata Fritz, Gaulke & Lehr, 19971 Striped leaf turtle 1S 126 Cyclemys oldhamii (Gray, 1863) Stripe-necked leaf turtle D 127 Malayemys subtrijuga (Schweigger,1812)1 Mekong snail-eating turtle 2S 128 Mauremys annamensis (Siebenrock,1903) Annam leaf turtle P 129 Mauremys sinensis (Gray,1834)1 Chinese stripe-neck turtle 1S 130 Sacalia quadriocellata (Siebenrock,1903) Four-eyed turtle 2S 23. Testudinidae Batsch, 1788 23. Family Tortoises 131 Indotestudo elongata (Blyth,1853) Elongated tortoise 2S 132 Manouria impressa (Günther,1882) Impressed tortoise D 24. Trionychidae Fitzinger, 1826 24. Family Softshell turtles 133 Amyda cartilaginea (Boddaert, 1770) Asiatic softshell turtle 1S 134 Pelodiscus sinensis (Wiegmann,1835) Chinese softshell turtle 1S CROCODYLIA ORDER CROCODILES 25. Crocodylidae Gray, 1825 25. Family Crocodiles 135 Crocodylus siamensis Schneider, 18012 Siamese crocodile D Notes: 1New recorded of species for Phu Yen; 2New recorded of species for South Central region; 3New recorded of species for Vietnam; M = sample; P = photo; D = document. 3.1.2. New contributions 3.1.2.1. New records for Vietnam Lycodon cardamomensis was discovered for the first time for Vietnam.

3.1.2.2. New record for South Central region A long with the record of Lycodon cardamomensis, we gave the supplementary record of 23 species of amphibians and reptiles for the herpetofauna in South Central region. 3.1.2.3. New record for Phu Yen province 63 species, 28 genera, one family of amphibians and reptiles were recorded for Phu Yen Province. Our findings increase the total number of amphibians and reptiles species in this province to 135 species belong to 85 genera, 25 families, 5 orders (Fig 3.1). 3.1.2.4. The unnamed scientific species In 135 species of amphibians and reptiles in Phu Yen, there are two new definitions: one amphibian species (Leptobrachium sp.) and one reptile species (Cyrtodactylus sp.). Number 160 140 135 120 100 Family 80 71 73 85 Genus 60 56 57 Species 40 25 20 24 24 0 2007 2013 2017 Figure 3.1. The species diversity of amphibians and reptiles in Phu Yen (2007-2017) 3.1.2.5. New species discovered for science recorded in Phu Yen Province Table 3.2. New species discovered for science from 2008 recorded in Phu Yen Province No. Scientific name Discovered year Site of discovered Amphibia Class Amphibians 1 Kalophrynus honbaensis 2014 Khanh Hoa Province 2 Kaloula indochinensis 2013 Gia Lai Province 3 Microhyla mukhlesuri 2014 Tay Bac and Central Vietnam 4 Theloderma vietnamense 2015 Central and South Vietnam 5 Ichthyophis nguyenorum 2012 Kon Tum Province 12

No. Scientific name Discovered year Site of discovered Reptilia Class Reptiles 6 Calotes bachae 2013 Dong Nai Province 7 Cyrtodactylus kingsadai 2013 Phu Yen Province 8 Dixonius minhlei 2016 Dong Nai Province 9 Gekko truongi 2011 Khanh Hoa Province 10 Oligodon cattienensis 2013 Dong Nai Province 11 Oligodon deuvei 2008 Dong Nai Province 12 Oligodon moricei 2008 Khanh Hoa Province 13 Oligodon saintgironsi 2008 Dong Nai Province There were five species of amphibians and eight species of reptiles (making up 9,6% the total of amphibians and reptiles at the study region) recorded in 2008 in Phu Yen province. Remarkably, there were nine species discorvered in Phu Yen in the last five years: Kalophrynus honbaensis, Kaloula indochinensis, Microhyla mukhlesuri, Theloderma vietnamense, Ichthyophis nguyenorum, Calotes bachae, Cyrtodactylus kingsadai, Dixonius minhlei, Oligodon cattienensis. 3.1.3. The species with the taxonomic changes Compare with the documents of Ngo Dac Chung and Tran Duy Ngoc recorded in Phu Yen in 2007, there are some taxonomic changes: - The class of Amphibians: Limnonectes blythii: this species doesn’t exist in Vietnam. Limnonectes kuhlii: this species is redefined as L. bannaensis. Limnonectes kohchangae: this species is redefined as L. poilani. Polypedates leucomystax: this species doesn’t exist in Vietnam. The samples from Phu Yen were considered as P. mutus. Ichthyophis bannanicus: this species is identified as I. nguyenorum. Rhacophorus annamensis and R. exechopygus: these two species have the same morphology. Based on the collection of amphibians and reptiles in 2015-2016 in Phu Yen province, we could only confirm the existence of R. annamensis. - The class of Reptiles: Gekko ulikovskii: this species is considered as G. badenii. Cuora galbinifrons: the previous record of this species in Phu Yen Province was identified as C. picturata. 3.1.4. The structure of amphibians and reptiles classification levels in Phu Yen Province 3.1.4.1. The structure of the amphibians classification 13

We recorded 2 orders, 7 families, 24 genera, 38 species at the study area. The frogs order is the most diverse with 6 families, 23 genera, 37 species and the caecilians order with one family, one genus and one species. Number Genus Species 14 12 12 10 7 7 8 6 5 6 4 4 4 4 3 4 2 2 2 1 1 0

Family

Figure 3.2. The diversity of the genus, species of amphibians in families at the study area 3.1.4.2. The structure of the reptiles classification

Quantity Species Genus 30 27 25

15 12 13 10 9 10 8 6 6 6 6 5 54 5 5 2 32 32 22 2 22 22 1 1 11 11 11 11 0

Family

Figure 3.3. The diversity of genus, species of the reptiles in families at the study area 14

The research recorded 3 orders, 18 families, 61 genera, 97 species of retiles. The lizards and snakes order is the most abundant with 14 families, 51 genera, and 83 species. The Turtles order consists of with 3 families, 9 genera, and 13 orders. The Crocodiles includes one family, 1 genus, one species. 3.2. The characteristics of morphological identification of amphibians and reptiles species at the study area In this part we only described the morphological characteristics of 63 species additionally recorded for the study area and 2 unnamed scientific species. In addition, this dissertation provided the morphological characteristics of the rest species at the appendix 6. Describing sample of one species at the study: Microhyla nanapollexa Bain & Nguyen, 2004 Specimens examined (n = 4). One adult male (PYU DTD.397), one adult female (PYU DTD.395), 14 July 2015 and two adult females (PYU DTD.143, 144), 23 March 2015. Morphological characters of the specimens from Phu Yen province agreed well with the description of Bain and Nguyen (2004): SVL 18.8 mm in the male and 18.9-20.5 mm in the females (TB ± SD 19,6 ± 0,8) (n = 3); tympanum hidden. Forelimbs: finger I reduced to a small (FL1: 0.5-0.6 mm); relative finger length I

3.3.1. According to the study area Tay Hoa district is recorded as the most abundant place of species diversity with 85 species, Song Hinh with 63 species, Dong Xuan with 45 species, Son Hoa with 44 species, Tuy Hoa city with 24 species, Dong Hoa district with 21 species. The least diverse place is Song Cau district with 16 species.

Figure 3.4. Group analysis of the similarity of the amphibians and reptiles species composition among areas in Phu Yen Province Note: DHO = Dong Hoa district; THO= Tay Hoa district; SHI=Tay Hoa district; SHI= Song Hinh district; SHO= Son Hoa district; DXU= Dong Xuan district, SCA= Song Cau town; TAN= Tuy An district; TPO= Tuy Hoa city. Considering the similarity of the species composition among the study areas: Tay Hoa district, Song Hinh district, Son Hoa district, Dong Xuan district and Tuy Hoa district are grouped as the places has the high level of the species compositions and the rest districts are grouped together. 3.3.2. According to the altitude Over 600 Bufonidae 500->600 Megophryidae

400->500 Microhylidae 300->400 Dicroglossidae 200->300 Ranidae

Height (m) Height 100->200 Rhacophoridae Under 100 m Ichthyophiidae

0 5 10 15 20 25 30Specices quantity Figure 3.5. The species and families quantity of amphibians distributed in Phu Yen Province based on the height 16

Agamidae Over 600 Gekkonidae Scincidae 500->600 Varanidae Typhlopidae

400->500 Pythonidae Xenopeltidae 300->400 Colubridae Homalopsidae 200->300 Lamprophiidae

Height (m) Height Natricidae 100->200 Pareatidae Elapidae Under100 m Viperidae Geoemydidae 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Species quantity Figure 3.6. The species and families quantity of reptiles in Phu Yen Province based on the altitude The distribution of amphibians and reptiles dominate at the altitude 200-500 m. At the altitude above 300 m, the species richness of amphibians and reptiles is diverse: From 300 m to under 400 m with 78 species (making up 62,4% of recorded amphibians and reptiles species) but this percentage becomes less in the higher regions. The species of amphibians and reptiles recorded at the elevation below 300 m is less than the areas above 300 m. The lower the height is, the recoded species decreases but the number of species declined slowly than in the elevations above 300 m. 3.3.3. According to the habitat Species quantity Amphibian Reptile 80 70 60 42 31 40 24 23 26 16 16 20 6 8 0 Coastal area, Argicultural Planted forest The secondary Evergreen scrub-land land and and milpa forest forest residential area Habitat

Figure 3.7. The distribution of amphibians and reptiles according to the habitat 17

The habitat of the least affected evergreen forest is diverse with 96 species. The habitat of the secondary forest is rehabilitated is 65 species. The habitat of the planted forest and the milpas is 40 species. The habitat of the coast and the scrub-land is 37 species. The habitat agricultural land and residential areas is the least diverse with 23 species. 3.4. Comparision of the similarity of species composition of amphibians and reptiles in the sourthern Cu Mong Pass, Phu Yen Province and the northern Cu Mong Pass, Binh Dinh Province as well as between locations in Phu Yen Province and ares in South Central area. 3.4.1. Comparision of species composion in the south part of Cu Mong Pass, Phu Yen Province and the north part of Cu Mong Pass, Binh Dinh Province Table 3.3. A comparision of species composition of amphibians and reptiles in Phu Yen and Binh Dinh Class Province Number of Number of Number of Total family genus species HB R C HB R C HB R C H G L PY 7 1 24 9 38 17 Amphibians 6 15 21 7 25 47 BĐ 6 0 16 1 30 9 PY 18 1 61 20 97 49 Reptiles 17 41 48 21 69 121 BĐ 20 3 49 8 72 24 Note: PY= Phu Yen Province; BD= Binh Dinh Province; HB= current, R= Particular ; C= General; H= Family; G= Genus; L= Species The fauna of amphibians and reptiles in Phu Yen Province is more diverse than in Binh Dinh Province at the genus (85-65) and species (135-102). At the similarity of species composition, Phu Yen and Binh Dinh have the high species composition. The analysis results indicated that Cu Mong Pass is not the boundary of geographical distribution of amphibians and reptiles between these cities. 3.4.2. A comparision of species composition of amphibians and reptiles in the south part of Cu Mong Pass and the areas of the South Central In comparision of the similariry of the species composition of amphibians and reptiles in the fauna of the South Central area, there was the separation into group due to influence of climate factors, the area and quality of the forest, the geographical disrance, the unevened research among the regions.

Figure 3.8. Group analysis of the similarity of amphibian species composition in Phu Yen region and the South Central area

Figure 3.9. Group analysis of the similarity of reptile species composition in Phu Yen region and the South Central area Both of the amphibian and reptile groups of Phu Yen and Binh Dinh, Quang Ngai, Quang Nam and Da Nang, Khanh Hoa, Ninh Thuan and Binh Thuan have close relationship. This may be caused of the close geographical distanceof these ares. Khanh Hoa, Ninh Thuan and Binh Thuan are devided into a individual branch. In addition of all the elements above, the studies on amphibians and reptiles have not reflected the real diversity, especially in Khanh Hoa. 3.5. The conservation value and threats to the fauna of amphibians and reptiles in Phu Yen province 3.5.1. The rare and endemic species with conservation at the study area - The rare species at the study area

Table 3.4. The rare species of amphibians and retiles at the study region

No. Scientific name Conservation level Recorded place

2017

2007

160

SHI

SCA

TPO

SHO TAN

ĐXU

THO

ĐHO

IUCN 2016 IUCN

VRDB CITES 1 Ingerophrynus galeatus VU + + + + + 2 Leptobrachium banae VU + 3 Rhacophorus annamensis VU + + + + 4 Physignathus cocincinus VU + + + + + + 5 Leiolepis reevesii VU 6 Gekko gecko VU + + + + 7 Varanus salvator II B EN II + + + + + 8 Varanus nebulosus II B EN I + + + + 9 Python molurus II B CR VU I + 10 Malayopython reticulatus II B CR II + 11 Coelognathus radiatus II B VU + + + + + 12 Oreocryptophis porphyraceus VU + 13 Ptyas korros EN + + + + + 14 Ptyas mucosa II B EN II + + + + + + 15 Bungarus candidus II B + + 16 Bungarus fasciatus II B EN + + 17 Naja kaouthia EN II + + + + + + 18 Ophiophagus hannah I B I CR II + + + + 19 Cuora cyclornata I B I CR CR II 20 Cuora mouhotii EN II + + + + 21 Cuora picturata CR + + + + 22 Malayemys subtrijuga VU VU II + 23 Mauremys annamensis II B I CR CR II + 24 Mauremys sinensis EN III + 24 Sacalia quadriocellata EN II + + + 25 Indotestudo elongata II B EN EN II + + 26 Manouria impressa II B VU VU II 27 Amyda cartilaginea VU VU II + 28 Pelodiscus sinensis VU + 29 Crocodylus siamensis II B CR CR I Total 14 3 22 15 17 1 20 17 14 17 2 3 6 - Conservation level: TD = the decree; VRDB = Vietnam Red Data Book; IUCN = IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. - Recorded places: ĐHO = Dong Hoa district; TH = Tay Hoa district; SHI = Song Hinh district; SHO: Son Hoa district; ĐXU = Dong Xuan district; SCA = Song Cau town; TAN = Tuy An district; TPO = Tuy Hoa city. 20

- The endemic species: Table 3.5. The endemic species of amphibians and reptiles recored at the study region Endemic Recorded place No. Scientific name VN IN ĐHO THO SHI SHO ĐXU SCA TAN TPO 1 Leptobrachium banae + + 2 Ophryophryne gerti + + + 3 Ophryophryne hansi + + 4 Kalophrynus honbaensis + + + 5 Microhyla marmorata + + + 6 Microhyla nanapollexa + + 7 Microhyla picta + + + + 8 Limnonectes dabanus + + 9 Limnonectes poilani + + + + + + + 10 Amolops spinapectoralis + + 11 Hylarana attigua + + 12 Odorrana morafkai + + 13 Kurixalus banaensi + + + 14 Rhacophorus annamensis + + + + + 15 Ichthyophis nguyenorum + + + 16 Acanthosaura coronata + + + + + 17 Bronchocela vietnamensis + + 18 Calotes bachae + + + 19 Draco indochinensis + + + 20 Leiolepis guttata + + + 21 Cyrtodactylus kingsadai + + + 22 Dixonius minhlei + + 23 Gekko badenii + + 24 Gekko grossmanni + + + 25 Gekko truongi + + + 26 Dendrelaphis ngansonensis + + 27 Oligodon cattienensis + + 28 Oligodon moricei + + 29 Oligodon ocellatus + + 30 Oligodon saintgironsi + + 31 Cyclemys pulchristriata + + 32 Mauremys annamensis + + Total 16 16 4 20 9 7 6 1 3 6 Note: Endemic: VN = Vietnam; IN: Indo-China; +: existing species at the study area; Recorded places: ĐHO = Dong Hoa district; THO = Tay Hoa district; SHI = Song Hinh district; SHO = Son Hoa district; ĐXU = Dong Xuan district; SCA = Song Cau town; TAN = Tan An district; TPO = Tuy Hoa city. 21

The endemic species in Tay Hoa district comprises 20 species, which makes it the richest place in the diversity. Song Hinh district is rated the second with nine species, Son Hoa district with seven species, Dong Xuan and Tuy Hoa district with six species, Dong Hoa district with four species, Tuy An district with three species and Song Cau is the poorest district in the diversity with one species. 3.5.2. The threats to the Herpetofauna of the study region 3.5.2.1. The factors affecting the habitat There are many fators which affect the habitat, such as deforestation for milpas, the illegal logging, the migration of the northern compatriots to the new economic zones, the hydropower project or the road construction, and the downturn in natural habitat. 3.5.2.2. The factors affecting the population Reptiles are hunted to sale such as Physignathus cocincinus, Vanarus salvator, Ophiophagus hannah, Ptyas mucosa, Python reticutatus, Bungarus candidus, Bungarus fasciatus, Mauremys annamensis, Cuora bourreti, Sacalia quadriocellata, Trionychdae… There are total of 42 species of amphibians and retiles of which 32 species exploited for food, 26 species for pharmaceutical, 39 species for trading and 12 species for ornamental purposes. 3.6. Recommendations for conservation planning Table 3.6. Evaluation of priority sites for the conservation of amphibians and reptiles at the study region Dictrict/City The area Species The Area and Affected Score of forest diversity endemic/rare quality of level (ha) species forest Dong Hoa 11.597,8 2 2 2 5 11 Tay Hoa 37.419,2 8 8 7 8 31 Song Hinh 31.978,0 7 7 5 7 26 Son Hoa 54.240,0 6 5 8 6 25 Dong Xuan 65.117,4 5 6 6 4 21 Song Cau 26.668,0 1 1 4 1 7 Tuy An 12.642,9 3 3 3 2 11 Tuy Hoa 2.955,2 4 4 1 3 12 The evaluation results: Tay Hoa district had the highest score with 31 marks, the following district was Song Hinh with 26 marks, Dong Xuan district got 21 marks and Song Cau district had the lowest score with 7 marks. 22

3.6.2. The priority species for conservation The subjects considered to be priorities for conservation are the endemic and rare species (Table 3.4 and 3.5) and some species are not rare but highly hunted for trading purposes. 3.6.3. The priority activities for conservation - Protection for the habitat of amphibians and reptiles species such as forest protection; enhancement of the work of greening the vacant land and modern equipment for the forest rangers to protect forest; forest fir control; conversion of cultivation methods. - Sustainable harvest of the resources of amphibians and reptiles: Hunting control in the strictly protected forest . - Propagation of awareness and livelihood creation for people.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

1. CONCLUSION 1.1. The diversity of species composition: We recorded 135 species comprised 38 species of amphibians belonging with 24 genera, 7 families, 2 orders and 97 species of reptiles belonging with 61 genera, 18 families, 3 orders in the south part of Cu Mong Pass. In this thesis we also additionally recorded 63 species for the herpetofauna in Phu Yen, 24 species for the South Central region and Lycodon cardamomensis species recoreded for the first time in Vietnam. This study provides the morphological characteristics of 63 additionally recorded species in Phu Yen Province and 2 unnamed sciencific species based on the collected specimens. 1.2. Distribution characteristics: According to the study area: The number of species recorded from Tay Hoa district is highest (85 species), followed by Song Hinh district with 63 species, Dong Xuan district with 45 species, Son Hoa district with 44 species, and Song Cau district with 16 species. According to the altitude: Most of the amphibians and reptiles were recorded at the hight of 300-400 m (87 species). This is the hight which has the the relatively large area of natural forest and good forest quality and be suitable for the species of amphibians and reptiles. According to habitat: The largest number of species is evergreen forest with 96 species. This habitat is the home of many rare and endemic species. 23

1.3. The similarity of species composition: The south part of Cu Mong Pass, Phu Yen Province and the north part of Cu Mong Pass, Binh Dinh Province have the average level of similarity of the species composition of amphibians and reptiles. This means Cu Mong Pass is not the boundary of geographical distribution of amphibians and reptiles between these cities. The most different from the provinces in the South Central area is Binh Thuan province. 1.4. Conversation issues: Conservation value: We have recorded 29 rare species. Based on IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (2016), there are 4 Critically Endangered, 4 Endangered, and 7 Vulnerable. Arcording to Vietnam Red Data Book (2007) there are 6 Critically Endangered, 7 Endangered, and 9 Vulnerable. We also recorded 32 endemic species with the conservation value (16 species for Indochina and 16 for Vietnam). Factors afftecting the fauna of amphibians and reptiles: deforestation for milpas, the illegal logging, the migration of the northern compatriots to the new economic zones, the hydropower project or the road construction, and the downturn in natural habitat. 2. RECOMMENDATION 2.1. Further study: Researches on biological and ecolofical charactersictis of species which have the commercial value such as Leiolepis guttata, Physignathus cocincinus, Varanus nebulosus, Varanus salvator, Ptyas mucosa 2.2. Recommendations of conservation plannings Priority sites for conservation: Evergreen forest in Tay Hoa district, Song Hinh district are the most important areas because the forest quality is good, the number of rare and endemic species is highest in the province. In these regions, the establishment of nature reserve or species management area should be planned to protect the natural landscape as well as biodiversity values in Phu Yen province. Sustainable use of amphibians and reptiles resource is associated with economic development, such as establishment of fishing criteria, the recommendations that people should not use the forms of the spent fishing (the electrofishing) to hunt the species of amphibians and reptiles. Enhancement of public awareness of state’s policies and laws and the long-term benefits of forests are necessery.