Prometna Banka A.D. U Modernizacijskim Procesima

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Prometna Banka A.D. U Modernizacijskim Procesima originalni naučni UDK 336.714:338(497.11)"18/19" ; 330.34(497.11)"18/19" rad PROMETNA BANKA A.D. U MODERNIZACIJSKIM Prof. dr Vesna Aleksić Institut ekonomskih nauka PROCESIMA U SRBIJI U Beograd [email protected] PRVOJ POLOVINI XX VEKA Rad je deo istraživanja koji se izvodi na projektima „Izazovi i perspektive strukturnih promena u Srbiji: strateški pravci ekonomskog razvoja i usklađivanja sa zahtevima Evropske Unije“ (OI 179015) i „Evropske integracije i društvenoekonomske promene privrede Srbije na putu ka EU“ (III 47009), koje finansira Ministarstvo prosvete i nauke Republike Srbije. Rezime Ovaj rad je posvećen poslovanju Prometne banke a.d. kao prve banke mešovitog tipa u Srbiji koja se pored bankarskih poslova bavila i osnivanjem i finansiranjem preduzeća u oblasti drvno-prerađivačke, rudarske i metalurške industrije. Bila je pokretač modernizacijskih procesa u srpskoj privredi od početka XX veka, pre svega zahvaljujući uspešnoj poslovnoj viziji prvog čoveka ove banke, Miloša Savčića. Njegovo angažovanje na političkoj i privrednoj sceni Srbije omogućiće Prometnoj banci da se etablira kao bankarska institucija od autoriteta a posle Prvog svetskog rata da se nametne kao jedna od najjačih srpskih poslovnih banka u novoj Kraljevini SHS/Jugoslaviji. Ključne reči: bankarstvo, trgovina, industrija, akcionarsko društvo, Samostalna radikalna stranka, Miloš Savčić JEL: G21, N23, N24, L81 1 2013 Rad primljen: 21.02.2013. Odobren za štampu: 25.02.2013. bankarstvo 12 original UDC 336.714:338(497.11)"18/19" ; 330.34(497.11)"18/19" scientific paper PROMETNA BANKA A.D. IN THE MODERNISATION Prof. Vesna Aleksić, PhD PROCESSES OF SERBIA Institute of Economic Sciences Belgrade IN THE FIRST HALF OF [email protected] THE 20TH CENTURY This work is a part of the research conducted within the projects “Challenges and perspectives of structural changes in Serbia: strategic direction of economic development and harmonisation with the European Union requirements” (OI 179015), and “European integrations and socio-economic changes in the Serbian economy on the road to the EU” (III 47009), financed by the Ministry of Education and Sciences of the Republic of Serbia. Summary This paper is devoted to the business activities of Prometna banka a.d. (Trading Bank), the first bank of a mixed type of operation in Serbia that was engaged both in the banking business but also in founding and financing enterprises in the field of timber-processing, mining, and metallurgical industry. The Bank initiated modernisation processes in the Serbian economy of the early 20th century, primarily thanks to a foresighted successful business vision of the leading man of this Bank, Milos Savcic. His engagement on the political and economic scene of Serbia allowed Prometna banka to establish itself as a banking institution of authority, and after the First World War to impress itself as one of the strongest Serbian business banks in the new Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes/Yugoslavia. Key words: banking, trade, industry, shareholding company, Independent Radical Party, Milos Savcic 1 2013 JEL: G21, N23, N24, L81 Paper received: 21.02.2013 bankarstvo Approved for publishing: 25.02.2013 13 Uvod kreditnom zavodu, najstarijoj privatnoj banci u Srbiji, dominirali su članovi Srpske napredne Od 80-ih godina XIX veka Srbija doživljava stranke, dok su poslovnu politiku Beogradske ubrzanu modernizaciju. To je vreme kada se zadruge već od 90-ih godina XIX veka vodili grade prve železnice, formira stajaća vojska, ugledni funkcioneri Radikalne stranke. Na reformiše prosveta, pojavljuju prva industrijska prelasku vekova pojavljuju se još dve jake preduzeća i kada se oblikuju institucije sistema. privatne finansijske institucije (Izvozna i Ono što je u političkom smislu ispisalo istoriju Prometna banka) iz kojih se vremenom veoma Srbije poslednjih decenija XIX veka bile su jasno reflektovala ekonomsko-politička vizija upravo reforme naprednjaka ali i buna radikala novoosnovane Samostalne radikalne stranke. (poznatija kao Timočka buna 1883), neuspešni [V. Aleksić, Sprega države i akcionarskih rat sa Bugarskom 1885, borba oko donošenja banaka I, 109-122] U tom periodu je zapravo ustava koja je iznedrila slobodoumni Ustav najupečatljivija bila upravo generacijska iz 1888, kao i politički sukobi i dinastičke podela među radikalima i samostalcima. svađe koje su kulminirale ubistvom monarha „Vođe samostalaca bile su rođene šezdesetih i promenom dinastije (1903). Uz opštu i čak sedamdesetih godina XIX veka, što zapuštenost (u Srbiji je 1900. godine bilo samo je u godinama brzih promena doprinosilo 6% pismenog stanovništva) i manjak političke produbljavanju sukoba sa radikalskim vođama kulture, ipak je kod jednog dela srpske elite rođenim pretežno četrdesetih godina. U svojim postojala svest da se srpsko društvo i njegove tridesetim ili četrdesetim godinama života institucije neće približiti Evropi sve dok ne budu samostalci su, prirodno, drukčije razumeli stvoreni kvalitetni ekonomski preduslovi čije je svoje vreme od radikala koji su bili u poznim odsustvo zapravo kočilo svaki dalji ekonomski, pedesetim i šezdesetim godinama života“ [D. kulturni i politički razvoj Srbije. Stojanović, Party elites in Serbia, 129-143]. Kako se radilo o predominantno agrarnom Mlađi naraštaji srpske elite donosili su u Srbiju društvu, izuzetno malobrojna srpska elita one ideje koje su se formirale u okviru evropske istovremeno je je bila i politička i privredna. moderne krajem XIX veka, dakle u vreme kad To je značilo da su se sve podele na političkom su se oni u Evropi školovali. Vođe njihovih planu gotovo istovremeno oslikavale i na stranaka bili su ne samo u proseku 20 do 30 ekonomskom. Prva linija podela koju istoričari godina stariji od njih nego su i pripadali starijim uočavaju bila je ona na radikale i neradikale, političkim školama, zastupali su drugačije, odnosno na one koji su na samom kraju XIX veka često konzervativne ideje i načine vođenja došli na vlast i one koji su tada vlast izgubili. politike ali i ekonomije. Podela na radikale i samostalce, odnosno na Kako je u vreme začetaka kapitalizma u Srbiji vladajuću stranku i njene disidente koji su se uloga države u privrednom razvoju bila veoma iz stranke konačno izdvojili prvih godina XX ograničena, mladi samostalci su u privatnim veka, bila je druga linija podela. Poslednja je akcionarskim bankama videli dobar instrument bila generacijska podela, koja je istovremeno za finansiranje industrije u povoju. Međutim, podrazumevala i različit obrazovni nivo kao i u to vreme su akcionarski kapital uglavnom različito socijalno poreklo stranačkih vođa. Te posedovali imućniji trgovci starije generacije političke podele su u bitnim crtama određivale koji nisu prepoznavali značaj banke mešovitog politički ali i ekonomski život u tadašnjoj Srbiji. tipa, koja bi se pored klasičnih depozitnih „Bojile su svakodnevni žvot građana, stvarajući poslova bavila i osnivanjem i finasiranjem utisak da politikom dominiraju emocije, sopstvenih preduzeća, što je u Evropi onog lične razmirice i strasti partijskih vođa, što je vremena bio prevladavajći trend. Ipak, u moru savremenicima stvaralo utisak da je čitav život novoosnovanih malih akcionarskih banka u sveden na politiku i da od nje sve zavisi” [D. Beogradu krajem XIX veka, bilo je i onih koje nisu Stojanović, Party elites in Serbia, 129-143]. uspevale da se na tom politički turbulentnom 1 2013 Ove političke podeljenosti su veoma rano prostoru održe bez značajnije stranače podrške, počele da se ogledaju i kroz osnivanje prvih pa su lako postale meta mladih i ambicioznih akcionarskih banaka u Srbiji. U Beogradskom samostalaca, poput Beogradske prometne banke bankarstvo 14 Introduction be almost concurrently reflected in the economic sphere. The first line of division, identified by Starting in the 1880s, Serbia experienced an the historians, was the division into radicals accelerated modernisation process. These were and non-radicals, i.e. those who had come the times when the earliest railway lines were into power at the very end of the 19th century, constructed, standing army of the country was and those that had just lost that power. The formed, education reforms were undertaken, division into Radicals and Independents, i.e. the and the first industrial companies appeared, ruling party and its dissidents who had finally but when also the building-up of institutions of distanced themselves from the party during the the system was seriously undertaken. What had early years of the 20th century, was the second politically marked the history of Serbia during line of divide. The last line of separation was the last decades of the 19th century were actually a generation gap, which reflected a different the reforms conducted by Progressives, but also level of education as well, but also a different the rebellion of the Radicals (also known as the background and social provenance of the party Timok River Insurrection of the year 1883), and an leaders. Such political divisions were shaping unsuccessful war wagged with Bulgaria in 1885, in significant aspects political but also economic together with the struggle for the constitution life in Serbia of that time. “They were setting the that was to flourish in the free-minded tone for everyday life of their citizens, creating Constitution, promulgated in the year 1888, all an impression that politics was dominated by this accompanied by political confrontations and emotions, personal animosities and fervour dynastic squabbles, which were to culminate in of party leaders,
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