Il Rione Monti

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Il Rione Monti UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI ROMA TRE DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN STORIA E CONSERVAZIONE DELL’OGGETTO D’ARTE E D’ARCHITETTURA XVIII CICLO TESI DI DOTTORATO IL TESSUTO DELLE VILLE A ROMA NEL SETTECENTO: CARATTERISTICHE E DINAMICHE DI TRASFORMAZIONE. UNA PRIMA RICOGNIZIONE: IL RIONE MONTI Dottorando: GIUSEPPE LA MASTRA Tutor: PROF.SSA LILIANA BARROERO 1 "Non si sarà affatto vista Roma se non se ne siano percorse le strade dei quartieri in cui si mescolano gli spazi vuoti, i giardini pieni di rovine, le recinzioni degli alberi e delle vigne, i chiostri dove salgono i palmeti e i cipressi, gli uni somiglianti a donne dell'Oriente, gli altri a religiose in lutto...". René de Chateaubriand Louis-François Cassas, Panorama di Roma. Il Monte Quirinale, 1780 circa. Incisione acquerellata. Parigi, Bibliothéque Mazarine. 2 INDICE INDICE........................................................................................................................................................................3 INTRODUZIONE ....................................................................................................................................................4 IL CONTESTO CULTURALE......................................................................................................................... 11 REPERTORIO ICONOGRAFICO.................................................................................................................. 36 I NUMERI DELLA RICERCA – IL RIONE MONTI ............................................................................... 60 IL RIONE MONTI ..............................................................................................................................................66 “SCHEDE VILLE” ............................................................................................................................................... 79 VILLA RONDININI...........................................................................................................................................80 VILLA SACRIPANTI ........................................................................................................................................88 VILLA DE VECCHI...........................................................................................................................................93 VILLA QUARANTOTTO.................................................................................................................................98 VILLA LATTANZI..........................................................................................................................................102 VILLA OLGIATI, POI DEL NOVIZIATO DEI GESUITI........................................................................105 VILLA MAGNANI...........................................................................................................................................108 VILLA GENTILI ...............................................................................................................................................112 VILLA GIUSTINIANI AL LATERANO .....................................................................................................120 VILLA CONTI...................................................................................................................................................128 APPENDICI..........................................................................................................................................................132 TABELLA VILLE ............................................................................................................................................133 INVENTARIO DELLA VILLA RONDININI................................................................................................135 RIONE MONTI - LETTERE PATENTI .......................................................................................................159 FRANCESCO VALESIO – DIARIO DI ROMA.........................................................................................168 BIBLIOGRAFIA .................................................................................................................................................205 3 INTRODUZIONE Per secoli il tessuto costituito dalle numerose ville e vigne romane ha connotato l’immagine dell’Urbe non meno delle sue chiese e delle vestigia classiche. Le parole di Chateaubriand con le quali si è scelto di introdurre questo lavoro colgono con sorprendente modernità uno dei tratti che, sino all’Unità d’Italia, hanno caratterizzato l’assetto urbano della Città Eterna: la continua e dialettica alternanza di pieni e di vuoti, di verde e di costruito, di architettura moderna e reminiscenze classiche. Nel breve volgere di pochi decenni le trasformazioni urbane dettate dal nuovo ruolo di capitale del Paese avrebbero in buona parte cancellato questo panorama, consegnandoci solo lacerti del passato splendore e rendendo quella delle ville romane una storia di ‘assenze’.1 Il progetto di ricerca ha preso le mosse dall’esigenza di ricostruire l’entità, le caratteristiche e la strutturazione dell’intero sistema del verde urbano a Roma nel XVIII secolo. L’indagine, limitata a quanto racchiuso all’interno delle Mura Aureliane –incluso il perimetro delle mura di Urbano VIII-, mira ad essere innanzitutto ‘quantitativa’, a fornire, cioè, un’immagine esaustiva di questo tessuto, censendo l’insieme delle ville e dei giardini, degli orti e delle vigne, per esaminarne poi le caratteristiche tipologiche, gli assetti proprietari, le modalità di fruizione. Nel corso degli ultimi anni si è affermato progressivamente un nuovo approccio metodologico al tema della residenza, “legato non solo alla definizione e diffusione di linguaggi architettonici e della grande decorazione, ma anche –attraverso i problemi connessi all’organizzazione della ‘famiglia’, della casa e dell’abitare- ad approfondimenti più specificamente economici e sociali”.2 In questo contesto lo studio dei ‘sistemi’ di palazzi e ville, nell’interrelazione tra linguaggio architettonico, mecenatismo e strategie di autorappresentazione sociale, ha raggiunto nuovi risultati scientifici che evidenziano la centralità del ruolo delle oligarchie urbane nel promuovere il profondo rinnovamento della città in epoca moderna. Non sarebbe più possibile, oggi, procedere ad uno studio del complesso delle residenze suburbane senza preoccuparsi di delineare un quadro d’insieme storico-interpretativo. In questa 1 Cfr., L. Barroero e B. Toscano, Conservato e perduto a Roma. Per una storia delle assenze. Post Scriptum, in: “Roma moderna e contemporanea”, Roma, 1998. 2 M. Bevilacqua, M. L. Madonna, Atlante tematico del Barocco. Il sistema delle residenze nobiliari. Stato Pontificio e Granducato di Toscana, Roma, De Luca, 2004. 4 prospettiva diviene centrale la riflessione sul rapporto tra scelte economiche e culturali, tra elementi funzionali e istanze simboliche e di autorappresentazione. Diversi sono, dunque, i settori disciplinari coinvolti in uno studio che abbia come tema la villa, soprattutto in un contesto complesso come quello romano, nel quale la specificità del sistema politico, la vitalità del panorama artistico e la molteplicità di contatti internazionali determinano la coesistenza di una pluralità di modelli. La città dei Papi si configura infatti come polo di elaborazione e sperimentazione di nuovi linguaggi architettonici e artistici e di definizione di codici comportamentali e politiche sociali e patrimoniali, mentre all’interno dello spazio urbano si va definendo una rete di riferimenti fortemente gerarchici. Un ulteriore elemento di specificità, per quel che riguarda la corte pontificia, è costituito dalla natura stessa del Papato: una monarchia sopranazionale a carattere elettivo. Questo carattere, unitamente alla forte componente esterna, non autoctona nella composizione sociale, determina un continuo avvicendamento di famiglie papali e del corpo amministrativo, burocratico e cortigiano dello stato. L’assenza di continuità dinastica e di radicamento di classe dirigente ostacolano la fissazione di un unico polo residenziale e rappresentativo della corte. Col pontificato di Sisto V, che interviene contemporaneamente in Vaticano, Laterano e Quirinale, si viene a sanzionare definitivamente l’idea di “città policentrica”. 3 Ulteriore elemento di complessità è costituito tra ‘500 e ‘600 dall’esplosione e dal consolidamento del fenomeno del nepotismo: le famiglie pontificie, vere e proprie famiglie principesche, generano una moltiplicazione delle residenze – enormi fabbriche con complesse funzioni cerimoniali e di rappresentanza – consolidando l’immagine di Roma quale città dalle molte regge. Tra Sei e Settecento queste famiglie orientano in modo differente le proprie scelte, contribuendo a rendere sempre più complessa la struttura urbana: nel corso del tempo si avvicendano scelte centripete o centrifughe, urbane o periferiche. Gli insediamenti Aldobrandini, Borghese, Panfili, Chigi, Rospigliosi, Altieri e Ottoboni, insistono, nel corso del ‘600 nell’area centrale più fittamente edificata. Ai margini dell’abitato si pongono invece le scelte Peretti- Montalto, Barberini e, nel ‘700, Albani (acquisto di Palazzo Mattei Nerli alle Quattro Fontane e di molte proprietà lungo Strada Felice a Santa Maria Maggiore) e Corsini, 3 Cfr. M. FAGIOLO, La Roma di Sisto V, Le matrici del policentrismo, in "Psicon" 1976, pp. 24-39. 5 mentre sul finire del secolo i Braschi torneranno a
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