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Draft Country Report on the State of Animal Genetic Resources of Guyana

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Draft Country Report on the State of Animal Genetic Resources of Guyana DRAFT COUNTRY REPORT ON THE STATE OF ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES OF GUYANA Table of Content 1.0 DESCRIPTION OF ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES IN THE LIVESTOCK SUB-SECTOR 1 1.0.1 Size and Location 1 1.0.2 Climate 1 1.0.3 Geographical Features and Main Economical Regions 1 1.0.3.1 The Coastal Biogeographical Province 3 1.0.3.2 The Savannah Biogeographical Province 3 1.0.3.3 The Forest Biogeographical Province 3 1.0.4 Poverty and Human Population 4 1.0.5 Primary Agricultural Sector 5 1.1 Overview of the Country’s Animal Production Systems and Related Animal Biological Diversity 8 1.2 Assessing the State of Conservation of Farm Animal Biological Diversity 10 1.3 Assessing the State of Utilization of Farm Animal Genetic Resources 11 1.4 Major Features and Critical Areas of AnGR Conservation and Utilization 13 2.0 ANALYSING THE CHANGING DEMANDS ON NATIONAL LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR THE FUTURE NATIONAL POLICIES, STRATEGIES AND PROGRAMMES. 15 2.1 Swine Production 15 2.1.1 Past Policies and Strategies Utilized in the Swine Production Programme in Guyana 15 2.1.2 Analysing Future Demands and Trends 16 2.1.3 Alternative Strategies in the Conservation, Use and Development of the AnGR 17 2.1.4 Future National Policy, Strategy and Management Plan for Conservation, Use and Development of Pigs 17 2.2 Sheep Production 18 2.2.1 Past Policies and Strategies Utilized in the Small Ruminant Programme in Guyana 18 2.2.2 Analysing Future Demands and Trends 19 2.2.3 Alternative Strategies in the Conservation, Use and Development of the AnGR 19 2.2.4 Future National Policies, Strategies and Management Plan for the Conservation, Use and Development 20 2.3 Cattle Production 20 2.3.1 Past Policies and Strategies Utilized in the Cattle Production Programme in Guyana 20 2.3.2 Analysing Future Demands and Trends 22 2.3.3 Alternative Strategies in the Conservation, Use and Development of AnGR 23 2.3.4 Future National Policies, Strategies and Management Plan for the Conservation, Use and Development 24 2.4 Poultry Production 24 2.4.1 Past Policies and Strategies in the Poultry Production Programme in Guyana 24 2.4.2 Analysing Future Demands and Trends 24 2.4.3 Alternative Strategies in the Conservation, Use and Development of AnGR 26 i 3.0 STATE OF NATIONAL CAPACITIES AND FUTURE CAPACITY BUILDING REQUIREMENTS 27 4.0 IDENTIFYING NATIONAL PRIORITIES FOR THE AND UTILIZATION OF AnGR 29 4.1 Raising Awareness 29 4.2 Development of National, Legislation, Regulations Procedures 29 4.3 Primary Constraints to Improve the Use of AnGR 30 4.4 National Priorities for Specific Animal Species, Breeds, Regions and Rural Communities 30 5.0 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ENHANCED INTERNATIONAL CO- OPERATION OF FARM ANIMAL BIODIVERSITY 32 Abbreviations 33 List of Tables Table 1 Contribution of Agriculture to the Gross Domestic Product (GDPand to the Agricultural GDP of Guyana 5 Table 2 Main Livestock Systems and Animal 8 Table 3 Risk Factors in the Primary Animal Production 9 Table 4 Breeds Used in Production Processes 10 Table 5 Poultry Meat Production and Consumption Pattern 25 List of Figures Figure 1 Biogeographical Provences 2 Figure 2 Per Capita Consumption of Meat in Guyana 1997-2002 5 Figure 3 The Administrative Regions of Guyana 7 ii STATE OF ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES GUYANA (draft) 1.0 DESCRIPTION OF ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES IN THE LIVESTOCK SUB-SECTOR. INTRODUCTION 1.0.1 Size and Location The Cooperative Republic of Guyana with a size of 216, 000 sq. Km. is located in the northeastern corner of South America 1010' and 8033 'north latitude 56020 'and 61022' west longitude. It is bordered on the north by the Atlantic Ocean, on the east by Suriname, west and northwest by Venezuela and south and southwest by Brazil. 1.0.2 Climate The climate of the coastal plain and the Intermediate Savannahs is characterised by two wet and two dry seasons with an average annual rainfall of 1, 500-2,000 mm; the forest zone is marked by hotter days, cooler nights and heavier rainfall when compared to the coast and the Rupununi savannahs, where there is one main dry and one main wet season. 1.0.3 Geographical Features and Main Ecological Regions Biogeographically, Guyana may be divided into three major provinces (Guyana/UNEP, 1992) namely: 1. The coastal biogeographical province 2. The savannah biogeographical province 3. The forest biogeographical province. These biogeographical provinces have been subdivided into twelve biotic communities based on vegetation (Figure 1). 1 Figure 1 Biogeographical Provinces of Guyana. 2 1.0.3.1 The Coastal Biogeographical Province This province is located within the Low Coastal Plain and contains the following biotic communities: a. The marine ecosystem - includes mudflats, mangrove forests and shell beaches. Mangroves protect the shoreline against erosion. b. The estuarine ecosystem - is characterized by wetlands, which occur at the mouths of the rivers. c. The riverine ecosystem - is characterized by tidal wetlands, which occur along riverbanks. d. The palustrine ecosystem - comprises marshes and swamps in river flood plains, as well as 'water savannahs'. e. The lacustrine ecosystem - consists of natural lakes and the water conservancies. Flora includes water lilies, razor grass, ite palm and ferns. 1.0.3.2 The Savannah Biogeographical Province This province consists of various types of grasses interspersed with woody plants in clumps called 'bush islands'. The biotic communities are: a. The Intermediate or Berbice Savannahs - bunch grass with scattered patches of small trees, sand paper and huriya are the dominant species. b. The Rupununi Savannahs - an extension of the Rio Bronco Savannahs of Brazil. Vegetation is of the xerophytic and wet savannah type. Bunch grass is the dominant type with patches of trees. 1.0.3.3 The Forest Biographical Province This province comprises tropical rainforest of the Amazonian type. The biotic communities are: a. The tropical moist forest - major forest type in Guyana. It covers half of the country and occurs at elevations below 300m. This forest has two associations; one that occurs in the low- land areas and one that is found in the Pakaraima region. Some of the main tree species include greenheart, purpleheart, morabukea and kakaralli. Below the canopy level are various palms, manicole and awarra. Herbs and ferns dominate the forest floor. 3 b. The white sand forests - considered as climax vegetation. The main plant species include wallaba, ituru, dakama and muri. In some areas, evergreen seasonal forests are found. c. The brown sand forest - occurs on the borders of the white sand forests. The main forest species is greenheart but other species found are morabukea, lianas and epiphytes. d. Montane forest - two types exist, those that flourish on the lower mountain slopes of the Pakaraima, Kanuku and Akarai mountains at elevations below 365m and those that occur between 610 and 1535m. Few commercial trees are found in this ecosystem. On the higher slopes are mosses, epiphytes, ferns and dwarf palm trees. Above 1525m are Elfin Forests, which are recognized by gnarled and stunted trees. e. The swamp forests - are found in the poorly drained coastal areas in the northwest of the country. Mora and corkwood are the dominant species found in association with various palms. Marshes are mixed with crabwood, white cedar and kakaralli. 1.0.4 Poverty and Human Population. Guyana has a population of approximately 742,041 persons made up of six ethnic groups; namely East Indians, Africans, Mixed, Amerindians, Europeans and Chinese (Guyana Statistical Bureau, 2002). About 90 percent of the population lives on the low coastal plain. The recent Bureau of Statistic census 2002 indicated a declining trend in overall population; with a few major downwards shift at least in two major administrative regions. The distribution of inhabitants living in rural and urban areas remains relatively unchanged. Overall, poverty, particularly rural poverty has declined, this is primarily due to the movement towards an open economy and the poverty reduction programmes instituted by the government. 4 Per Capita Consumption of meat in Guyana 60 50 Beef 40 Pork 30 Chicken KG 20 Fish 10 Shrimp 0 1997 1998 1999 200 2001 2002 Year Figure II: Per Capita Consumption of meat in Guyana 1997 – 2002 Source: Ministry of Agriculture Planning Division, 2003 Ministry of Fisheries Crops and Livestock, 2003 1.0.5 Primary Agricultural Sector The primary agricultural sector, accounts for about 32 percent of the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and directly and indirectly employs about 70% of the labour force. The non-traditional sub-sector (fruits and vegetables), livestock and fisheries also play an important role in the economy of Guyana (Table 1). Table 1: Contribution of Agriculture to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and to the agricultural GDP of Guyana COMMODITY GDP % AGRICULTURAL GDP % Sugar cane 17 54.0 Rice 4 12.6 Livestock 2 7.5 Non-traditional (fruits, vegetables) 5 16.8 Fish 3 9.2 Total 31.5 100 Source: Bureau of Statistics and Ministry of Agric., 2003 There are about 25,000 farm households in Guyana; over 90 percent are located on the more fertile soils of the coastal plains they cover some 400,000 ha of arable land in administrative 5 regions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 (Figure 3). Rice and sugarcane are grown on small farms as well as large estates. The majority practice mixed farming on farms of 2-5 ha. Ninety percent of farms are under 10 ha (40 % of farmland); 25 percent are under 1 ha (2 % of farmland); 38 percent are between 1- 4 ha (12 % of farmland); and 5 percent on more than 20 ha (47 % of cropland).
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