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Ecotourism and Water Quality: Linking Management, Activities and Sustainability Indicators in the Caribbean by Ken Darrie Thoma

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Ecotourism and Water Quality: Linking Management, Activities and Sustainability Indicators in the Caribbean by Ken Darrie Thoma Ecotourism and Water Quality: Linking Management, Activities and Sustainability Indicators in the Caribbean by Ken Darrie Thomas A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering College of Engineering University of South Florida Major Professor: Maya Trotz, Ph.D. Norma Alcantar, Ph.D. Mark Amen, Ph.D. James Mihelcic, Ph.D. Daniel Yeh, Ph.D. Date of Approval: February 24, 2010 Keywords: reductionist approach, systems approach, social network analysis, target plots, Guyana, Jamaica © Copyright 2010, Ken Darrie Thomas Dedication To Dora, Darrion, Kristen and Jayden Acknowledgements If I were to list everyone that has aided in bringing me to this point, then this will be the biggest section of this work. Since only a single page is allowed, the persons of most recent memory are highlighted below but by no means or measure represents everyone that deserves thanks. To those persons, too numerous to mention, a heart felt thank you for your efforts in bringing me through the preparation of this work. First and foremost, I thank my advisor Dr. Maya Trotz for giving me the opportunity to work alongside her as we both set forth on a quest to learn the ins and out of academia through teaching together and also by her guiding my work through a myriad of changes and obstacles. I’m forever in your debt Dr. Trotz for the valuable lessons working with you has led me to learn. I also thank all my committee members for their valuable insights and advice and Dr. Sylvia Thomas for being not just my Committee Chairperson but also for being constant source of inspiration to get this work done. For their support and encouragement during the many times of despair and despondency I thank my friends and pillars of strength: Estrella Jackson, Andrew Mellaneo, Dr. Dino Jameson, Dr. Monica Gray, Joniqua Howard, Erlande Omisca, Dr. Helen Muga, Ryan Michael, Larry Abraham, Candice Ramsaran and Myrnelle Sylvester. Thank you all. To my family – the constant source of motivation – thank you for the support through the good and many rough times. Thank you, thank you, thank you. A special thank you to my paternal grandmother, Dora Thomas, who from as far I could remember would tell me every time she saw me “open yuh head, open yuh head”. Well Mama, it has been opened somewhat and without your push I doubt it would have been opened this much. Thank you Mama. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................. ix LIST OF FIGURES.........................................................................................................xvii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... xxiii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 1 1.1 Motivation.................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Problem Definition ..................................................................................... 2 1.3 Research Objectives..................................................................................3 1.3.1 Ecotourism Activities................................................................... 4 1.3.2 Management of Ecotourism......................................................... 4 1.3.3 Measuring Surface Water Quality................................................ 4 1.3.4 Pathway to Understanding the Dynamics of Ecotourism Activities, Onsite Management and Water Quality .............................................................................. 5 1.3.5 Sustainability in Caribbean Education ......................................... 5 1.4 Scope of Work and Approaches................................................................ 5 1.5 Expected Contributions..............................................................................6 1.6 Dissertation Structure................................................................................ 7 i CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND .......................................................................................... 8 2.1 Introduction................................................................................................ 8 2.1.1 Ecotourism: Definition and Associated Issues............................. 8 2.2 Global Ecotourism................................................................................... 11 2.2.1 Ecotourism in the Caribbean ..................................................... 12 2.3 Study Sites...............................................................................................14 2.3.1 Greencastle Estate, Jamaica..................................................... 14 2.3.2 Iwokrama, Guyana.................................................................... 17 2.4 Ecotourism and Sustainable Development.............................................. 21 2.4.1 Sustainability ............................................................................. 21 2.5 Sustainability Assessment Methods ........................................................ 22 2.6 Sustainability Assessment of Tourism..................................................... 23 2.6.1 Sustainability Indicators in Tourism........................................... 24 2.6.2 Tourism Sustainability Indicators............................................... 24 2.6.3 Indicator Development............................................................... 25 2.7 Management of Ecotourism in the Caribbean ......................................... 27 2.7.1 Social Network Analysis (SNA) ................................................. 28 2.8 Water Quality as an Indicator of Sustainability ........................................ 30 2.9 Reductionist Approaches Versus Systems Approaches.......................... 35 2.9.1 Systems Approach .................................................................... 37 2.9.1.1 STELLA® ..................................................................... 37 2.9.1.2 Sustainability Education .............................................. 38 CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS.................................................................. 39 3.1 Introduction.............................................................................................. 39 3.2 Reductionist Approaches......................................................................... 39 ii 3.2.1 Water Quality Monitoring and Sampling Techniques................................................................................ 39 3.2.2 Evaluation of Ecotourism Activities............................................ 49 3.2.3 Management of Ecotourism....................................................... 51 3.3 Systems Approach................................................................................... 52 3.4 Incorporation of Sustainability into Caribbean Education ........................ 54 CHAPTER 4: ECOTOURISM ACTIVITIES..................................................................... 55 4.1 Introduction.............................................................................................. 55 4.1.1 Objective and Subtasks............................................................. 55 4.2 Comparison of Ecotourism at Greencastle and Iwokrama ...................... 56 4.2.1 Survey Results .......................................................................... 56 4.2.2 Onsite Ecotourism Activities .....................................................62 4.2.2.1 Greencastle, Jamaica.................................................. 62 4.2.2.2 Iwokrama, Guyana...................................................... 66 4.3 Sustainability of Ecotourism Activities ..................................................... 69 4.3.1 Chosen Ecotourism Indicators................................................... 69 4.3.1.1 Method of Selection..................................................... 69 4.3.2 Selected Indicators .................................................................... 72 4.3.2.1 Indicator 1 - Energy Consumption/ Demand....................................................................... 73 4.3.2.2 Indicator 2 - Ecological Footprint................................. 74 4.3.2.3 Indicator 3 - Solid Waste Generated/ Recycled...................................................................... 75 4.3.2.4 Indicator 4 - Biocapacity.............................................. 75 4.3.2.5 Indicator 5 - Potable Water Demand ........................... 76 iii 4.3.2.6 Indicator 6 - Grey Water Disposal............................... 76 4.3.2.7 Indicator 7 - Internal Environmental Monitoring Level.......................................................... 77 4.3.2.8 Indicator 8 - Operational and Management Cost....................................................... 77 4.3.2.9 Indicator 9 - Cost to Users........................................... 77 4.3.2.10 Indicator 10 - Community Involvement in Ecotourism Activities............................................. 78 4.3.2.11 Indicator 11 - Tourism Revenue Accrued to the Community ....................................... 78 4.3.2.12 Indicator 12 - Number of Local Workers Employed in Tourism.................................. 79 4.3.2.13 Indicator 13 - Integration of Tourism into Local/Regional Framework ................................ 79 4.3.2.14 Indicator 14 - Certification
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