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An Exploration of Development Policies and the Representation of Amerindians in Guyana

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An Exploration of Development Policies and the Representation of Amerindians in Guyana University of Windsor Scholarship at UWindsor Electronic Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Major Papers 2004 Into the interior: An exploration of development policies and the representation of Amerindians in Guyana. Suzanne Friemann University of Windsor Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd Recommended Citation Friemann, Suzanne, "Into the interior: An exploration of development policies and the representation of Amerindians in Guyana." (2004). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 2493. https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/2493 This online database contains the full-text of PhD dissertations and Masters’ theses of University of Windsor students from 1954 forward. These documents are made available for personal study and research purposes only, in accordance with the Canadian Copyright Act and the Creative Commons license—CC BY-NC-ND (Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivative Works). Under this license, works must always be attributed to the copyright holder (original author), cannot be used for any commercial purposes, and may not be altered. Any other use would require the permission of the copyright holder. Students may inquire about withdrawing their dissertation and/or thesis from this database. For additional inquiries, please contact the repository administrator via email ([email protected]) or by telephone at 519-253-3000ext. 3208. INTO THE INTERIOR: AN EXPLORATION OF DEVELOPMENT POLICIES AND THE REPRESENTATION OF AMERINDIANS IN GUYANA by Suzanne Friemann A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research through the Department of Sociology and Anthropology in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts at the University of Windsor Windsor, Ontario, Canada 2004 © 2004 Suzanne Friemann Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 0-612-96396-9 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 0-612-96396-9 The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive license allowing the exclusive permettant a la Library and Archives Canada to Bibliotheque et Archives Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, preter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette these sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format electronique. The author retains ownership of theL'auteur conserve la propriete du copyright in this thesis. Neither thedroit d'auteur qui protege cette these. thesis nor substantial extracts from Niit la these ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes reproduced without the author's ou aturement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be includedBien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. Canada Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT The purpose of this research was to examine how indigenous issues fit into current theories and procedures of development discourse. The current definition of development has changed with the inclusion of the issues and concerns of indigenous peoples. My evaluation of the discourse on development supported this through the examination of the policies and projects of two international development agencies, the World Bank and the Inter-American Development Bank as they pertained to the lives of the aboriginal people in Guyana, South America. However, I argued that the inclusion of indigenousness in development policies has not led to any real changes in the development paradigm. Despite an awareness of global issues, such as indigenousness, modernization and its new variant, neoliberalism, continues to be the prevailing model in the development sphere. iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT..............................................................................................................................iii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................1 II. PRIMITIVISM.............................................................................................................. 13 III. DEVELOPMENT........................................................................................................ 29 Project of Development.................................................. 30 Modernization Theory............................................................................................. 32 Critiques of Modernization T heory........................................................ 39 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................46 IV. WORLD BANK............................................................................................................49 Structure of the World Bank ...................................................................................... 50 Projects of the World Bank ..................................................................................... 60 Upper Demerara Forestry Project..............................................................................66 Petroleum Exploration Promotion Project....................................................70 Livestock Project............................................................................................73 Social Impact Amelioration Project..............................................................76 Conclusion .............................................................................................................81 V. INTER-AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK (IDB)........................................... 84 Structure of the ID B .................................................................................................84 General Policies and Project Documents .............................................................. 90 Microenterprise Training Services Market...................................................91 Social Infrastructure: Health ........................... 95 Health Sector Policy and Institutional Development Program...................96 Social Infrastructure: Land Use .............................................................................98 Low-Income Settlement Program and Strengthening System for Property Rights..........................................................................................99 Social Infrastructure: Participation.....................................................................102 Agricultural Sector Loan .............................................................................. 105 Social Infrastructure: Environment.....................................................................107 Environmental Management Program ........................................................ 108 Social Infrastructure: Culture .............................................................................. 112 Social Impact Amelioration Program (SIMAP).........................................113 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................117 VI. CONCLUSION........................................................................................................... 119 REFERENCES................................................................................. 132 iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. VITA AUCTORIS Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Bordered by Suriname, Brazil, and Venezuela, Guyana is the only English- speaking country in South America. It is home to nine distinct indigenous peoples: the Lokono (or Arawak), the Akawaio (or Kapon), the Arecuna (or Pemon), the Macusi, the Warrau, the Wapisiana, the Wai Wai, the Patamona and the Kalina (or Carib). Combined, these indigenous peoples consist of approximately 60,000 to 80,000 persons, or 8 to 10 percent of the total population. The remainder of the population consists of individuals of African, Asian, and European descent who live predominately on the coastal plain, which, geographically, covers about 10 percent of the country. The indigenous peoples occupy the coastal forests, the tropical forests, and the savannahs, which cover the remaining 90 percent of Guyana’s landscape (La Rose & MacKay, 1999:2). The Dutch first colonized Guyana in the 17th century, establishing a number of trading posts and plantations on the coastal plain, and importing African slaves as a work force. Relations with indigenous peoples revolved around trade, the capturing of escaped
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