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Managing Deer for Climate, Communities and Conservation

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Managing Deer for Climate, Communities and Conservation Scottish Environment LINK Managing deer for climate, communities and conservation This publication has been produced by Scottish Environment LINK - a range of organisations involved in land management, forestry, wildlife conservation, cultural heritage, community partnerships, nature education and outdoor recreation. Together, we have many hundreds of thousands of members and supporters. Badenoch & Butterfly Cairngorms John Muir National Trust Nourish Strathspey Conservation Campaign Froglife Trust for Scotland Scotland Conservation Scotland Group Ramblers RSPB Scottish Scottish Scottish Wild Scottish Trees Woodland Scotland Scotland Badgers Raptor Land Group Wildlife for Life Trust Study Group Trust Scotland The position statement is also supported by these non LINK members: Forest Policy North Reforesting Group Harris Trust Scotland © Copyright Scottish Environment LINK 2020 LINK is a Scottish Charity (SC000296) and a Scottish Company Limited by guarantee (SC250899). LINK is core funded by Membership Subscriptions and by grants from Scottish Natural Heritage, Scottish Government and Charitable Trusts. Contact: Mike Daniels , LINK Deer Subgroup Deputy Convener, Head of Land Management, John Muir Trust Cover and inside cover photographs: Red deer (Cervus elaphus) by Peter Cairns 2 Managing deer for climate change and communities Deer management in the 2020s WE RECOGNISE THAT DEER have a vital part to help us meet our climate change targets, expand play in a balanced ecosystem, and we believe that and diversify our woodlands, bring back wildlife, by managing their numbers strategically, we could enhance our landscapes, regenerate our most bring about a wide raft of public benefits such as: fragile rural areas, repopulate our glens and allow communities real influence over how their local n increasing natural woodland cover to strengthen landscapes are managed. biodiverity, soak up carbon and reduce flooding Here, we set out the case for bringing deer n diversifying and strengthening local economies management into the 2020s, starting with a few in our most sparsely populated areas simple steps such as: n reducing tick numbers and road traffic accidents n bringing in statutory regulation to ensure that n improving deer health and welfare deer densities are reduced to sustainable levels in every area n opening up community access to hunting and venison. n phasing out public financial support for deer fencing The Scottish Government and Scottish Parliament have the power to make great strides forward in n broadening out participation in deer stalking to the way our land is managed. And that in turn can involve local communities. PHOTOGRAPH: NATURAL WOODLAND OF SCOTS PINE PINUS SYLVESTRIS, BEINN EIGHE BY MARK HAMBLIN MARK BY EIGHE BEINN SYLVESTRIS, PINUS PINE SCOTS OF WOODLAND NATURAL PHOTOGRAPH: Better deer management will increase natural woodland cover, soak up carbon and reduce flooding 3 Ten public benefits of a new approach SCOTLAND’S DEER HAVE always been an important part of our cultural and natural heritage. However, for several centuries they have had no natural predators – so require human management. As a country, we have ambitious objectives to expand woodlands, improve biodiversity and reduce carbon emissions. But it will not be possible to achieve these unless deer numbers are reduced to a level that enables natural woodland regeneration to take place. Unnaturally high deer densities come with significant ecological and economic costs to the country. Better regulation of deer management would hugely benefit Scotland’s environment and rural economy. That means setting a clear target and timetable in each individual deer management group area to achieve the density needed to protect habitats and enable natural woodland regeneration to take place freely, without the need for fencing. There are multiple public benefits of a different approach to deer management. Here we set out ten good reasons for change. More trees. Reducing grazing pressures they are stunted compared to their European 1would help accelerate the spread of woodland counterparts. In harsh winters many starve to death – especially native and deciduous species – on the bare hillsides. Lower densities and fewer thus producing a cleaner, greener, healthier fences would enable them access to their natural environment. habitat. Healthier peatlands. Trampling and grazing Safer rural roads. SNH estimates there could be 2 dry out the soil, thus diminishing the ability of 7 as many as 12,000 deer-related road accidents peat to absorb carbon and store greenhouse gases. each year in Scotland – an average of over 30 a day – resulting in between 50 and 100 human injuries More rural jobs. Lower densities would require at a cost of many millions of pounds to insurance 3 more stalkers. Drawing upon existing skills and companies, the NHS and the emergency services. expertise across the private, public and voluntary sectors, deer management could be expanded to Fewer ticks. Scientists say that it is “highly include community models of hunting as widely 8 likely” that the abundance of ticks in our practised in Europe, giving an economic and social outdoor environments is associated with the rise boost to our most sparsely populated areas. in deer numbers over the past 50 years, and that in turn may have contributed to increasing incidences Reduced rural inequality. Getting more people of Lyme Disease. 4 involved at local level in planning and carrying out deer management could help ensure that A cut in greenhouse gases. As well as damaging revenues from stalking and venison are distributed 9 emerging woodlands and peatlands, Scotland’s more widely and fairly. red deer alone produce 5,500 tonnes of methane each year – the equivalent of 137,500 tonnes of CO2. Reduced need for fencing. Deer fences are A 20 per cent reduction in numbers would save the 5 costly to taxpayers, visually intrusive, a barrier to carbon equivalent of around 15 million car miles on public access and damaging to wildlife and habitats. Scotland’s roads each year. Moreover, excluding deer from large areas of land increases their density and intensifies their impacts A stronger venison industry. Doubling the outside the fenced areas. 1 0annual deer cull in Scotland would potentially double revenues from this nutritious, low-fat Improved deer welfare. Red deer, like roe deer, premium protein which is already worth millions to 6 are naturally woodland animals and in Scotland Scotland’s rural economy. 4 Managing deer for climate change and communities History of the deer problem Seven separate government- 1872 - appointed inquiries take place 1954 over an 80-year period into the ‘red deer problem’. Red Deer Commission set up, giving governments power 1959 to protect agriculture and forestry from deer damage. It estimates that numbers have reached 150,000, and insists that “the root of all deer Red deer numbers rise to trouble is lack of adequate 180,000 and the Red Deer 1960 - management.” Commission reports that “the 1965 use of land entirely or mainly for deer cannot be justified where only a proportion of the annual recruitment is culled and the balance left to die or spread onto adjacent land.” “Thirty years on and no improvement” announces the Red Deer Commission Chairman. The new Deer (Scotland) “Deer numbers now at 300,000. If we cannot get Act 1996 aims to tackle the required cooperation from deer managers deer damage as part of the we will have no alternative but to seek a implementation in Scotland 1989 statutory solution to the problems.” of the European Habitats Directive. Red Deer Commission 1996 is replaced by the Deer Red deer numbers reach an all-time high of Commission Scotland to 400,000 and the Deer Commission is merged include oversight of roe, fallow with SNH. The outgoing Chair of the Deer and sika. Deer numbers Commission says: “The current voluntary system continue to rise over the next has not evolved much in the last 20 years... if 1998 decade and beyond. opportunities for reform are not taken then other approaches will need to be considered.” SNH report to the Scottish 2010 Government - Deer A Land Reform Review Management in Scotland - Group report to the Scottish says: “We are not confident Government recommends: that present approaches to “Improvements should be deer management will be made to the current statutory effective in sustaining and 2014 framework governing the improving the natural heritage hunting of deer in Scotland in a reasonable timescale.” to ensure appropriate culls are carried out to adequately safeguard public interests.” A follow-up SNH report, 2016 Assessing Progress in Deer Mangement, says: “In the context of future challenges to land management, (we) recognise the 2017 Following a parliamentary debate, the Cabinet ongoing pace of change required. Secretary for the Environment insists that We highlight the essential role “further improvements are needed to minimise that deer management needs the costs of deer road vehicle collisions and to play in progressing and 2019 replacing fencing, as well as reducing the responding to these challenges.’ environmental impact.” 5 The economics of deer management Could we do better? Unleashing our potential In 2016, a report by the Association of Deer There is a different way forward. We could harness Management Groups stated that total direct the skills and expertise of stalkers and land expenditure on deer stalking in Scotland is £49 managers from all sectors to restore a healthier million and the entire sector directly supports 840 ecological balance in our uplands, unleashing a FTE jobs. new sense of purpose and dynamism in some of our These figures are extraordinarily low considering most fragile and neglected areas. that 26,000 square kilometres of Scotland’s uplands A new approach could become the catalyst are devoted primarily to commercial red deer for the launch of numerous small enterprises in stalking. many of our rural communities. By allowing mixed It stands in stark contrast to the economic and woodlands to spread and thrive, new business social benefits provided by land managed by start-ups could take advantage of the availability of environmental NGOs.
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