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Histories of Value Following Deer Populations Through the English Landscape from 1800 to the Present Day

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Histories of Value Following Deer Populations Through the English Landscape from 1800 to the Present Day Holly Marriott Webb Histories of Value Following Deer Populations Through the English Landscape from 1800 to the Present Day Master’s thesis in Global Environmental History 1 Abstract Marriott Webb, H. 2019. Histories of Value: Following Deer Populations Through the English Landscape from 1800 to the Present Day. Uppsala, Department of Archaeology and Ancient His- tory. Imagining the English landscape as an assemblage entangling deer and people throughout history, this thesis explores how changes in deer population connect to the ways deer have been valued from 1800 to the present day. Its methods are mixed, its sources are conversations – human voices in the ongoing historical negotiations of the multispecies body politic, the moot of people, animals, plants and things which shapes and orders the landscape assemblage. These conversations include interviews with people whose lives revolve around deer, correspondence with the organisations that hold sway over deer lives, analysis of modern media discourse around deer issues and exchanges with the history books. It finds that a non-linear increase in deer population over the time period has been accompanied by multiple changes in the way deer are valued as part of the English landscape. Ending with a reflection on how this history of value fits in to wider debates about the proper representation of animals, the nature of non-human agency, and trajectories of the Anthropocene, this thesis seeks to open up new ways of exploring questions about human- animal relationships in environmental history. Keywords: Assemblages, Deer, Deer population, England, Hunting, Landscape, Making killable, Moots, Multispecies, Nativist paradigm, Olwig, Pests, Place, Trash Animals, Tsing, United Kingdom, Wildlife management. Master’s thesis in Global Environmental History (60 credits), supervisor: Dr Jacob Bull, De- fended and approved spring term 2019 © Holly Marriott Webb Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University, Box 626, 75126 Uppsala, Sweden 2 Contents Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................... 4 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 5 1.1. Aims ................................................................................................................................................... 5 1.2. Questions ............................................................................................................................................ 6 1.3. Structure ............................................................................................................................................. 7 2. Theory and methods .................................................................................................................................. 8 2.1. Framework ......................................................................................................................................... 8 2.1.1. A web of connections ................................................................................................................. 8 2.1.2. How like an assemblage ............................................................................................................. 9 2.1.3. Why like an assemblage ........................................................................................................... 10 2.1.4. Landscape assemblages and multispecies moots ..................................................................... 11 2.2. Theories ............................................................................................................................................ 11 2.2.1. Trash animals ........................................................................................................................... 12 2.2.2. Killability ................................................................................................................................. 12 2.2.3. The nativist paradigm ............................................................................................................... 12 2.3. Methods ............................................................................................................................................ 13 2.3.1. Talking with people .................................................................................................................. 13 2.3.2. Talking with texts ..................................................................................................................... 14 3. Background .............................................................................................................................................. 16 3.1. England ............................................................................................................................................ 16 3.2. Deer .................................................................................................................................................. 18 4. Knowing the beast ................................................................................................................................... 20 4.1. Historical population increase .......................................................................................................... 21 4.2. How many millions? ........................................................................................................................ 23 4.3. Consequences and concerns ............................................................................................................. 25 5. Hunting and eating deer ........................................................................................................................... 29 5.1. The hunters take their assigned seats ............................................................................................... 29 5.2. Unofficial dealings, unintended consequences ................................................................................ 34 5.3. Hunting, population increase and the changing value of deer ......................................................... 41 6. Deer out of place ...................................................................................................................................... 42 6.1. Deer and the forest ........................................................................................................................... 42 6.1.1. A brief history of English forestry ........................................................................................... 43 6.1.2. The trees arrive at the moot ...................................................................................................... 44 6.1.3. Population increase and deer in the forest ................................................................................ 47 6.2. Deer and the urban ........................................................................................................................... 48 6.2.1. Deer in the big city ................................................................................................................... 48 6.2.2. Deer among the houses ............................................................................................................ 50 6.2.3. Deer population increase and urban places .............................................................................. 51 7. Discussion and conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 53 7.1. Assembling deer population increase .............................................................................................. 53 7.2. Moving beyond trash animals .......................................................................................................... 54 7.3. The moot goes on ............................................................................................................................. 55 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................ 57 3 Acknowledgements This thesis would not have been possible without the support and assistance of a great many peo- ple. At Uppsala University, my thanks go to Jacob Bull for his excellent teaching and supervision and to Anneli Ekblom for running the Global Environmental History (GEH) programme and being an inspiration to all of us. To my GEH colleagues, thank you for your ever-entertaining company, helpful insights, provision of fika, and tolerance of daily deer facts. It has been a joy. I owe a huge thank you to my interview subjects for their kindness in giving up their time and wisdom to my curiosity. Thank you especially to the Mullans, for their unfailing generosity, hos- pitality, and assistance. To Emmie, who has been by my side since nursery school, for all her help and writing advice. And to Alex, for accompanying me on all of my adventures – long may they continue. Thanks finally go to my family – I am grateful to everyone who contributed their knowledge and ideas to this project. To my father, for encouraging my love of the natural world, pushing me to get things done, and for his sterling rural taxi service. To my mother, for the pep talks, philosoph- ical
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