La Focalisation Dans La Rue Cases Negres : Une Analyse Du Roman

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La Focalisation Dans La Rue Cases Negres : Une Analyse Du Roman LA FOCALISATION DANS LA RUE CASES NEGRES : UNE ANALYSE DU ROMAN DE JOSEPH ZOBEL ET DU FILM D’EUZHAN PALCY by KERRI ELIZABETH MCCOY (Under the Direction of Doris Kadish) ABSTRACT This thesis treats the social problems of Martinique in the 1930s. In this work, I will analyze the novel La rue Cases-Nègres by Joseph Zobel and the film adaptation by Euzhan Palcy, with the theory of focalization, in four chapters. I will study focalization, a theory that treats the problem of who sees ? in a texte, as opposed to who speaks?, which is a problem of narration. By the internal and unique focalization of a young Martinican in these two works, we will see the social hierarchy that was present between blacks, mulattos and whites during this time period, as a result of French slavery and colonialization. In Zobel’s novel and Palcy’s film, we will see the struggles that the people of Martinique experience in a country that is influenced by a mixture of African, Creole and French cultures. We will also see hope for improvement through the eyes of José, the internal and only focalizer in the two media. INDEX WORDS: la rue Cases-Nègres, focalization, focalizer, Joseph Zobel, Euzhan Palcy LA FOCALISATION DANS LA RUE CASES-NEGRES : UNE ANALYSE DU ROMAN DE JOSEPH ZOBEL ET DU FILM D’EUZHAN PALCY by KERRI ELIZABETH MCCOY B.A., The University of Georgia, 2000 M.A., The University of Georgia, 2003 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS ATHENS, GEORGIA 2003 © 2003 KERRI ELIZABETH MCCOY All Rights Reserved. LA FOCALISATION DANS LA RUE CASES-NEGRES : UNE ANALYSE DU ROMAN DE JOSEPH ZOBEL ET DU FILM D’EUZHAN PALCY by KERRI ELIZABETH MCCOY Major Professor: Doris Kadish Committee: Timothy Raser Nina Hellerstein Electronic Version Approved : Maureen Grasso Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia December 2003 DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my sister and best friend, Colleen McCoy, who always has and always will continue to give me unconditional support and inspiration. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPITRE 1 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................1 2 LE ROMAN DE JOSEPH ZOBEL...........................................................19 3 LE FILM D’EUZHAN PALCY................................................................64 4 UNE PETITE CONCLUSION................................................................102 5 BIBLIOGRAPHIE...................................................................................106 v CHAPITRE 1 INTRODUCTION Dans Nouveau Discours du Récit, Gérard Genette dit que « un récit, comme tout acte verbal, ne peut qu’informer, c’est-à-dire transmettre des significations. Le récit ne ‘représente’ pas une histoire (réelle ou fictive), il la raconte, c’est-à-dire qu’il la signifie par le moyen du langage » (28). En analysant cette phrase, on voit comment un récit est un texte de signes, ou de mots, qui racontent une histoire. De cette façon, la parole d’un texte n’est pas seulement une série de mots, mais aussi une série de significations qui comprend une histoire. Lorsqu’on analyse un récit par ses mots et ses significations, on peut donc recevoir des informations de l’histoire même et du personnage qui la raconte. La littérature moderne montre bien les significations du langage et les signes dans un texte. Dans les romans modernes, il n’y a pas seulement des idées de quelque histoire, mais aussi il y a des descriptions, des pensées et des sentiments d’un personnage (ou des personnages) qui constituent le texte lui-même. Comme Doris Kadish note dans The Literature of Images, « sometime after Voltaire, and the older ‘literature of ideas’ he exemplifies, there emerged a newer ‘literature of images’ which increasingly contained description, notably the striking modern sort called landscape » (1-2). Dans cette analyse, Kadish maintient que, dans le passé, la littérature était centrée sur les sentiments de l’homme et du monde, mais de plus en plus, la littérature est devenue plus compréhensive, en incluant la nature et son rôle avec l’homme (2). Avec la combinaison des critiques de Genette et de Kadish, le lecteur peut voir plusieurs aspects des 1 significations du langage en ce qui concerne un texte. De cette manière, le langage d’un récit a le pouvoir de raconter une histoire et de décrire des objets et des personnages pour créer l’histoire dont le narrateur veut parler. Kadish dit que le lecteur analyse des descriptions d’un texte comme on analyse une photo ou une peinture, c’est-à-dire d’une façon très technique, en mettant l’accent, par exemple, sur la lumière ou la couleur dans un passage. Ce type d’analyse ressemble à une explication de texte, où on parle d’un passage en grand détail; mais Kadish veut expliquer une autre méthode d’analyser un texte, une méthode qui est plus complexe et plus complète. Elle décrit trois façons de lire les passages du paysage dans les romans modernes, une méthode qu’elle appelle en anglais « internal relational readings » (4). Ce terme s’applique à une analyse qui étudie le paysage par rapport au personnage qui le décrit et au roman entier. La première façon est de lire un passage par rapport au point de vue de la narration; la deuxième en relation aux autres passages descriptifs (similaires ou différents); et la troisième en rélation aux thèmes socio-politiques du roman pour trouver une expression symbolique du texte. De cette manière, on peut analyser un paysage et trouver des commentaires sur les problèmes sociaux et politiques qui existaient pendant le temps et l’histoire du roman. Je voudrais étudier le roman et l’adaption filmique de La rue Cases-Nègres, par Joseph Zobel et Euzhan Palcy respectivement, avec ce type d’analyse complète, non seulement dans les passages et les scènes du paysage, mais aussi des objets et des personnages pour peindre une image vive des problèmes sociaux en Martinique dans les années 30. Pour étudier bien ces passages descriptifs, il est nécessaire de se familiariser avec quelques analyses de Gérard Genette. Dans ses œuvres, Genette fait une distinction 2 nécessaire entre « qui parle ? » et « qui voit ? » dans un récit, un problème de critique de la littérature qui n’était pas étudié bien avant lui. Dans le Nouveau Discours du Récit, il traite le problème de « qui voit ? » comme une question de mode, ou de point de vue, et l’autre, « qui parle ? », comme une question de voix narrative d’un récit (43). Selon Genette, la catégorie de mode traite les problèmes de distance, ou de point de vue d’un texte, ce que les critiques américains désignent en termes d’opposition entre « showing » and « telling », ou la mimésis et la diégésis en termes platoniques (Hawthorn 127-8). Dans Figures III, Genette parle de cette distinction entre le mode et la voix un peu plus, en disant que c’est une opposition « entre la question ‘quel est le personnage dont le point de vue oriente la perspective narrative ?’ et cette question tout autre : ‘qui est le narrateur ?’ » (203). Le personnage qui parle s’appelle le narrateur; il est attaché à la voix, ou au point de vue de l’histoire. En revanche, le personnage qui voit dans la narration s’appelle le focalisateur, et cet aspect du récit correspond au mode, ou à la distance de la narration (Gerald Prince 54). En étudiant la distance de la focalisation, le lecteur ou le spectateur peut déterminer où ce personnage se trouve dans l’histoire. Alors, la différence entre le mode et la voix d’un récit est la distinction entre « qui voit ? », qui se défine avec le terme la focalisation, et « qui parle ? », qui est le narrateur. Cette distinction entre la voix et le mode est très important en ce qui concerne les passages descriptifs d’un roman; il faut savoir qui est le personnage qui voit, qui observe non seulement le paysage comme Kadish note, mais aussi les objets et les autres personnages d’un texte autant que le personnage qui parle et qui raconte l’histoire. Dans les textes modernes dont Kadish parle, le focalisateur est devenu aussi important à 3 la diégésis que le narrateur; si on analyse un passage descriptif, avec une explication de texte ou avec une lecture plus complète, il faut déterminer le personnage qui voit l’objet. Dans Nouveau Discours, Genette parle de l’étude des focalisations, en disant que c’est seulement « une reformulation » des études de la situation narrative, c’est-à-dire du mode et de la voix (44). Selon lui, « confier la narration n’est qu’un moyen d’accentuer, et si l’on veut, d’assurer cette focalisation » (45). La focalisation marque qui voit les éléments descriptifs d’un texte; de cette façon, le focalisateur décrit ce qu’il voit ou ce qu’il perçoit, et cet acte accentue ce qui est raconté dans le roman. Genette continue en notant d’autres termes qu’on a déjà utilisés pour décrire la focalisation, auparavant. Par exemple, ce que Genette et Mieke Bal appellent la focalisation zéro, on a appelé « récit à narrateur omniscient » ou « vision par derrière »; ce qu’ils appellent la focalisation interne, on a appelé « récit à point de vue, à réflecteur, à omniscience sélective, à restriction de champ » ou « vision avec »; pour le terme la focalisation externe, on a utilisé « technique objective, behaviouriste » ou « vision de dehors » (44). Selon Genette, il y a trois types de focalisation : zéro focalisation, la focalisation externe et la focalisation interne. Lorsqu’on ne peut pas identifier la position du mode, il y a une zéro-focalisation; c’est un récit non-focalisé. Comme j’ai déjà noté, ce type de focalisation correspond au narrateur omniscient, où la focalisation est très objective, et elle se trouve beaucoup dans les romans classiques comme Vanity Fair (Prince 32).
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