DOCSLIB.ORG

Revelation- Community Bible Study- Session 3C Handout

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

4/27/21 CHAPTER 3C GREATER MEMPHIS COMMUNITY BIBLE STUDY At the first Nicaean Council, Pelagius was considered a heretic for the idea that man was not born sinful, but that Adam’s sin affected him alone. While this was considered heretical 1,700 years ago, how can a merciful God condemn His creation to hell? 1 4/27/21 7 CHURCHES IN REVELATION Ephesus Smyrna Pergamum Thyatira Sardis Philadelphia Laodicea Pillars of Byzantine (330-1453) Church of St. John the Theologian (11th century) ) Alaşehir ( PHILADELPHIA 2 4/27/21 Philadelphia (Alaşehir- Allah-SHARE) • Established in 189 BC by King Eumenes II of Pergamum. • He named the city for the love of his brother, Attalus II (159– 138 BC), who would be his successor. • Located 30 miles southeast of Sardis on the Cogamis river. • A border city to Mysia, Phyrgia, and Lydia (open door). • It was founded especially as a mission city to expand the Greek culture and language to Lydia and Phrygia. • Newest of the seven churches. Small, but serious. • Second to receive no condemnation (also Smyrna). • Almost entirely destroyed in 17 A.D. by the Lydia earthquake. Philadelphia (Alaşehir- Allah-SHARE) • Aftershocks continued for years. People were so afraid they lived in tents and lean-tos in the outskirts of the city (Strabo). • Grapes were a principal crop. Domitian decreed all vineyards to be torn out of Philadelphia (they competed with the vineyards in Rome). Good volcanic soil. • The description of Christ in this letter is not taken from John’s vision in chapter 1. • The door to the synagogue and Jewish society had been shut to them. • Of all the churches, this church received the most praise and no criticism. 3 4/27/21 Philadelphia (Alaşehir- Allah-SHARE) • Judaism was an allowed religion, but not Christianity. • Dionysis/Bacchus was the god of the city (grape/vineyard production). • The church at Philadelphia was an open door to the East to evangelize. • Called “mini-Athens” because of numerous temples to gods. Pre- Christ will return before the seven-year Great Tribulation. Mid- Christ will return halfway through (3½ years) the seven-year Great Tribulation. Post- Christ will return after the seven- year Great Tribulation. The Latin translation (Vulgate) of 1 Thessalonians 4:17 used the word rapturo (rapiemur). The Greek word is harpazo, which means “to snatch or take away.” 4 4/27/21 Verse 11- I am coming quickly; hold firmly to what you have, so that no one will take your crown. • quickly (tachus)- the manner of His coming, not the time (cp. A thief in the night). • hold firmly- grab on tightly. Don’t lose ground. • take your crown- (stephanos) a victor’s crown. They were not in danger of losing their salvation, but of forfeiting their reward like those in Sardis. • Stronghold of Christianity into Byzantine empire (330-1453). Verse 12- The one who overcomes, I will make him a pillar in the temple of My God, and he will not go out from it anymore; and I will write on him the name of My God, and the name of the city of My God, the new Jerusalem, which comes down out of heaven from My God, and My new name. overcomes- those who are saved. Four promises: 1. He will make them a pillar- Philadelphia was shaken frequently by earthquakes. They will be permanent testimony. 5 4/27/21 Verse 12- The one who overcomes, I will make him a pillar in the temple of My God, and he will not go out from it anymore; and I will write on him the name of My God, and the name of the city of My God, the new Jerusalem, which comes down out of heaven from My God, and My new name. 2. He will write God’s name on them- (on their foreheads? 14:1, 22:4) they belong to God, not the ones persecuting them. 3. He will write the name of the city of God on them- they will be citizens of a new city. 4. He will write a new name on them (cp. 2:17 Pergamum). Verse 12- The one who overcomes, I will make him a pillar in the temple of My God, and he will not go out from it anymore; and I will write on him the name of My God, and the name of the city of My God, the new Jerusalem, which comes down out of heaven from My God, and My new name. After the Lydia earthquake of 17 A.D., all that was left of many of the temples in Philadelphia were the pillars (Josephus- historian). People write on us every day- for good and bad, but the Lord’s writing will be permanent. 6 4/27/21 Verse 13- The one who has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches.’ who has an ear- Jesus says this to all seven churches. They once again stress the fact that the message of these letters is meant for all the churches in every age and place. 7 CHURCHES IN REVELATION Ephesus Smyrna Pergamum Thyatira Sardis Philadelphia Laodicea 7 4/27/21 ) hissar - Laodicea Eski ( Hot water pipes from Hierapolis 6 miles away Cold water aqueduct from Colossae 10 miles away 8 4/27/21 Laodicea • Today called Eski-hissar (“old castle”) • Rebuilt between 261 and 253 B.C. by Antiochus II of Syria in honor of his wife, Laodice. • Was a great center of banking and finance. • One of the wealthiest cities of the ancient world. • Destroyed by an earthquake in 60 A.D.- Refused funds offered by Rome and rebuilt the city themselves (Tacitus). • Known for raven-black wool trade and a school of medicine. • Banking, clothing, and medicine are important themes. • Hot water was brought to the city from Hierapolis (“holy city”) via pipes and cold water was brought from Colossae via aqueduct. Laodicea • Mentioned elsewhere in Colossians 2:1, 4:13-16, Revelation 1:11 • "For I want you to know how great a struggle I have in your behalf and for those who are at Laodicea, and for all those who have not personally seen my face.” Colossians 2:1 • “Epaphras, who is one of your own, a bond-servant of Christ Jesus, sends you his greetings, always striving earnestly for you in his prayers, that you may stand mature and fully assured in all the will of God. For I testify for him that he has a deep concern for you and for those who are in Laodicea and Hierapolis. Luke, the beloved physician, sends you his greetings, and Demas does also. Greet the brothers and sisters who are in Laodicea and also Nympha and the church that is in her house. When this letter is read among you, have it also read in the church of the Laodiceans; and you, for your part, read my letter that is coming from Laodicea. Colossians 4:13-16 9 4/27/21 Laodicea • Mentioned elsewhere in Colossians 2:1, 4:13-16, Revelation 1:11 • saying, “Write on a scroll what you see, and send it to the seven churches: to Ephesus, Smyrna, Pergamum, Thyatira, Sardis, Philadelphia, and Laodicea.” Revelation 1:11 • It is possible ”the Colossian heresy” had spread to neighboring Laodicea. Many Bible scholar believe the heresy was rooted in Gnosticism- the idea that God is good, matter is evil, and that Jesus Christ was merely one of a series of emanations descending from God and being less than God (a belief that led them to deny His true humanity). A secret, higher knowledge above Scripture was necessary for enlightenment and salvation. It also might have elements of Jewish legalism, (e.g., circumcision for salvation, observance of the ceremonial rituals of the OT dietary laws, festivals, Sabbaths), and asceticism. It also called for the worship of angels and mystical experience. Epaphras was so concerned about this heresy that he traveled from Colossae to Rome (Colossians 4:12, 13), where Paul was a prisoner. Verse 14- “To the angel of the church in Laodicea write: The Amen, the faithful and true Witness, the Origin of the creation of God, says this: • angel- pastor of the church • The Amen- Jesus is the Affirmation of God- “verily” or “truly” • Faithful and true Witness- Jesus’ very nature is truth (John 14:6) He will always be faithful to give testimony, and he will perpetually speak truth. Said of Antipas in Pergamum- … and did not deny My faith even in the days of Antipas, My witness, My faithful one. Revelation 2:13 10 4/27/21 Verse 14- “To the angel of the church in Laodicea write: The Amen, the faithful and true Witness, the Origin of the creation of God, says this: • the Origin (“beginning” KJV) of the creation of God- the word arche can mean “first” or “ruler.” • Arian Christology- Arius was a 4th century priest in Alexandria, Egypt. (Mormons and Jehovah’s Witnesses today)- there was a time when the Son was not and that He was the first of the creations of the Father. Denounced by the Council of Nicaea in 325. Verse 14- “To the angel of the church in Laodicea write: The Amen, the faithful and true Witness, the Origin of the creation of God, says this: • Jesus was the Agent in God’s creative act. “Through him all things were made; without him nothing was made that has been made.” (John 1:3). 11 4/27/21 Verse 15- ‘I know your deeds, that you are neither cold nor hot; I wish that you were cold or hot.
Recommended publications
  • THE LOGISTICS of the FIRST CRUSADE 1095-1099 a Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Wester

    THE LOGISTICS of the FIRST CRUSADE 1095-1099 a Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Wester

    FEEDING VICTORY: THE LOGISTICS OF THE FIRST CRUSADE 1095-1099 A Thesis presented to the faculty of the Graduate School of Western Carolina University in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History By William Donald O’Dell, Jr. Director: Dr. Vicki Szabo Associate Professor of Ancient and Medieval History History Department Committee Members: Dr. David Dorondo, History Dr. Robert Ferguson, History October, 2020 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my committee members and director for their assistance and encouragements. In particular, Dr. Vicki Szabo, without whose guidance and feedback this thesis would not exist, Dr. David Dorondo, whose guidance on the roles of logistics in cavalry warfare have helped shaped this thesis’ handling of such considerations and Dr. Robert Ferguson whose advice and recommendations for environmental historiography helped shaped my understanding on how such considerations influence every aspect of history, especially military logistics. I also offer my warmest regards and thanks to my parents, brothers, and extended family for their continued support. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ iv Abstract ............................................................................................................................................v Introduction ......................................................................................................................................1
  • ROUTES and COMMUNICATIONS in LATE ROMAN and BYZANTINE ANATOLIA (Ca

    ROUTES and COMMUNICATIONS in LATE ROMAN and BYZANTINE ANATOLIA (Ca

    ROUTES AND COMMUNICATIONS IN LATE ROMAN AND BYZANTINE ANATOLIA (ca. 4TH-9TH CENTURIES A.D.) A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY TÜLİN KAYA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF SETTLEMENT ARCHAEOLOGY JULY 2020 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Yaşar KONDAKÇI Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Prof. Dr. D. Burcu ERCİYAS Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Lale ÖZGENEL Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Suna GÜVEN (METU, ARCH) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Lale ÖZGENEL (METU, ARCH) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ufuk SERİN (METU, ARCH) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ayşe F. EROL (Hacı Bayram Veli Uni., Arkeoloji) Assist. Prof. Dr. Emine SÖKMEN (Hitit Uni., Arkeoloji) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : Tülin Kaya Signature : iii ABSTRACT ROUTES AND COMMUNICATIONS IN LATE ROMAN AND BYZANTINE ANATOLIA (ca. 4TH-9TH CENTURIES A.D.) Kaya, Tülin Ph.D., Department of Settlement Archaeology Supervisor : Assoc. Prof. Dr.
  • Alexander of Alexandria and the Homoousion

    Alexander of Alexandria and the Homoousion

    Vigiliae Christianae Vigiliae Christianae 66 (2012) 482-502 brill.com/vc Alexander of Alexandria and the Homoousion Mark Edwards Christ Church, Oxford, OX1 1DP, United Kingdom: [email protected] Abstract This paper responds to recent publications which play down the role of Bishop Alex- ander of Alexandria in securing the adoption of the term homoousion at the Nicene Council of 325. It argues that, while the term is not employed in any surviving work from his hand, there is some reason to believe that he sanctioned the use of it by his colleagues. There is no doubt that before the Council he had already declared the Son to be “from the Father’s essence”, and it is all but certain that when this phrase was challenged, together with the homoousion at Nicaea, it was he who produced a concil- iatory exegesis of both innovations, relying on the theology that had already been expounded in his letters Philostorgius’ story that he and Hosius of Cordoba had con- certed a plan to introduce the homoousion is not implausible, and it should not be assumed that the author of an anonymous life of Constantine, which corroborates this narrative, is merely paraphrasing Philostorgius. Their testimony is consistent with that of Ambrose of Milan, who can be shown to have been acquainted both with docu- ments and with witnesses of the proceedings at the Council. Keywords Nicaea, Alexander of Alexandria, homoousion, creed, Trinity, Eusebius of Nicomedia, Arius To whom do we owe the presence in the Nicene Creed of the adjective homoousios? There was a time when everyone would have held the opinion, lately endorsed again by Henry Chadwick, that “anti-Arian leaders” had already resolved to press it upon the Council of 325 before its opening.1 The parties to this compact were always assumed to have been Alexander 1) H.
  • Download a Pdf File of This Issue for Free

    Download a Pdf File of This Issue for Free

    Issue 85: The Council of Nicaea: Debating Jesus’ Divinity Debating Jesus' Divinity: Did You Know? Interresting and Unusual Facts about the Council of Nicaea Compiled by Steven Gertz, D. H. Williams, and John Anthony McGuckin All Aboard? The Council of Nicaea lives on in the imagination of the Church, both East and West. In this photograph taken in 1925, Russian Orthodox patriarchs prepare to board a train for St. David's, Wales, to celebrate Nicaea's 16th centenary. In Rome that same year, Pope Pius XI planned a party of his own in the Vatican basilica, declaring Nicaea a formative event for the Catholic understanding of the nature of Christ. Protestants too have honored Nicaea in their own way. Anglicans, among others, recite the Nicene Creed in church every Sunday, and many Protestants (perhaps unknowingly) celebrate Nicaea in their hymns. One of the most beloved is Reginald Heber's "Holy, Holy, Holy, Lord God Almighty," which ends with a rousing "God in Three Persons, blessed Trinity." Written for Trinity Sunday, the hymn was set to music by John B. Dykes, who named the tune "Nicaea." Wipe Out Those Arian Barbarians Theodosius the Great may have dealt a death blow to Arians in the Roman Empire at the Council of Constantinople (381), but the heresy got a new lease on life among the barbarian Goths. Particularly influential was Theodoric the Great (d. 526), a ruthless military tactician (he murdered his rival) who adopted Arianism as his religion and built numerous Arian churches in Raverina, Italy. When the Byzantine Emperor Justinian recovered Ravenna in 535, he resolved to erase any Arian influence from the city.
  • THE SPREAD of the Gospel in the BOOK of ACTS WELCOME to FELLOWSHIP PRAYER REQUESTS PRAYER TEAM

    THE SPREAD of the Gospel in the BOOK of ACTS WELCOME to FELLOWSHIP PRAYER REQUESTS PRAYER TEAM

    WITNESSES THE SPREAD OF THE gospel IN THE BOOK OF ACTS WELCOME TO FELLOWSHIP PRAYER REQUESTS PRAYER TEAM WITNESSES THE SPREAD OF THE gospel IN THE BOOK OF ACTS Questions for WITNESSES Why do we come to church (if you do)? Regular attender or regular misser? How is the truth communicated best? Are you readyActs to receive 17 and evaluate? In the second century BC, the Romans built a highway called the via Egnatia from Dyrrachium on the Adriatic Sea to Byzantium (now called Constantinople) near the Black Sea, a distance of almost 700 miles. Nearly 20 feet wide and paid with hand laid stone slabs, it carried Roman troops to battle, and merchandise everywhere. Chuck Swindoll PAUL’S SECOND MISSIONARY JOURNEY c. AD 49 – 52 (Ac 15:3 9 –18:22) THRACE Black Sea A C E D O N N D P O N T US M I A A Philippi Byzantium I A Amphipolis Neapolis N Thessalonica Y Samothrace Nicaea H A Berea Apollonia T t I I A Gulf on I sp Prusa B C lle T He O A Troas A Dorylaeum D e MYSIA g e L A a Thyatira A n I P A A C H A I G Pisidian P A S ASIA e G a Y Antioch A Athens Ephesus . Corinth R C s Iconium t H Cilician M Saronic Lystra Cenchreae P Gates Derbe I A s Gulf Sila u C nd s l a I Pau n L Tarsus a I m C Seleucia A Rhodes Pieria Antioch S Y as ab R CRETE S arn k U B ar .
  • Joint Meeting and Field Trip of IGCP 610 and INQUA POCAS Focus Group, Antalya, Turkey, 14-21 October 2018

    Joint Meeting and Field Trip of IGCP 610 and INQUA POCAS Focus Group, Antalya, Turkey, 14-21 October 2018

    Joint Meeting and Field Trip of IGCP 610 and INQUA POCAS Focus Group, Antalya, Turkey, 14-21 October 2018 TECTONICALLY MODIFIED COASTAL SHORELINE IN THE MARMARA REGION, NW TURKEY: EVIDENCE FROM THE ARCHEOLOGICAL SITE Koral, H. 1, Tur, H.2 Aydıngün, Ş. 3, and İşbil, D., 1 1Istanbul University, Department of Geological Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey 34320, hkoral @istanbul.edu.tr ; [email protected] 2İstanbul University, Department of Geophysical Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey 34320 [email protected] 3Kocaeli University, Department of Archaeology, Izmit, Turkey 41380 [email protected] Keywords: Coastal modification, North Anatolian Fault Zone, Prince Islands, KüçükÇek- mece Lagoon, Iznik Lake, Byzantine Establishment Active tectonic structures are present along the coast of the Marmara Sea and surrounding areas, extensively modifying the Neogene-Quaternary sequence (e.g., Barka and Ka- dinsky-Cade,1988, Koral and Şen, 1995, Koral, 1998). The units were folded and faulted by neotectonic structures, some of which are linked to the seismically active North Anato- lian Fault Zone (NAFZ). Proximity of a submerged or elevated ancient settlement to the nearby active tectonic feature is evidence for a tectonically induced coastal change in the Marmara region (Fig. 1). A small submerged rocky mass named ‘Yıldız Kayalıkları/Vordonisi’ is one the Prince Islands, located about 1 km south of the Asian coast of the city of Istanbul in the Marmara Sea (Fig. 1). The Prince Islands comprise nine closely spaced islands with unique tectonic geological features (e.g., Isbil, 2012; Tur, 2007). Historical records and underwater searches indicate ‘Vordonisi’ is said to have supported a monastery during the Byzantine time, circa 850 AD, which now lies submerged under several meters of water (Meriç, 2010).
  • The Macedonian Patriot: the Diadoch Craterus Edward M

    The Macedonian Patriot: the Diadoch Craterus Edward M

    The Macedonian Patriot: The Diadoch Craterus Edward M. Anson Much has been written concerning the man whom Alexander “honored most” (Plut. Alex. 47. 10) who was described as the king’s “most loyal follower” (Arr. Anab. 7. 12. 3), generally recognized as his closest companion after Hephaestion (Diod. 17. 114. 1-2), and among Alexander’s commanders “arguably the best” (Heckel 1992: 107), but who in the final analysis failed to become one of the major players in the aftermath of Alexander’s death. He has been termed “the right man, in the wrong place, at the wrong time” (Ashton 1993: 131); proclaimed that he “lacked that fine edge of ruthlessness necessary for supreme power” (Green 1990: 8). This paper will suggest that Craterus was not the victim of being in the wrong place at the critical time, caught between Macedonia and Babylon, nor did he lack the ability to be ruthless, but was in the final analysis a Macedonian patriot (as noted by Heckel 1992: 107), who was content to serve the royal family and his kingdom. As Plutarch (Alex. 47. 10) comments, Craterus was “king loving.” It was in defense of his king and country that Craterus could be quite ruthless. While Waldemar Heckel’s claim that the oft termed “Philotas Plot” against the life of Alexander was in reality a plot against the life of Philotas orchestrated by Craterus and others in part due to their personal ambitions (Heckel 1977: 9-21; 1992: 115-118; 2006: 27-33, 218-19), this is too strong an indictment of Craterus’ personal ruthlessness, but it is a clear example that the friend and Somaphylax was capable of savagery in defense of the crown.
  • The Mongols' Approach to Anatolia and the Last Campaign of Emperor John III Vatatzes

    The Mongols' Approach to Anatolia and the Last Campaign of Emperor John III Vatatzes

    The Mongols’ Approach to Anatolia and the Last Campaign of Emperor John III Vatatzes Koji Murata EORGIOS AKROPOLITES (ca. 1217/20–1282) in his History describes in detail the diplomacy of the emperor Gof an exiled Byzantine government, John III Vatatzes (r. 1221–1254). The narrative gives the impression that the emperor’s reign was full of campaigns to the West—the Bul- garians, Epiros, and Constantinople under the Latins. Recent studies indicate that the empire had close relationships with the East, in particular with the Rum Seljuk.1 In a broader perspec- tive, the emperor’s strategy, during the latter half of his reign, may be situated in the context of the Mongols, as discussed in depth by John S. Langdon.2 The purpose of the present article is to reexamine the generally accepted date of an imperial expedition described by Akropolites, and to place the expedition in the broader context that surrounded the ‘Nicaean’ empire. The expedition was led 1 D. A. Korobeinikov, Byzantium and the Turks in the Thirteenth Century (Oxford 2014); the articles in A. Peacock and S. N. Yıldız (eds.), The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East (London/New York 2013), esp. D. Korobeinikov, “ ‘The King of the East and the West’: The Seljuk Dynastic Concept and Titles in the Muslim and Christian Sources,” 68–90, and R. Shukurov, “Harem Christianity: The Byzantine Identity of Seljuk Princes,” 115–150. An extensive bibliography is provided by D. Thomas and A. Mallett (eds.), Christian-Muslim Relations: A Bibliographical History IV (1200–1350) (Leiden/Boston 2012).
  • Haçlilar Karşisinda Ilk Türk Lideri: Sultan I. Kiliçarslan

    Haçlilar Karşisinda Ilk Türk Lideri: Sultan I. Kiliçarslan

    BIRSEL KÜÇÜKSIPAHIOĞLU / Şarkiyat Mecmuası Sayı 26 (2015-1) 63-83 63 HAÇLILAR KARŞISINDA İLK TÜRK LİDERİ: SULTAN I. KILIÇARSLAN Birsel KÜÇÜKSİPAHİOĞLU* Öz: Türkiye Selçuklu Devleti’nin kurucusu Süleymanşah’ın oğlu olan Sultan I. Kılıç Arslan, Büyük Selçuklu Sultanı Melikşah’ın 1092’de ölü- münden sonra İznik’e gelerek 1093 yılından itibaren İznik merkezli Tür- kiye Selçuklu Devleti’ni yönetmeye başlamıştır. Türk birliğini yeniden kurmaya çalışan, Bizans İmparatorluğu‘na karşı güçlenme çabası için de olan ve ülkesini genişletme gayretleri ile dikkatleri üzerine çeken sultanın Türkleri Anadolu’dan atmak için gelen Haçlı ordularıyla mücadelesi ola- ğan üstü bir kahramanlık olarak kayıtlara geçmiştir. Haçlıların karşılaştığı ilk Türk lideri olan Sultan I. Kılıç Arslan, Birinci Haçlı Seferi’nin öncü gruplarını 21 Ekim 1096’da Drakon Savaşı’nda büyük yenilgiye uğratmış, arkadan gelen ve Türkiye Selçuklu başkenti İznik’i kuşatan seferin büyük ordularını ise buradan uzaklaştırmak için mücadele vermiş ardından da Dorylaion önlerinde Haçlıları durdurmak için büyük gayret göstermiştir. Çok çaba sarfetmesine rağmen Birinci Haçlı Seferi’ni burada sonlandıra- mayan sultan bunun intikamını 1101 Yılı Haçlı Seferleri’nde almış ve yüz- binlerle ifade edilen Haçlı ordularını Türk beylerinin de desteği ile Anadolu içlerinde yenilgiye uğratarak yok etmeyi başarmıştır. Böylece Kılıç Arslan, azim, cesaret, ileri görüşlülük ve kararlılık gibi liderlik vasıflarıyla hareket edip Haçlılara Türklerin Anadolu’dan atılamayacağını, bu toprakların Türk yurdu olduğunu ispatlayarak buraların değil işgali geçmenin bile mümkün olamayacağını göstermiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Sultan I. Kılıç Arslan, Haçlılar, Drakon Savaşı, Dorylaion Savaşı, 1101 Yılı Haçlı Seferleri. * Prof. Dr., İstanbul Üniversitesi, Edebiyat Fakültesi, Tarih Bölümü, Ortaçağ Tarihi Anabilim Dalı ([email protected]).. 64 HAÇLILAR KARŞISINDA İLK TÜRK LİDERİ: SULTAN I.
  • Archaeology and Paul's Tour of Cyprus, Part 1

    Archaeology and Paul's Tour of Cyprus, Part 1

    rchaeology and Paul's Tour of Cyprus By MERRILL F. UNGER Paul and Barnabus set sail for Cyprus from Antioch's rt Seleucia Pieria in the year A. D. 45. It is highly prob­ le that the two pioneer missionaries started at the com­ cement of the navigation season (the first week in March) e their destination was the 130-mile trip southwest to mis on the east coast of the island. Had they set out later westerly winds which blow throughout spring and summer uld have compelled them to resort to a circuitous course 'rting the Cilician coast and then, with the aid of land ezes and ocean currents, to head south to the north coast the island. Cyprus, the third largest island in the Mediterranean, out 148 miles long and from fifteen to forty miles wide, was e fatherland of Barnabas. Its principal physical features e a mountain range along a large part of the northern coast d a parallel range occupying a considerable portion of the th, with a broad tract of plain, known as the Mesaoria ween, extending on either end to the sea. As a native, nabas knew the island well, and doubtless his love for his eland was one of the factors in deciding to head in that 'ection. He was still the leader and desired his native country d his relatives and friends there to hear the gospel. In choosing Cyprus as the starting point of their mission­ y endeavors Paul and Barnabas (with John Mark, the thorof Mark's Gospel, as helper) were entering a country 'th a long pagan cultural history.
  • The Remains from Late Antiquity and the East Roman Periods and Their Location Within the Lydian City of Philadelphia: New Comments

    The Remains from Late Antiquity and the East Roman Periods and Their Location Within the Lydian City of Philadelphia: New Comments

    DOI: 10.13114/MJH.2015214570 Geliş Tarihi: 03.11.2015 Mediterranean Journal of Humanities Kabul Tarihi: 09.11.2015 mjh.akdeniz.edu.tr V/2 (2015) 251-274 The Remains from Late Antiquity and the East Roman Periods and Their Location within the Lydian City of Philadelphia: New Comments Lydia’daki Philadelphia’da Geç Antik ve Doğu Roma Dönemi Kalıntıları ve Bu Kalıntıların Kent İçindeki Yayılımları: Yeni Yorumlar Orçun ERDOĞAN Abstract: Philadelphia, mentioned amongst the seven churches of Asia in the Bible, was one of the cities from which Christianity began to spread. It was also the last metropolis of the ecclesiastical province of Lydia and, with the exception of the empire of Trebizond, was the last East Roman city in Anatolia to fall to the Turks. This study investigates the Late Antique and East Roman remains and their location within the ancient city centre of Philadelphia/Alaşehir in the lights of new observations. Unlike many Hellenistic-Roman long settled ancient cities in Anatolia that went into decline, or which were abandoned after Late Antiquity, Philadelphia was inhabited until about the last 60 years of East Roman Empire. Only a small number of remains from Late Antiquity and the East Roman period remain extant and unfortunately almost all of them are to a large extent damaged. One may nevertheless summarize the evidence as it follows: The remains are in three section of the city centre of Alaşehir: Gavurtepe Mound, Toptepe and the walled precinct. No traces of a settlement from the period in question have been found in the earliest settlement of Philadelphia, Gavurtepe, except for the burials.
  • Biblical Asia Minor

    Biblical Asia Minor

    BIBLICAL ASIA MINOR Meander Travel on frequent journeys, in dangers from rivers, dangers from robbers, dangers from my own race, dangers from Gentiles, dangers in the city, dangers in the wilderness, dangers at sea, dangers among false brothers; (2 Cor 11.26) Turkey is called the Other Holy Land as it has more biblical sites than any other country in the Middle East. Many Christians are unaware of Turkey's unique role in the Bible because Biblical references works usually refer to this strategic peninsula, that bounded by the Mediterranean, Aegean, and Black Seas, as Asia Minor or Anatolia. Abdullah GUR Turkey is very important in President of Meander Travel understanding the background of the New Testament, because approximately two-thirds of its books were written either to or from churches in Turkey where the three major apostles; St. Peter, St. Paul, and St. John either ministered or lived in. Turkey's rich spiritual heritage starts at the very beginning in the book of Genesis. Biblical Importance of Asia Minor (Modern day Turkey) Norwegian Sea FINLAND NORWAY Gulf North of Atlantic Bothnia SWEDEN Ocean Helsinki Moscow Oslo Stockholm Tallin RUSSIA ESTONIA NORTHERN North IRELAND Sea Riga LATVIA Belfast DENMARK Baltic Sea LITHUANIA IRELAND Copenhagen Dublin Vilnius Minsk U. K. BELARUS NETHERLAND Berlin London Amsterdam Wars POLAND Kiev English Channel BELGIUM Bruxsel GERMANY UKRAINE LUXEMBOURG Prague Luxembourg CZECH Paris SLOVAKIA FRANCE Bratislava Vienna MOLDOVA Budapest Bern AUSTRIA Chisinau SWITZERLAND HUNGARY ROMANIA Bay of Biscay