Javier De Taboada Harvard University Del Tercer Cine Al Cine

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Javier De Taboada Harvard University Del Tercer Cine Al Cine REVISTA DE CRÍTICA LITERARIA LATINOAMERICANA Año XXXVII, No 73. Lima-Boston, 1er semestre de 2011, pp. 37-60 TERCER CINE: TRES MANIFIESTOS Javier de Taboada Harvard University Resumen En los años 60, el cine latinoamericano se distancia de su tradición previa, construida a imitación del modelo industrial de Hollywood, e irrumpe en el pa- norama del cine mundial. Nuevos cineastas plantean un cine político que abor- de las cuestiones sociales urgentes del momento y que rompa radicalmente la pasividad del espectador. La actividad de estos cineastas fue tanto práctica co- mo teórica, esta última expresada en manifiestos que replantean todo el proce- so de realización cinematográfica, desde su producción hasta su exhibición. El presente trabajo analiza tres de los más influyentes de estos manifiestos, explo- rando sus posibilidades, límites y contradicciones. Palabras clave: Fernando Solanas, Octavio Getino. Glauber Rocha, Julio García Espinosa, Tercer Cinema, manifiestos, Nuevo Cine Latinoamericano. Abstract In the 60s, Latin American cinema distances itself from its previous tradition, modeled around Hollywood’s industry, and emerges into the landscape of World Cinema. New filmmakers propose a political cinema that addresses the urgent social problems of the time and radically breaks with the passivity of the spectator. The activity of these filmmakers was both practical and theoretical, the latter expressed in manifestos which rethink the whole filmmaking process, from production to exhibition. This essay analyzes three of the most influential manifestos, exploring their possibilities, limits and contradictions. Keywords: Fernando Solanas, Octavio Getino. Glauber Rocha, Julio García Es- pinosa, Third Cinema, manifestos, New Latin American Cinema. Del Tercer Cine al Cine Transnacional Si la influencia e importancia de la cultura occidental en la cons- titución de las identidades nacionales latinoamericanas se remonta cuando menos a algunos siglos atrás, la aparición de Latinoamérica 38 JAVIER DE TABOADA en el panorama literario y cinematográfico mundial es bastante más reciente. Un primer momento, limitado al ámbito hispanoparlante, sería la aparición del modernismo, con Rubén Darío a la cabeza. Como ha señalado abundantemente la crítica, esta es la primera co- rriente literaria que logra invertir el sentido de la circulación que tra- dicionalmente discurría desde el centro hacia la periferia, desde Es- paña hacia sus antiguas colonias. La innegable influencia de Darío en los poetas españoles de la generación del 98 inaugura así una nueva dimensión para la literatura latinoamericana. Finalmente, con el boom latinoamericano de comienzos de los 60, la literatura lati- noamericana adquiere presencia mundial. No hace falta insistir en la cantidad de traducciones, ediciones, artículos periodísticos y estu- dios académicos que generaron y siguen generando tanto los cuatro escritores del “núcleo” del boom (Cortázar, García Márquez, Vargas Llosa, Fuentes) como sus adláteres. Todo esto es historia conocida. Lo que es quizás un poco menos conocido es que más o menos por la misma época, a fines de la década, el cine latinoamericano también alcanzaba su consagración internacional. El entonces lla- mado “Nuevo Cine Latinoamericano”1 surgía como una alternativa innovadora frente a la dominación casi incontestada de Hollywood a nivel mundial, y se manifestaba a través de películas que buscaban rearticular los modos de producción y exhibición del cine, además de innovar el lenguaje cinematográfico; pero también, y ciertamente con no menor importancia, a través de manifiestos que explicitaban el ideario estético y político de esta nueva generación de cineastas. El Nuevo Cine Latinoamericano, que en su internacionalización pasó a denominarse Tercer Cine, en una formulación ampliada para incluir el cine de otras regiones del Tercer Mundo, ha jugado, con su teoría y su práctica, un papel muy importante en todo el debate (postmoderno) sobre la pertinencia y los límites de lo “nacional” como categoría básica de clasificación para el cine producido en las distintas partes del mundo, y su puesta en cuestión a partir de la existencia de un cine transnacional, diaspórico, exiliado o acentua- 1 Fernando Birri y su Escuela Documental de Santa Fe están ciertamente en el origen de este movimiento, y su cortometraje documental Tire Dié (1956- 1958) inicia un tipo de cine que producirá abundantes frutos, como veremos. TERCER CINE: TRES MANIFIESTOS 39 do2, cada vez más frecuente en los últimos veinte años; a partir de la creciente importancia de las coproducciones que no son ya la ex- cepción, sino más bien la norma en la producción de películas fuera de Hollywood. En estos debates, alguna referencia al Tercer Cine se hace casi ineludible, porque más allá de su origen regional latinoa- mericano, se convirtió en el primer movimiento supranacional del Tercer Mundo, ofreciendo además una autoconciencia bastante lú- cida sobre la propia actividad. Si bien el aporte del Tercer Cine a las teorías generales del cine (film theory) puede haber pasado relativa- mente desapercibido3, su contribución a la problemática de lo na- cional y lo transnacional, las fronteras y sus límites no solamente es importante, sino que forma parte de la propia historia de esta pro- blemática. Parece entonces relevante historiar un poco la evolución del Tercer Cine en este contexto de discusión. Podríamos comenzar por decir que el Tercer Cine tiene dos momentos: el momento original, con la publicación de los manifies- tos de los cineastas latinoamericanos a fines de los 60. Casi todos los directores teorizan y escriben sobre su actividad, pero, con la ventaja de una perspectiva ulterior, podemos identificar tres como los de mayor repercusión. En orden de importancia: a) “Hacia un Tercer Cine” (1969), firmado por Fernando Solanas y Octavio Getino en Argentina, b) “Estetica da Fome” (1965) del brasilero Glauber Rocha, y c) “Por un cine imperfecto” (1969) del cubano Julio García Espinosa. El segundo momento es el de la internacio- nalización, que se produce a comienzos de los 80, debido primero a la confluencia con los planteamientos de directores africanos e hin- dúes (como Ousmane Sembene y Ritwik Ghatak, entre otros), y se- gundo, a la intervención de académicos de origen periférico, pero instalados en la metrópoli, que empiezan a revisar y actualizar el po- tencial revolucionario contenido en las propuestas originales. De particular importancia en este segundo momento resultan la publi- cación de Third Cinema in the Third World, a cargo de Teshome Ga- 2 Hamid Naficy plantea las categorías de “Accented Cinema”, “Exilic cine- ma” y “Diasporic cinema” para distinguir entre las diferentes circunstancias y matices del cine que en términos generales podría llamarse trans-nacional. 3 Guneratne y Dissenayake ofrecen algunas explicaciones para esta extraña omisión en la mayoría de panoramas de la teoría del cine, que tienen que ver tanto con el eurocentrismo de muchos de los compiladores como con las limi- taciones de los planteamientos del Tercer Cine. 40 JAVIER DE TABOADA briel en 1982, y la conferencia sobre Tercer Cine llevada a cabo en 1986 en Edimburgo, y sintetizada en forma de libro por uno de sus principales organizadores, Paul Willemen, bajo el título Questions of Third Cinema. En el presente trabajo, sin embargo, nos limitaremos a analizar en detalle los manifiestos originarios, esbozando las poten- cialidades y limitaciones que se encontraban desde ya presentes en ellos y que marcarían los términos del debate sobre cine transnacio- nal y cine mundial en las últimas dos décadas del siglo XX. Hacia un Tercer Cine El manifiesto de Solanas y Getino fue el que terminó poniéndole nombre a un movimiento que se extendería a lo largo de tres conti- nentes4 (por lo menos). No por casualidad: uno de los principales aciertos del artículo radica en su título. “Tercer Cine” se asocia, de manera más obvia, con el cine del Tercer Mundo5, y remite al con- texto de la época: “diez años de revolución cubana, la epopeya de la lucha vietnamita [habría que agregar aquí la independencia de Arge- lia y otras excolonias europeas en África], el desarrollo de un movi- miento de liberación mundial cuyo motor se asienta en los países del Tercer Mundo” (Solanas y Getino, “Hacia un Tercer Cine” 38). Pero evidentemente no todo el cine producido en el Tercer Mundo puede ser considerado Tercer Cine6, de hecho, si nos ceñimos a los planteamientos de Solanas y Getino, la gran mayoría no lo sería. La división tripartita va así: El Primer Cine es “el cine dominante, aquel que desde las metrópolis se proyecta sobre los países dependientes y encuentra en estos sus obsecuentes continuadores” (43). Es de no- tar aquí que el Primer Cine no es solamente el de Hollywood, sino 4 De manera más profética que calculada, el artículo fue publicado inicial- mente en la revista cubana de difusión internacional Tricontinental. 5 Este término a su vez emergió en la conferencia de Bandung de países no- alineados de Asia y África en 1955. 6 Otra resonancia del término ha pasado mayormente desapercibida para la crítica (con excepción de Robert Stam). Se trata de la “tercera posición”, o “tercera vía”, intermedia entre el socialismo y el capitalismo, y predicada ya tempranamente por la retórica del peronismo. No olvidemos que los autores son peronistas militantes y confesos, y que la segunda parte de La hora de los hornos, está dedicada íntegramente a estudiar la evolución de este movimiento en la Argentina. TERCER CINE: TRES MANIFIESTOS 41 también el cine industrial/comercial de los países periféricos, inclu- yendo el grueso de la producción de México, Brasil y Argentina, que eran los únicos países que en la época tenían una industria media- namente desarrollada (aunque para Solanas y Getino se trate de una “industria raquítica”). Lo interesante desde ya es que las categorías de estos cineastas no intentan definir conjuntos de películas, sino modos de producción cinematográfica. Esto se confirma con la definición del Segundo Cine, que no es otro que el “cine de autor”, también conocido como cine-arte o cine alternativo, etc.
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