Vegetation History Reconstructed from Anthracology and Pollen Analysis at the Rescue Excavation of the MO Motorway, Hungary

Cent. Eur. J. Geosci. • 3(4) • 2011 • 358-367 DOI: 10.2478/s13533-011-0036-0

Central European Journal of Geosciences

Vegetation history reconstructed from anthracology and pollen analysis at the rescue excavation of the MO Motorway, Hungary

Research article

Katalin Náfrádi1∗, Elvira Bodor1, Tünde Törocsik˝ 1, Pál Sümegi1

1 Department of Geology and Palaeontology, University of Szeged, Szeged 6722, Egyetem utca 2-6, Hungary

Received 20 July 2011; accepted 26 September 2011

Abstract: The signiﬁcance of geoarchaeological investigations is indisputable in reconstructing the former environment and in studying the relationship between humans and their surroundings. Several disciplines have developed during the last few decades to give insight into earlier time periods and their climatic conditions (e.g. palynology, malacology, archaeobotany, phytology and animal osteology). Charcoal and pollen analytical studies from the rescue excavation of the MO motorway provide information about the vegetation changes of the past. These methods are used to reconstruct the environment of the former settlements and to detect the human impact and natural climatic changes. The sites examined span the periods of the Late-Copper Age, Late-Bronze Age, Middle- Iron Age, Late-Iron Age, Sarmatian period, Late Sarmatian period, Migration period, Late-Migration period and Middle Ages. The vegetation before the Copper Age is based only on pollen analytical data. Anthracological results show the overall dominance of Quercus and a great number of Ulmus, Fraxinus, Acer, Fagus, Alnus and Populus/Salix tree fossils, as well as the residues of fruit trees present in the charred wood assemblage. Keywords: charcoal analysis • palynology • geoarchaeology • MO motorway • Hungary © Versita Sp. z o.o.

1. Introduction [5]. Its signiﬁcance is that it allows for the reconstruction of woody plants, so that the reconstruction of the former local vegetation can be completed. Several studies from recent years [6–12] show that anthracological analy- Pollen analysis and anthracology are suitable methods sis has become a very important method in palaeoecolog- for the reconstruction of the vegetation cover of the past. ical studies. In Hungary, even in the ﬁrst part of the 20th The data gained from the two methods complement each century very important wood anatomical [13–16] and an- other in order to give a broader and more accurate picture thracological [17–20] papers were published, and during about the former vegetation and the changes of woodland the last few decades palaeoecological studies have also history [1–4]. The anatomical analysis of wood charred been prominent [21–25]. The analysis of palaeovegeta- remains is called charcoal analysis or anthracology, and tion gives us information about the natural environment of is vitally important method in geoarchaeological studies a certain human population, the relationship between humans and their environment, the changes in the vegetation

∗E-mail: nafradi@geo. u- szeged. hu composition, the preferred species and the climatological

358 Katalin Náfrádi, Elvira Bodor, Tünde Törocsik,˝ Pál Sümegi

and ecological conditions of an area. cavations took place on the border of the alluvial plain of Pest and the Hills of Gödöll˝o, on the Maglód ridge. The analysis of archaeological charcoals is an applied The archaeological data of the sites show that the ear- method for the vegetation reconstruction of dry environ- liest habitation level is linked to the Ludanice culture in ments because of the lack of the well preserved pollen the Early-Copper Age in the Ecser-6 archaeological site. sequences [7, 26, 27]. The archaeological context is very Nevertheless more intensive habitation can be observed important in reconstructing the former environment. Re- from the level of the Baden culture in the Late-Copper searchers differentiate short and long-term deposits [28] Age. The human settlements were continuous until the relating to archaeological charcoal assemblages. Short- Middle ages in the area under study. term deposits or primary refuse (e.g. hearths) may not reflect long-term deposited charcoal assemblages, but they The geological, soil and vegetation features of the regions are remains of the last episodic use. On the contrary, differ so the former human population settled on these long-term deposits or secondary refuse (e.g. charcoals different, close to each other mosaic sites. Furthermore, from middens, fills etc.) accumulated over a longer period the roads leading to the east and the trade-routes meet of time thus reflect firewood selection [9]. The number of here, leading to the area being a significant site of human charcoal samples is very important in every palaeoecolog- settlement [31]. ical study. It is proposed that 100 fragments per sample The altitude of the alluvial plain of Pest is between 98 and and 300-400 fragments per stratigraphic level [29] or 250 250 m a.s.l. Its elevation increases from the Duna valley fragments per sample and 400-500 fragments per strati- towards east the Hills of Gödöll˝o, which have an aver- graphic level [28] is necessary for palaeoecological studies age altitude is 130-134 m a.s.l. [31]. The ground surface in order to be statistically meaningful [9]. of the alluvial plain is covered by a significant thickness Palynology is the most popular discipline to study the of Quaternary sediments, primarily fluvial deposits, which vegetation development of an area, since pollen grains are are covered by loess sediments. This area is bordered by the most abundant microfossils in Quaternary sediments the Hills of Gödöll˝o, which are a Neogene plateau [32]. [30]. Depending on the size of the sedimentary basin, the The area is divided up into blocks as a consequence of a results of the analysis give information about the regional considerable fault network [31]. The climate of the area is and occasionally local vegetation. Opposite to it the lo- transitional between temperate warm and temperate cold. cally deposited wood fossils show the local buried veg- The mean annual temperature is 10-10.5 °C and the mean etation picture so it provides site related information [4]. annual precipitation is 550-600 mm. On the highest sur- At the same time pollen analysis allows us to examine the faces are wastelands, on wind-blown sand areas leptosols, vegetation picture with high taxonomical resolution and on the loess covered areas brown forest soils and cher- with a well established chronology [4], while anthracolog- nozem brown forest soils developed. In valleys and on ical data give information only about ligneous genera or deeper areas hydromorph soils evolved [31]. species [3]. The potential vegetation communities of the area are pan- This study aims to reconstruct the former vegetation on the nonic inland sand dune thickets (Junipereto-Populetum basis of the identification of wood macro remains derived albae), oak-ash-elm gallery forest (Querco-Ulmetum hun- from Hungarian archaeological sites and to compare the garicum), ash-alder carr (Fraxino pannonicae-Alnetum obtained results with palynological results. The charcoal hungaricum) and oak forest with lily-of-the-valley data is evaluated in terms of considering the human effect (Convallario-Quercetum roboris danubiale). As regards to on the plant communities, such as selecting plants and the non-arbor vegetation, brome-grass (Bromus sąuarro- modifying the environment. sus, Bromos tectorum), sedge (Carex pilosa, Carex silvat- ica, Carex elata), fescue-grass (Festuca vaginata, Festuca sulcata, Festuca pseudovina) and needle-grass (Stipa 2. Study area sabulosa) dominate [32]. On the basis of the temperature and precipitation records, it can be interpreted that originally closed deciduous forest developed on the study The archaeological sites of the MO motorway (Ecser 6 area. and 7; Maglód 1; Ulló 5 and 9) are situated in Central Hungary, at the transitional region between the North From the beginning of cultivation activities in the Ne- Hungarian Mountain Range and the Great Hungarian olithic and as a consequence of soil erosion humans have Plain (Fig.1). The south foreland of the North Hun- had an effect on the region in regards to soil and veg- garian Mountain Range and the north border of the Great etation development and this is taken into consideration Hungarian Plain frame the archaeological sites. The ex- during vegetation reconstruction [31].

359 Vegetation history reconstructed from anthracology and pollen analysis at the rescue excavation of the MO Motorway, Hungary

Figure 1. The location of the archaeological sites and drilled core in Central Hungary.

3. Methods cording to the archaeological objects excavated from the level of a certain archaeological culture. We concentrated on charcoal samples with a sum total higher than 200 3.1. Sampling and methods for anthracologi- fragments per archaeological stratigraphic level. During cal analysis charcoal analysis pieces larger than 4 mm were the most useful, as smaller fragments are in most cases unidentifi- The archaeobotanical material was obtained from samples able [9, 28, 29]. of archaeological profiles and the deposits of the archaeological features. The sampled objects were both short (e.g. The microscopic identification of wood is possible by hearth) and long- term deposits (e.g. midden, refuse pit, knowing the unique tissue map of the given genera or fills, well fills, ceramic filling). The chronology of the sam- species. Cross-sectional, radial and tangential sections pled archaeological features are as follows: Late-Copper were prepared when analysing charcoals [13], created by Age, Late-Bronze Age, Middle-Iron Age, Late- Iron Age, breaking new surfaces by hand or with a scalpel. The Sarmatian period, Late Sarmatian period, Migration pe- charcoal pieces were placed in fine sand for ease of ma- riod, Late Migration period and Middle Ages. In obtaining nipulation. The three directional sections were analysed and processing the samples we followed the guidelines of using a petrographic microscope, at 10x, 20x, 50x and 100x the German standards [33] and Ferenc Gyulai [34] regard- objectives. The identification was carried out by reference ing sampling and flotation process. The samples were wet to published specimens [15, 16, 35]. The anthracological floated; afterwards charcoal fragments were selected and material obtained from the features of the archaeologi- counted. The number of charcoal fragments varied ac- cal excavations of the MO motorway was compared to the

360 Katalin Náfrádi, Elvira Bodor, Tünde Törocsik,˝ Pál Sümegi

pollen analytical results from the same region as the ar- constructed mixed with Quercus, Corylus, Tilia and Ulmus chaeological sites [36]. trees [36]. The borders of the second pollen zone are at 120 and 85 3.2. Sampling and methods for pollen analy- cm. There is no radiocarbon data for this interval, but the sis palynological results indicate that the climatic optimum coincides with this horizon. The pollen sequence indicates that the climatic optimum began at the beginning For pollen analysis a 1.5 m long undisturbed core was of the Holocene at 8500 Ka, which are contrary to ear- taken by Pál Sümegi and his research group at the Ecseri- lier pollen analytical studies in Hungary that correlated rét, at the Kutyaharapás and Maglód valley the juncture the climatic optimum with the Atlantic period between of two former creeks. The samples were taken at 10 cm 6500 and 4000 Ka [42, 43]. A warmer and more humid intervals and analysed by the method of Berglund-Ralska- climate developed at the beginning of the Holocene. In Jasiewiczowa [37]. In order to determine the pollen con- this period the amount of Pinus decreased drastically and centration the Lycopodium spore table method was used the thermo-and mesopilous species spread; with a lower [38]. At least three hundred terrestrial pollen grains were amount Fraxinus and Acer tree pollen increased as well. counted in order to have statistically sufficient result [39]. According to the archaeological dating this horizon con- The determination of pollens and spores was carried out curs with the Mesolithic and Neolithic phase and is close reference to published species [40, 41] and by using pollen to the beginning of the Copper Age. The decrease in the reference materials and reference collections at the Pale- ratio of the herbaceous plants indicates the inclusion of ontology Library of the Geological Institute of Hungary. the forest. At the end of this pollen zone the amount of Quercus, Tilia and Ulmus decreased, which corresponds to climatic change (cooling) at the beginning of the Cop- 4. Results and interpretation per Age. In the studied area on the river sides, soft-wood is present, while further from the river hardwood gallery A total of 138 samples, containing 6062 identified pieces forest developed. of charcoal derive from the rescue excavations of the MO The third pollen horizon developed between 85 and 35 cm motorway (Ecser-6, Ecser-7, Maglód-1, Ulló-5, Ulló-9). that according to the previous zone begins at the Copper The archaeological chronology of the samples is as fol- Age (4500-4000 Ka) and ends at the end of the Bronze lows: 11 samples are from Late-Copper Age, one sam- Age and beginning of the Iron Age. The amount of Ul- ple is from Late-Bronze Age, 19 from Middle-Iron Age, mus decreases, while the ratio of Fagus and Carpinus in- 14 from Late-Iron Age archaeological objects, 61 sam- creases. The dominance of Quercus continues with lower ples are Sarmatian, 24 are Late-Sarmatian, one sample and cyclic values and the amount of Corylus and Tilia th is from the 5 Century, two from the Late-Migration pe- decreases. The changes are partly explainable by the riod, 5 from the Middle Ages. The age of the samples was climatic change (cooler and moister) at the end of the obtained according to the archaeological findings. The Neolithic and the beginning of the Copper age [44]. Nev- anthracological diagram (Fig.2) is based on the rela- ertheless, the synchronous expansion of Fagus and Carpi- tive frequencies of the identified taxa obtained from the nus could be possible by the simultaneous presence of two charcoal fragment counts. The pollen and anthracological different environments, i.e. loess covered sandy surfaces material of the Late-Copper Age (Baden), the Middle-Iron and colder, humid creek sides. Hungarian pollen analyti- Age (Scythian), the Late-Iron Age (Celtic), the Sarmatian, cal studies [44–46] indicate that the increasing amount of the Late-Sarmatian and the Middle ages were compared. Fagus and Carpinus trees is in relation to anthropogenic Because of the lack o f anthracological samples preceding forest clearance activities. This is because Quercus, Tilia the Late-Copper Age the vegetation history of the earlier and Ulmus trees were used as construction wood [45], and periods was based on the pollen analytical results. this could therefore promote the spread of Fagus, Carpi- The first pollen zone developed between 150 and 120 nus and the light loving Corylus. Although the climate cm, which probably correspond to the late Pleistocene became colder at the beginning of the Copper Age, in (Fig. 3). In this horizon Pinus trees dominated, on the the warmer and sunny places Corylus could remain. Fur- riverside soft-wood Betula-Salix- Alnus gallery forest de- thermore, human populations consumed it because of its veloped. Beside the psychrophilous species the ther- high nutritional value and spread it by forming edge veg- mophilous species (oak, hazel, lime and elm) also occurred etation from the Mesolithic [30, 47–50]. The quantity of but with a lower ratio. On the basis of pollen analytical Corylus started to decline considerably only during the results further from the river side, taiga forest can be re- second part of the Copper Age. Therefore human activities

361 Vegetation history reconstructed from anthracology and pollen analysis at the rescue excavation of the MO Motorway, Hungary

Figure 2. Diagram showing relative frequencies (percentages) of identiﬁed taxa for each studied archaeological age. Circles mean that only a small number of charcoal fragments are present for that time interval.

Figure 3. Pollen analytical results of the core from Ecseri-ret [13].

probably supported the expansion of Fagus and Carpinus a smaller amount of Fraxinus. This indicates the signiﬁ- as well [51]. From the second part of the Copper age cance of Quercus species for construction and ﬁrewood use charred wood remains are available for palaeoecological that could contribute to the spread of Fagus and Carpi- reconstruction (Table 1). However only two genera oc- nus trees. Taking the herbaceous species into account the cur in the charcoal assemblage; Quercus dominates with ruderal and segetal weeds are present with an increasing

362 Katalin Náfrádi, Elvira Bodor, Tünde Törocsik,˝ Pál Sümegi

quantity that spread along the surroundings areas and is Prunus, 1.5% is Pomoideae (probably Pyrus malus/P. grasslands [52, 53]. The knapweed (Centaurea) that is communis/Crataegus sp./Cydonia oblonga, but the wood present proves the existence of plant cultivation so from of these species cannot be differentiated on the basis of the end of the Copper Age a continuous human presence their wood anatomical structure [35]) and 1.3% is Fagus. In can be inferred. addition, one fragment each of Acer and Alnus were also identified. The diversity of the anthracological material In the Bronze Age horizon cereal pollens appear. At the may indicate that because of the decrease in the num- end of the Bronze Age the area of forests decreased dras- ber of the main forest taxon (e.g. Quercus) other species tically and this may be in accordance with the increase have also been used for firewood as well as Quercus, al- in the number of inhabitants and the enlargement of the though the number of Quercus fragments in the charred area of ploughed lands and grasslands. In terms of arbour wood assemblage is still the highest. For the enlarge- vegetation Quercus species dominated, alongside Carpi- ment of ploughed land areas the felled trees may have nus, Fraxinus, Tilia and Betula trees, and Alnus and Salix been used for cooking, fires and making tools. In the that can be found in humid habitats. So from the begin- Late Sarmatian period the amount of Quercus droped to ning of the Copper Age until to the end of the Bronze Age 66%, while Ulmus rose to 20.4%; Acer, Fraxinus, Alnus a Quercus forest mixed with Carpinus and Tilia trees can and Prunus charcoals are presented at around 3%, fur- be reconstructed. The presence of Fagus in the pollen di- thermore, a few pieces of Carpinus and Salix/Populus agram assumes a colder climate, but the occurrence of the fragments are also present. The fruit tree remains that thermo and mesophilous species rather indicates that it occur in the Sarmatian period (Prunus, Pomoideae) indi- could spread in cooler valleys or on the ridges of hills cates horticulture that could mirror the horticulture and because of their microclimatic conditions [36]. On Iow agriculture of the Roman Empire. These changes are level flood catchment areas soft-wood gallery forests lived. not observable in the pollen sequences and the reason Only 15 fragments of Quercus charcoals were found in for this may be the fact that it is very hard to separate the Late Bronze Age archaeological level, which is sta- the pollen grains of fruit trees from their wild forms. It tistically low. The fourth pollen zone developed between is interesting to note that the arboreal tree pollens to- 35 and 10 cm. The period begins with the Iron Age and tally disappear from the pollen material from archaeolog- continues with the Sarmatian culture. At the end of the ical objects, while on the other hand they are present Bronze Age the climate became colder and the amount of in the anthracological material with a higher abundance. ligneous pollen increases. This is in accordance with other Since the anthracological remains indicate local deposi- Hungarian pollen analytical studies [42–44, 54, 55] that tion these trees were certainly found in the surroundings indicate reforestation from the Iron Age. Furthermore, a of the former settlement. Probably the fruit trees (as to- decrease in herbaceous signifies the trend towards a for- day) lived north from the settlements on the south directed est canopy [54]. At the same time cereal cultivation was hill slopes, 1.5-2.5 km from the coring location, in which not given up completely in the region because the amount place the microclimatic conditions are favourable for them. of cereal pollen did not drastically decrease. The ma- The presence of animal husbandry indicates that a grassy jority of the anthracological samples that derive from the and weedy area was present at the excavated former set- Middle Iron Age (Scythian period) are Quercus (82.8%), tlement and the coring location. During the Sarmatian Salix/Populus (14.1%) and Ulmus (3 %). The pollen ana- and Late Sarmatian period the reconstructed herbaceous lytical results are in accordance, indicating the dominance plants are anemophilous (wind pollinated plants), which of Quercus and the presence of Ulmus trees, although a have a massive pollen emissive ability. On the contrary, lower concentration. During the Late Iron Age (Celtic pe- the fruit trees are entomophilous (insect pollinated) and riod) only two genera occurred, 87.3% of the charred wood emit a lower amount of pollen. This may have been an im- material is Quercus, while the remaining 12.7% is Fraxi- portant taphonomic effect, whereby the insect transported nus. pollen grains had less of a chance to reach the deposi- During the Sarmatian period (at 15 cm in the cored sectional basin than the pollen from herbaceous plants. As a tion) the amount of the arboreal pollen decreased abruptly consequence pollen analysis in respect of the presence of and drastically. The palynological results show that the fruit trees and horticulture is not prevalent as against the amount of oak decreased while soft-wood species were anthracology data. still present in higher amounts. This is followed by a higher pollen content of cereal, ruderal and segetal On the basis of anthracological and pollen analytical re- weeds. The anthracological material is more diverse, sults from the Iron Age, Quercus dominated gallery forest unlike in the previous period. More than 87.8% of the mixed with Ulmus and Fraxinus trees were present in the charred wood remains is Quercus, 4.5% is Ulmus, 4.3% studied region. On the colder and moister microclimatic

363 Vegetation history reconstructed from anthracology and pollen analysis at the rescue excavation of the MO Motorway, Hungary

Table 1. Summary of absolute and percentage fragment counts of charcoal fragments at the excavations of the MO motorway.

Late- Late- Late- Migration Late- Middle- Late-Iron Sarmatian Middle Copper Bronze Sarmatian period, 5th Migration Iron Age Age period Ages Age Age period Century period

No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %

Abies alba 61 3.6

Acer sp. 1 0.03 54 3.2

Alnus sp. 1 0.03 22 1.3 18 100

Carpinus betulus 7 0.4 60 26

Fagus sylvatica 30 1.3

Fraxinus sp. 14 3.2 110 12.7 1 0.03 50 3

Pomoideae 34 1.5

Populus/Salix sp. 68 14.1 14 0.6 1 0.2

Prunus sp. 99 4.3 35 2.1

Quercus sp. 426 96.8 15 100 402 82.8 758 87.3 2030 87.8 1104 65.7 10 83 171 74

Ulmus sp. 15 3.1 104 4.5 345 20.5 2 17

Number if identified charcoal 440 15 485 868 2314 1679 18 12 231

Number of undetermined 157 4 57 225 125 78 fragments

Table 1. Summary of absolute and percentage fragment counts of charcoal fragments at the excavations of the M0 motorway

sites Fagus was more dominant, while Salix and Alnus dle Neolithic and their spread from the Copper Age is trees were present on the margins of rivers and creeks. in accordance with the drastic decrease of Tilia and Ul- mus trees. This can be explained by climatic changes The near surface part of the pollen section is not appre- but probably anthropogenic activity was also an important ciable nor the anthracological material of the Migration background factor. The high amount of Quercus charcoal period due to the Iow amount of charcoal fragments. Dur- supports this hypothesis because oak was a popular fire- ing the Middle ages 74% of the charcoal fragments are wood and construction wood. During the Iron Age refor- Quercus, while 26% is Carpinus. According to the anthra- estation begins and the pollen analytical results support cological results Quercus dominated gallery forest mixed this as the amount of weeds that spread by human activ- with Carpinus trees lived at the area around the human ities is decreased. In the Sarmatian period the area of settlement. the forested regions significantly decreases, the remains of fruit trees that appear in the anthracological material prove their existence in the surroundings of human settle- 5. Discussion ments. During the Sarmatian and Late Sarmatian period the anthracological assemblage is diverse and this may Charcoal and pollen analytical studies of the MO motor- indicate the reduction of the forested areas, since the re- way show that Quercus gallery forest mixed with Tilia duction in the quantity of Quercus and Ulmus trees (often and Ulmus trees developed in the study area from the used for firewood or construction) may promote the growth Neolithic onwards. On the Iow flood plain, a soft-wood of other species. gallery forest was present until the Late Sarmatian period and the Migration period. The rise in the abundance The results show that the locally deposited anthracologi- of pollen from Fagus and Carpinus trees from the Mid- cal results complete the regional pollen data that help to

364 Katalin Náfrádi, Elvira Bodor, Tünde Törocsik,˝ Pál Sümegi

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365 Vegetation history reconstructed from anthracology and pollen analysis at the rescue excavation of the MO Motorway, Hungary

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