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Biology and Body Composition of Channa Marulius (Soul) from Two Natural Habitats of Pakistan

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Biology and Body Composition of Channa Marulius (Soul) from Two Natural Habitats of Pakistan Biology and Body composition of Channa marulius (Soul) from Two natural habitats of Pakistan A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for The degree of Ph.D In the subject of ZOOLOGY By Muhammad Latif PIN No: 085-13075-Bm5-084 Institute of Pure and Applied Biology (Zoology Division) Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 2015 This thesis Submitted by Muhammad Latif is accepted in its present form by Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan (Pakistan) as satisfying the thesis requirement for the degree of Ph.D in the field of Zoology. SUPERVISORY BOARD 1. Dr. Furhan Iqbal (Internal Examiner) 2. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ali (Internal Examiner) 3. Dr. Seema Mehmood (Director IP&AB) 4. External Examiner Dedication I dedicated this dissertation to My Dear Parents, Teachers, Family and Friends CONTENTS LIST Contents Page No. Acknowledgements I List of Abbreviations Iii List of Figures Iv List of Tables V Summary Xiii 1. Introduction 1.1 Introduction Water 1 1.2Water quality 3 1.3Soul (Channa marulius) 7 1.4Body composition 12 1.5Blood 13 1.6Hematological parameters 14 1.7Serological parameters 17 1.8 Elements 19 2. Material Method 2.1Water quality Analysis 23 2.2 Measurement of wet weight and total length of Channa marulius 29 2.3 Estimation of body / fillet Composition parameters 30 2.4 Blood and serum collection 34 2.5 Estimation of Serum parameters 36 2.6 Estimation of elemental contents in fish powder 37 2.7 Statistical Analysis 39 3. Results 3.1 Results of water Quality Parameter Analysis 41 3.2 Body Composition 46 3.3 Fillet Composition 48 3.4 Results of Hematological Parameters of Channa marulius 50 3.5 Results of Elements Composition of Channa marulius 54 4. Discussion Discussion 108 5. References References 117 Appendix 132 Acknowledgements I express my heartiest gratitude to Almighty Allah who provided me the opportunities to complete my research work and the achievements I have gained throughout my life. Hazrat Mohammad (PBUH) conveyed the message of Allah to the humanity. Gain of knowledge and education is one and the foremost command of Allah conveyed through the Prophet of Islam (PBUH). I am extremely grateful to him for this message and all the teachings of Islam. In preparing and completing this thesis, I have received inspiration and practical help from many colleagues. First of all, I would like to express appreciation and thanks to my respectable teacher and supervisor Prof. Dr. Mohammad Ali, Vice Chancellor, Government College University Faisal Abad. In spite of his multifarious engagements in the University, he had been kind enough to provide proper guidance whenever I requested him. I wish to express my gratitude to my friend and respectable supervisor, Dr. Furhan Iqbal, Assitant Professor of Zoology at Institute of Pure and Applied Biology. This is due to his matchless guidance that I have been able to complete my work. I am grateful to him from the core of my heart. I express my sincere gratitude to Prof. Dr. Seema Mehmood, Director, Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, for providing me all possible facilities and good academic environment during the course of my research work. I am highly grateful to Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan for awarding me an indeginous scholarship and provided me an opportunity to complete my doctoral studies. I am also thankful to my fellow HEC scholars in labs for being with me in good as well as in hard times. I especially acknowledge my research fellow, Shahid Iqbal, who was always in the lime light while we worked in the laboratories. I am extremely grateful to him. I also grateful to Ms. Rehana Iqbal and Dr. Kashif Umer for their help during my studies. I acknowledge the efforts of my brother in Law, Mr Abdul Rrasheed (Late). He always provided me help throughout my studies and all other affairs of my life. I have gained courage and confidence from him. He is a constant source of inspiration for me. May his soul rest in peace aamen. I acknowledge the efforts of my Brother Mr Hanif. I have always stepped in his footprints. He has the most important contribution in formulating my life. i I am grateful to my sisters Iqbal, Shamim (Late), Nasreen, Parveen and my brothers Tanveer and Zeeshan Nasir for the appreciation they provided to me throughout my work. I am really thankful to my niece Sumreen Iqbal for her prayers. I acknowledge the support of my father, Ghulam Muhammad Bhatti. My mother, Zainab, has also been a source of inspiration throughout my life. Last but not the least, I want to express my gratitude to my wife Sobia and my two little Kids Eshaal And Abdul Rafeh who sacrificed their time during the course of my studies. Muhammad Latif ii List of Abbreviations ALT Alanine Aminotransferase ANOVA Analysis of Variance AST Aspartate Transaminase EC Electric Conductivity Hb Haemoglobin IUCN International union of conservation of nature MCH Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin MCHC Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration MCV Mean Corpuscular Volume PCV Pack Cell Volume RBC Red Blood Cells SD Standard Deviation TDS Total dissolved solids TWBC Total white Blood Count WBC White Blood Cells iii List of Figures Figure No. Contents Page No. 1.1 Channa marulius 8 1.2 Distribution of Channa marulius 9 iv List of Tables Table No. Contents Page No. 3.1 Seasonal variations in studied water quality parameters in water samples 55 from River Sindh during 2010-2011 sampling season. 3.2 Seasonal variations in studied water quality parameters in water samples 56 from River Sindh during 2011-2012 sampling season. 3.3 Seasonal variations in studied water quality parameters in water samples 57 from River Chenab during 2010-2011 sampling season. 3.4 Seasonal variations in studied water quality parameters in water samples 58 from River Chenab during 2011-2012 sampling season. 3.5 Analysis of variance for pH in River Sindh and Chenab Waters during 59 sampling season 2010-11. 3.6 Analysis of variance for Calcium (mgL-1) in River Sindh and Chenab 59 Waters during sampling season 2010-11. 3.7 Aanalysis of variance for Sodium (mgL-1) in River Sindh and Chenab 60 Waters during sampling season 2010-11. 3.8 Analysis of variance for Electric conductivity (dsc M-1) in River Sindh 60 and Chenab Waters during sampling season 2010-11. 3.9 Analysis of variance for Chloride (mgL-1) in River Sindh and Chenab 61 Waters during sampling season 2010-11. 3.10 Analysis of variance for Total Alkalinity (mgL-1) in River Sindh and 61 Chenab Waters during sampling season 2010-11. 3.11 Analysis of variance for Dissolved oxygen (mgL-1) in River Sindh and 62 Chenab Waters during sampling season 2010-11. 3.12 Analysis of variance for Magnesium (mgL-1) in River Sindh and Chenab 62 Waters during sampling season 2010-11. 3.13 Analysis of variance for Total dissolved solids (mgL-1) in River Sindh 63 and Chenab Waters during sampling season 2010-11. 3.14 Analysis of variance for Temperature (C0) in River Sindh and Chenab 63 Waters during sampling season 2010-11. v Table No. Contents Page No. 3.15 Analysis of variance for pH in River Sindh and Chenab waters during 64 sampling season 2011-12. 3.16 Analysis of variance for Electric conductivity (dsM-1) in River Sindh and 64 Chenab waters during sampling season 2011-12. 3.17 Analysis of variance for Calcium (mgL-1) in River Sindh and Chenab 65 waters during sampling season 2011-12. 3.18 Analysis of variance for Magnecium (mgL-1) in River Sindh and Chenab 65 waters during sampling season 2011-12. 3.19 Analysis of variance for Sodium (mgL-1) in River Sindh and Chenab 66 waters during sampling season 2011-12. 3.20 Analysis of variance for Chloride (mgL-1) in River Sindh and Chenab 66 waters during sampling season 2011-12. 3.21 Analysis of variance for Total Alkalinity (mgL-1) in River Sindh and 67 Chenab waters during sampling season 2011-12. 3.22 Analysis of variance for Dissolved oxygen (mgL-1) in River Sindh and 67 Chenab waters during sampling season 2011-12. 3.23 Analysis of variance for Total dissolved solids (mgL-1) in River Sindh 68 and Chenab waters during sampling season 2011-12. 3.24 Analysis of variance for Temperature (Co) in River Sindh and Chenab 68 waters during sampling season 2011-12. 3.25 Comparison of various parameters determining body composition of 69 Channa marulius from River Sindh during sampling season 2010-11. 3.26 Comparison of various parameters determining Body composition of 70 Channa marulius from River Sindh during sampling season 2011-12. 3.27 Comparison of various parameters determining body composition of 71 Channa marulius from River Chenab during sampling season 2010-11. 3.28 Comparison of various parameters determining body composition of 72 Channa marulius from River Chenab during sampling season 2011-12. vi Table No. Contents Page No. 3.29 Analysis of variance for % Water in the Body composition of Channa 73 marulius from River Sindh and Chenab waters during sampling season 2010-11. 3.30 Analysis of variance for % Ash (wet weight) in the Body composition 73 of Channa marulius from River Sindh and Chenab waters during sampling season 2010-11. 3.31 Analysis of variance for % Organic contents (wet weight) in the Body 74 composition of Channa marulius from River Sindh and Chenab waters during sampling season 2010-11. 3.32 Analysis of variance for % Fat (wet weight) in the Body composition of 74 Channa marulius from River Sindh and Chenab waters during sampling season 2010-11.
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