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Fluoranthene ) , "- United States Office of Water EPA 440/5-80-049 Environmental Protection Regulations and Standards October 1980 Agency Criteria and Standards Division Washington DC 20460 aEPA Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Fluoranthene ... AMBIENT WATER QUALITY CRITERIA FOR FLUORANTHENE Prepared By U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Office of Water Regulations and Standards Criteria and Standards Division Washington, D.C. Office of Research and Development Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office Cincinnati, Ohio Carcinogen Assessment Group Washington, D.C. Environmental Research Laboratories Corvalis, Oregon Duluth, Minnesota Gulf Breeze, Florida Narragansett, Rhode Island - -J i DISCLAIMER This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. AVAILABILITY NOTICE This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service, (NTIS), Springfield, Virginia 22161. ii FOREWORD Section 304 (a) (1) of the Clean Water Act of 1977 (P.L. 95-217), requires the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency to publish criteria for water quality accurately reflecting the latest scientific knowledge on the kind and extent of all identifiable effects on health and we 1fare wh ich may be expected from the presence of pollutants in any body of water, including ground water. Proposed water quality criteria for the 65 toxic pollutants listed under section 307 (a) (1) of the Cl ean Water Act were deve loped and a not ice of their availability was published for public comment on March 15, 1979 (44 FR 15926), July 25, 1979 (44 FR 43660), and October 1, 1979 (44 FR 56628). This document is a revision of those proposed criteria based upon a consideration of comments received from other Federal Agencies, State agencies, special interest groups, and individual scientists. The criteria contained in this document replace any previously published EPA criteria for the 65 pollutants. This criterion document is also published in satisifaction of paragraph 11 of the Settlement Agreement in Natural Resources Defense Council, et. al. vs. Train, 8 ERC 2120 (D.D.C. 1976), modified, 12 ERC 1833 (D.D.C. 1979). The term "water quality criteria" is used in two sections of the Clean Water Act, section 304 (a)(I) and section 303 (c)(2). The term has a different program impact in each section. In section 304, the term represents a non-regulatory, scientific assessment of ecological ef­ fects. The criteria presented in this publication are such scientific assessments. Such water quality criteria associ ated with specific stream uses when adopted as State water quality standards under section 303 become enforceable maximum acceptable levels of a pollutant in ambient waters. The water quality criteria adopted in the State water quality standards could have the same numerical limits as the criteria developed under section 304. However, in many situations States may want to adjust water quality criteria developed under section 304 to reflect local environmental conditions and human exposure patterns before incorporation into water quality standards. It is not until their adoption as part of the State water quality standards that the criteria become regulatory. Guidelines to assist the States in the modification of criteria presented in this document, in the development of water quality standards, and in other water-related programs of this Agency, are being developed by EPA. STEVEN SCHATZOW Deputy Assistant Administrator Office of Water Regulations and Standards iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Aquatic Life Toxicology: William A. Brungs, ERL-Narragansett John H. Gentile, ERL~Narragansett U.S. Environmental Protection Agency U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Mammalian Toxicology and Human Health Effects: Joseph Santodonato (author) Julian Andelman Syracuse Research Corporation University of Pittsburgh Debdas Mukerjee (doc. mgr.) ECAO-Cin Fred Boch U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Roswell Memorial Institute Jerry F. Stara (doc. mgr.) ECAO-Cin Herbert Cornish U.S. Environmental Protection Agency University of Michigan Patrick Durkin Alfred D. Garvin Syracuse Research Corporation University of Cincinnati Rolf Hartung Edmond LaVoie University of Michigan American Health Foundation Si Duk Lee, ECAO-RTP Steven D. Lutkenhoff, ECAO-Cin U.S. Environmental Protection Agency U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Michael Pereira, HERL Quentin H. Pickering U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Newtown Fish Toxicology Lab. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Alan B. Rubin William W.Sutton, EMSL-Las Vegas U.S. Environmental Protection Agency U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Benjamin L. Van Duuren Jan Connery New York Univ. Medical Center Energy Resources Company. Fred Passman Energy Resources Company Technical Support Services Staff: D.J. Reisman, M.A. Garlough, B.L. Zwayer, P.A. Daunt, K.S. Edwards, T.A. Scandura, A.T. Pressley, C.A. Cooper, M.M. Denessen. Clerical Staff: C.A. Haynes, S.J. Faehr, L.A. Wade, D. Jones, B.J. Bordicks, B.J. Quesnell, P. Gray, B. Gardiner. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction A-l Aquatic Life Toxicology B-1 Introduction B-1 Effects B-1 Acute Toxicity B-1 Chronic Toxicity B-1 Plant Effects B-2 Residues B-2 Summary B-2 Criteria B-2 References B-8 Mammalian TOXicology and Human Health Effects C-l Exposure C-l Ingestion from Water C-l Ingestion from Food C-8 Inhalation C-17 Dermal C-l9 Pharmacokinetics C-19 Absorption C-2l Distribution C-21 Metabolism C-22 Excretion C-23 Effects C-24 Acute, Subacute and Chronic Toxicity C-24 Synergism and/or Antagonism C-26 Teratogenicity C-27 Mutagenicity C-27 Carcinogenicity C-28 Criteria Formulation C-40 Existing Guidelines and Standards C-40 Current Levels of Exposure C-4l Special Groups at Risk C-43 Basis and Derivation of Criteria C-43 References C-48 v CRITERIA DOCUMENT FLUORANTHENE CRITERIA Aquatic Life The available data for fluoranthene indicate that acute toxicity to freshwater aauatic life occurs at concentrations as low as 3,980 lJgll and would occur at lower concentrations among species that are more sensitive than those tested. No data are available concerning the chronic toxicity of fluoranthene to sensitive freshwater aquatic life. The available data for fluoranthene indicate that acute and chronic tox­ icity to saltwater aauatic life occur at concentrations as low as 40 and 16 \1g/1, respectively, and would occur at lowe~ concentrations among species that are more sensitive than those tested. Human Health For the protection of human health from the toxic properties of fluoran­ thene ingested through water and contaminated aquatic organisms, the ambient water criterion is determined to be 42 \19/1. For the protection of human health from the toxic properties of fluoran­ thene ingested through contaminated aquatic organisms alone, the ambient water criterion is determined to be 54 lJg/l. vi I NTRODUCTI ON Fluoranthene, a polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), is produced by the pyrolysis of organic raw materials such as coal and petroleum at high tempertures (Andelman and Snodgrass, 1974). It is also known to occur natu­ rally as a product of plant biosynthesis (Borneff, et al. 1968). Fluoranthene (l,2-benzacenaphthene or Idryl) has the molecular formula C16HlO • It has a molecular weight of 202, a melting point of 111°C, a boiling point of approximately 375°C, and a vapor pressure of 0.01 mm Hg at 25°C. It is soluble in water to the extent of 265 ~g/l (Davis, et ale 1942; Klevens, 1950). Fluoranthene is ubiquitous in the environment and has been detected in air in the U.S. (Searle, 1976), in foreign and domestic drinking waters (Harrison, et al. 1975; Basu and Saxena, 1977, 1978; U.S. EPA, 1977), and in foodstuffs (Howard, et al. 1966a,b,c). A-1 REFERENCES Andelman, J.B. and J.E. Snodgrass. 1974. Incidence and significance of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in the water environment. CRC Critical Reviews in Environmental Control. 4: 69. Basu, O.K. and J. Saxena. 1977. Analysis of raw and drinking water samples for polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. U.S. Environ. Prot. Agency, P.O. No. Ca-7-2999-A, Exposure Evaluation Branch, HERL, Cincinnati, Ohio. Basu, O.K. and J. Saxena. 1978. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in selected U.S. drinking waters and their raw water sources. Environ. Sci. Technol. 12: 795. Borneff, J., et al. 1968. Experimental studies on the formation of poly­ cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in plants. Environ. Res. 2: 22. Davis, W.W., et al. 1942. Solubility of carcinogenic and related hydrocar­ bons in water. Jour. Amer. Chern. Soc. 64: 108. Harrison, R.M., et al. 1975. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in raw, potable and wastewaters. Water Res. 9: 311. Howard, J.W., et al. 1966a. Extraction and estimation of polycycl ic aro­ matic hydrocarbons in vegetable oils. Jour. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chern. 49: 1236. A-2 Howard, J.W., et a1. 1966b. Extraction and estimation of polycyclic aro­ matic hydrocarbons in smoked foods. II. Benzo(a)pyrene. Jour. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chern. 49: 611. Howard, J.W., et ale 1966c. Extraction and estimation of PAH in smoked foods. Part I. General Method. Jour. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chern. 49: 595. Kleven, H.B. 1950. Solubilization of polycyclic hydrocarbons. Jour. Phys. Chern. 54: 283. Searle, C.E. 1976. Chemical carcinogens, ACS Monograph 173. Amer. Chern. Soc., Washington, D.C. p. 341. U.S. EPA. 1977. National Organic Monitoring Survey (NOMS). Technical Sup­ port Division, Office of Water Supply, U.S. Environ. Prot. Agency, Cincin­ nati, Ohio. A-3 Aquatic Life Toxicology* INTRODUCTI ON Bluegill, Daphnia magna, and the alga, Selenastrum capricornutum, have been studied us i ng static test procedures and unmeasured concentrations. The range of LC and EC values is 3,980 to 325,000 Ilg/l and the blue­ 50 50 gill is most sensitive. In contrast to the relationship between freshwater fish and inverte- brate species, the mysid shrimp and a polychaete are much more sensitive to fluoranthene than the sheepshead minnow.
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