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14 Title: Coal Review of Hydrocarbon Emissions Related to Tar Pitch
AP42 Section 7.1 Related: 14 Title: Review of Hydrocarbon Emissions Related to Coal Tar Pitch. Includes pitch vapor pressure data and Antoine's coefficients. EF Bart, et al. Allied Chemical Corporation 1980 I ._ ,.. ?i e!,/..'. r'.:.. ,,T.<,ili -:*., $0 ,i .# 1 .... i;.'.,.,: _..:, '">,U<>j. .. .. REVIEW OF HYDROCMSON EMISSIONS RELATED TO COAL TAR PITCH E. F. Bart, S. A. Visnic, P. A. Cerria Allied Chemical Corporation Morristown, New Jersey 07960 Sumnary Coal tar pitch is used primarily as a binder in the manufacture of carbon electrodes for the aluminum and steel industries. The pitch repre- sents the main product from the continuous, high-temperature distillation of coke oven tar. The pitch is produced and generally handled as a liquid at high temperatures, thus resulting in a potential for hydrocarbon emissions during its handling. An ever-increasing need for control of hydrocarbon emissions has resulted for process and storage equipment since amendments were made in 1977 to the Clean Air Act. Within the next several years, most industries will be faced with requirements for the installation of air pollution con- trol equipment. This paper deals with the types of emissions and methods used in quantifying and controlling emissions from coal tar pitch storage equipment. To better understand the nature of coal tar pitch, a brief description is given of its origin, chemistry and physical properties. Coal Tar Distillation Coal tar pitch is the residue from the distillation of coal tar and represents from 30% to 60% of the tar. It is a complex, bituminous sub- stance and has been estimated to contain about 5,000 compounds. -
Degradation of Phenol and P-Cresol in Reactors Water Science and Technology
m33 18/9/00 6:35 pm Page 237 Degradation of phenol and p-cresol in reactors Water Science and Technology Herbert H. P. Fang* and Gong-Ming Zhou** * Environmental Engineering Research Centre, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China ** National Engineering Research Center for Urban Pollution Control, Tongji University, Shanghai, China Abstract The effects of hydraulic retention time (HRT) and phenol concentration on the degradation of phenol and p-cresol in wastewater were investigated in two respective UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket) reactors with effluent recirculation at 37 oC for over 440 days. After acclimation, nearly all the Vol 42 Nos 5–6pp 237–244 phenol and p-cresol at moderate concentrations could be degraded without carbohydrate as a co-substrate. Treating a wastewater containing 800 mg/l of phenol and 300 mg/l of p-cresol at HRT ranging 2-12 hours, the first reactor consistently removed 95% of phenol, 65% of p-cresol and 85% of COD at 8-12 hours of HRT; the efficiency, however, decreased at lower HRT. Treating wastewater containing a constant p-cresol concentration of 400 mg/l at 24 hours of HRT, the second reactor was able to remove 75-80% of COD when the phenol was 1200 and 1500 mg/l; the removal efficiency decreased as phenol concentration further increased. High levels of residual phenol and p-cresol in the effluent suppressed the activity of biogranules. The suppression of bioactivity was not permanent. Biomass was able to regain its activity fully after lowering the phenolic concentrations in the wastewater. -
Mild Synthesis of Perylene Tetracarboxylic Monoanhydrides with Potential Applications in Organic Optoelectronics
City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 5-2019 Mild Synthesis of Perylene Tetracarboxylic Monoanhydrides with Potential Applications in Organic Optoelectronics Xizhe Zhao The Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/3258 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] Mild Synthesis of Perylene Tetracarboxylic Monoanhydrides with Potential Applications in Organic Optoelectronics By Xizhe Zhao A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Chemistry in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The City University of New York. 2019 © 2019 Xizhe Zhao All Rights Reserved ii Mild Synthesis of Perylene Tetracarboxylic Monoanhydrides with Potential Applications in Organic Optoelectronics by Xizhe Zhao This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Chemistry in satisfaction of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. 04/29/19 Prof. Shi Jin _________________________ __________________________________________________ Date Chair of Examining Committee 04/29/19 Prof. Brian R. Gibney _________________________ __________________________________________________ Date Executive Officer Supervisory Committee: Prof. Krishnaswami Raja Prof. Sanjai Kumar Pathak THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iii ABSTRACT Mild Synthesis of Perylene Tetracarboxylic Monoanhydrides with Potential Applications in Organic Optoelectronics By Xizhe Zhao Advisor: Professor Shi Jin Perylene tetracarboxylic derivatives are considered good n-type semi-conductors. In past decades, there has been extensive study on their synthesis and electronic properties. -
Category Assessment Document For
U.S. EPA HPV Challenge Program Category Assessment Document for Acids and Caustics from Petroleum Refining Category Tar acids, cresylic, sodium salts, caustic solutions (CAS No. 68815-21-4); Neutralizing agents (petroleum), spent sodium hydroxide (CAS No. 064742- 40-1); Phenols, sodium salts, mixed with sulfur comp; gasoline alky scrubber residues (CAS No. 68988-99-8); Sludges (petroleum), acid (CAS No. 064742-24-1). Submitted by: American Petroleum Institute Petroleum HPV Testing Group American Petroleum Institute 1220 L Street NW Washington, DC 20005 Consortium Registration # 1100997 July 6, 2009 Acids and Caustics From Petroleum Refining Consortium Registration # 1100997 CATEGORY ASSESSMENT DOCUMENT Acids and Caustics from Petroleum Refining Table of Contents Tables ........................................................................................................................................... 3 Figures ......................................................................................................................................... 3 Annexes........................................................................................................................................ 3 Plain Language Summary ......................................................................................................... 4 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 5 2. Category Description ........................................................................................................ -
An Empirical Study on Laboratory Coke Oven-Based Coal Blending for Coking with Tar Residue, Chemical Engineering Transactions, 71, 385-390 DOI:10.3303/CET1871065 386
385 A publication of CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TRANSACTIONS VOL. 71, 2018 The Italian Association of Chemical Engineering Online at www.aidic.it/cet Guest Editors: Xiantang Zhang, Songrong Qian, Jianmin Xu Copyright © 2018, AIDIC Servizi S.r.l. ISBN 978-88-95608-68-6; ISSN 2283-9216 DOI: 10.3303/CET1871065 An Empirical Study on Laboratory Coke Oven-based Coal Blending for Coking with Tar Residue Wenqiu Liu Hebei Energy College of Vocation and Technology, Tangshan 063004, China [email protected] Tar residue is the solid waste produced in coking plants or gas generators. Utilizing tar residue as additive in coal blending for coking is an effective approach for coal coking in our country, not only improving the yield and nature of coking products, but also realizing the recycling of tar residue. In this paper, tar residue is used as additive in coal blending for coking experiments, and combined with experiments on the crucible coke, small coke oven and industrial coke oven, the influences of the addition amount of tar residue on coke yield, coke reactivity and coke strength after reaction are further analyzed. As the experiment results reveal, compared to the experiment results of crucible coke and small coke ovens, the coke yield, coke reactivity and coke strength after reaction of industrial coke ovens are all bigger, leading to potential industrialization of coal blending for coking. Moreover, the influence of the amount of tar residue on the coal tar yield rate and gas yield is the same as that of coke reactivity and coke strength after reaction. 1. Introduction With the rapid development of economy, the fast growth of iron and steel industry has led China's coke industry to accomplish extraordinary achievements (Si et al., 2017). -
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Structure Index
NIST Special Publication 922 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Structure Index Lane C. Sander and Stephen A. Wise Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899-0001 December 1997 revised August 2020 U.S. Department of Commerce William M. Daley, Secretary Technology Administration Gary R. Bachula, Acting Under Secretary for Technology National Institute of Standards and Technology Raymond G. Kammer, Director Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Structure Index Lane C. Sander and Stephen A. Wise Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899 This tabulation is presented as an aid in the identification of the chemical structures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The Structure Index consists of two parts: (1) a cross index of named PAHs listed in alphabetical order, and (2) chemical structures including ring numbering, name(s), Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) Registry numbers, chemical formulas, molecular weights, and length-to-breadth ratios (L/B) and shape descriptors of PAHs listed in order of increasing molecular weight. Where possible, synonyms (including those employing alternate and/or obsolete naming conventions) have been included. Synonyms used in the Structure Index were compiled from a variety of sources including “Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons Nomenclature Guide,” by Loening, et al. [1], “Analytical Chemistry of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds,” by Lee et al. [2], “Calculated Molecular Properties of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,” by Hites and Simonsick [3], “Handbook of Polycyclic Hydrocarbons,” by J. R. Dias [4], “The Ring Index,” by Patterson and Capell [5], “CAS 12th Collective Index,” [6] and “Aldrich Structure Index” [7]. In this publication the IUPAC preferred name is shown in large or bold type. -
Coal Characteristics
CCTR Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research COAL CHARACTERISTICS CCTR Basic Facts File # 8 Brian H. Bowen, Marty W. Irwin The Energy Center at Discovery Park Purdue University CCTR, Potter Center, 500 Central Drive West Lafayette, IN 47907-2022 http://www.purdue.edu/dp/energy/CCTR/ Email: [email protected] October 2008 1 Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research CCTR COAL FORMATION As geological processes apply pressure to peat over time, it is transformed successively into different types of coal Source: Kentucky Geological Survey http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/images/peatcoal.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/coalform.htm&h=354&w=579&sz= 20&hl=en&start=5&um=1&tbnid=NavOy9_5HD07pM:&tbnh=82&tbnw=134&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcoal%2Bphotos%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX 2 Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research CCTR COAL ANALYSIS Elemental analysis of coal gives empirical formulas such as: C137H97O9NS for Bituminous Coal C240H90O4NS for high-grade Anthracite Coal is divided into 4 ranks: (1) Anthracite (2) Bituminous (3) Sub-bituminous (4) Lignite Source: http://cc.msnscache.com/cache.aspx?q=4929705428518&lang=en-US&mkt=en-US&FORM=CVRE8 3 Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research CCTR BITUMINOUS COAL Bituminous Coal: Great pressure results in the creation of bituminous, or “soft” coal. This is the type most commonly used for electric power generation in the U.S. It has a higher heating value than either lignite or sub-bituminous, but less than that of anthracite. Bituminous coal -
Effect of Wood Preservative Treatment of Beehives on Honey Bees Ad Hive Products
1176 J. Agric. Food Chem. 1984. 32, 1176-1180 Effect of Wood Preservative Treatment of Beehives on Honey Bees and Hive Products Martins A. Kalnins* and Benjamin F. Detroy Effects of wood preservatives on the microenvironment in treated beehives were assessed by measuring performance of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies and levels of preservative residues in bees, honey, and beeswax. Five hives were used for each preservative treatment: copper naphthenate, copper 8-quinolinolate, pentachlorophenol (PCP), chromated copper arsenate (CCA), acid copper chromate (ACC), tributyltin oxide (TBTO), Forest Products Laboratory water repellent, and no treatment (control). Honey, beeswax, and honey bees were sampled periodically during two successive summers. Elevated levels of PCP and tin were found in bees and beeswax from hives treated with those preservatives. A detectable rise in copper content of honey was found in samples from hives treated with copper na- phthenate. CCA treatment resulted in an increased arsenic content of bees from those hives. CCA, TBTO, and PCP treatments of beehives were associated with winter losses of colonies. Each year in the United States, about 4.1 million colo- honey. Harmful effect of arsenic compounds on bees was nies of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) produce approxi- linked to orchard sprays and emissions from smelters in mately 225 million pounds of honey and 3.4 million pounds a Utah study by Knowlton et al. (1947). An average of of beeswax. This represents an annual income of about approximately 0.1 µg of arsenic trioxide/dead bee was $140 million; the agricultural economy receives an addi- reported. -
Determination of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Sediments
UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME NOVEMBER 1992 Determination of petroleum hydrocarbons in sediments Reference Methods For Marine Pollution Studies No. 20 Prepared in co-operation with IOC IAEA UNEP 1992 ~ i - PREFACE The Regional Seas Programme was initiated by UNEP in 1974. Since then the Governing Conncil ofUNEP has repeatedly endorsed a regional approach to the control of marine pollution and the management of marine and coastal resources and has requested the development of regional action plans. The Regional Seas Progranune at present includes ten regions and has over 120 coastal States participating in it (1),(2). One of the basic components of the action plans sponsored by UNEP in the framework of the Regional Seas Programme is the assessment of the state of the marine em~ronment and of its resources, and of the sources and trends of the pollution, and the impact of pollution on human health, marine ecosystems and amenities. In order to assist those participating in this activity and to ensure that the data obtained through this assessment can be compared. on a world-wide basis and thns contribute to the Global Environment Monitoring System (GEMS) of UNEP, a set of Reference Methods and Guidelines for marine pollution studies is being developed as part of a programme of c9mprehensive technical support which includes the provision of expert advice, reference methods and materials, training and data quality assurance (3). The Methods are recommended to be adopted by Governments participating in tbe Regional Seas Programme. The methods and guidelines are prepared in co-operation with the relevant specialized bodies of the United Nations system as well as other organizations and are tested by a number of experts competent in the field relevant to the methods described. -
Trends in Creosote Supply and Quality by Richard Harris, Koppers Industries
Trends in Creosote Supply and Quality by Richard Harris, Koppers Industries Introduction This paper examines the ten-year outlook for wood-preserving creosotes in North America. The major factors determining creosote availability and quality in the future will be the quantity of coal tar produced in the United States, and the economics of the competing uses for coal tar distillates. Major Uses of Coal Tar Distillates Though no two tar plants are exactly alike, in general we may say that two distillate streams are initially generated during the production of coal tar pitch (see chart). The first distillate off, representing 20 percent of the tar, is generally known as chemical oil. It is the fighter fraction, containing from 40 to 55 percent naphthalene. The second, heavier distillate is the creosote fraction used to make wood preservative and carbon black. It accounts for 30 percent of the crude tar. The remainder, about half of the tar is carbon pitch for the aluminum and graphite industries. This is the product which drives the domestic tar distillation business. Each distillate may then be processed to create value-added products. Solvent from which resins are made, naphthalene for plastics and pesticides, and "correction oil" for use in wood-preserving creosote are all derived from the chemical oil. In North America, most of the creosote fraction produced is combined with correction oil, or in some instances unprocessed chemical oil, to make AWPA-specification creosotes. The heavy distillate left over after wood preserving needs are met is sold as carbon black feedstock. In the rest of the world, this fraction is mostly used for the production of carbon black and anthracene oil. -
Synthesis of 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydrocarbazoles with Large Groups - Aromatization to Carbazoles1 K
PHYSICAL SCIENCES 215 Synthesis of 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydrocarbazoles with Large Groups - Aromatization to Carbazoles1 K. DARRELL BERLIN, PETER E. CLARK lACK T. SCHROEDER and DARREL G. HOPPERs Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater Tetrahydrocarbazoles can be prepared from cyclohexanone and phenyl hydrazines as Illustrated by the one-step synthesis ot Rogers and Corson (1947). ~--ir V CHs + NHs + HaO These compounds can be aromatized by heating with chloranll in xylene (Barclay and CAmpbell, 1945) and reduced electrolytically to the cia-hexa hydro derivatives (Perkin and Plant, 1924) or over metal catalysts to the dodecahydro (Eldertield, 1952) derivatives, all in high yield. Few hexahydrocarbazoles - and fewer dodecahydrocarbazoles - are known. These compounds, like several substituted carbazole. (Clayson, 1962), may be biologically active. For this latter poulbWty. tor the pur pose of stUdying the nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of these com pounds and to explore the possibilities ot the Rogers-Corson type of FIscher indole synthesis, conformationally rigid ketonea, 4-t-butylcyclo- ·We eratefuUy aek1lOwJeclse partial .apport by tM :a..eareh Foundatfon. Oklahoma State University. IN.UemaJ Selenee FoundatloD Re.-reh Trainee. Summft' 1111. 21e PROC. OF THE OKLA. ACAD. OF SCI. FOR 1966 hexanone and 2-eyclohexyleyc1ohexanone, were examined. It was thought that thia type of ketone would provide a polyhydrocarbazole more resistant to air oxidation because of steric factors. 3-t-Butyl-l,2,3,4-tetrahydrocar bazole (1) and 3-methyl-l,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole (I) were prepared, the latter compound to serve as a model in proof ot structure tor I, which is new. Both 1 and the methyl compound 1 showed infrared bands tor N-H, at about 3400 cm-· and 3350 em'· respectively. -
Summary of Information for ABC for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Air Toxics Science Advisory Committee Summary of Information for ABC for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons September 16, 2015 ATSAC Meeting #10 Presenter: Sue MacMillan, DEQ ATSAC lead Sue MacMillan | Oregon Department of Environmental Quality 26 Individual PAHs to Serve as Basis of ABC for Total PAHs Acenaphthene Cyclopenta(c,d)pyrene Acenaphthylene Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene Anthracene Dibenzo(a,e)pyrene Anthanthrene Dibenzo(a,h)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene Dibenzo(a,i)pyrene Naphthalene Benz(a)anthracene Dibenzo(a,l)pyrene has separate Benzo(b)fluoranthene Fluoranthene ABC. Benzo(k)fluoranthene Fluorene Benzo( c)pyrene Indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene Benzo(e)pyrene Phenanthrene Benzo(g,h,i)perylene Pyrene Benzo(j)fluoranthene 5-Methylchrysene Chrysene 6-Nitrochrysene Use of Toxic Equivalency Factors for PAHs • Benzo(a)pyrene serves as the index PAH, and has a documented toxicity value to which other PAHs are adjusted • Other PAHs adjusted using Toxic Equivalency Factors (TEFs), aka Potency Equivalency Factors (PEFs). These values are multipliers and are PAH-specific. • Once all PAH concentrations are adjusted to account for their relative toxicity as compared to BaP, the concentrations are summed • This summed concentration is then compared to the toxicity value for BaP, which is used as the ABC for total PAHs. Source of PEFs for PAHs • EPA provides a range of values of PEFs for each PAH • Original proposal suggested using upper-bound value of each PEF range as the PEF to use for adjustment of our PAHs • Average PEF value for each PAH is a better approximation of central tendency, and is consistent with the use of PEFs by other agencies • Result of using average, rather than upper-bound PEFs: slightly lower summed concentrations for adjusted PAHs, thus less apt to exceed ABC for total PAHs Documents can be provided upon request in an alternate format for individuals with disabilities or in a language other than English for people with limited English skills.