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Correctional Facility Analysis and Design a Major Qualifying Project

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Correctional Facility Analysis and Design a Major Qualifying Project Project Number: LDA 0602 Correctional Facility Analysis and Design A Major Qualifying Project Report: submitted to the Faculty of the WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science by ________________________________________ Travis Alexander ________________________________________ Jessica Farrell ________________________________________ Phillip Roy ________________________________________ Brian Twomey Date: March 02, 2006 Approved: ______________________________________ Professor L. D. Albano , Major Advisor 1. correctional facility 2. design 3. cost analysis Authorship The written works in this project were a wholly collaborative effort with the exception of the foundation design, exterior wall design, fire considerations and site design chapters. The preceding chapters were authored as such: • Foundation Design – Phillip Roy • Exterior Wall Design – Travis Alexander • Fire Considerations – Brian Twomey • Site Design – Jessica Farrell In regards to the physical design of the structures comprising this MQP, the reinforced concrete design was divided between Phillip Roy and Jessica Farrell. The structural steel design options were divided between Brian Twomey and Travis Alexander. ________________________________________ Travis Alexander ________________________________________ Jessica Farrell ________________________________________ Phillip Roy ________________________________________ Brian Twomey i Abstract This project investigated the design and analysis of various structural systems for a correctional facility, including an administrative office and detention center. Structural design using parametric analysis of alternative steel and reinforced concrete structural systems were conducted for gravity and lateral load resisting systems using IBC 2003. Performance analyses were generated based upon economy, feasibility, constructability, and serviceability. Additional study topics included foundation design, exterior wall design, fire considerations, and site design. ii Table of Contents Authorship............................................................................................................................ i Abstract............................................................................................................................... ii 1 Introduction................................................................................................................. 1 2 Background................................................................................................................. 6 2.1 A History of Incarceration .................................................................................. 6 2.1.1 Ancient Societies and Imprisonment .......................................................... 7 2.1.2 Imprisonment during the Middle Ages and Renaissance ........................... 8 2.1.3 Religious Confinement ............................................................................. 11 2.1.4 European Prisons of the 16th, 17th and 18th Centuries............................... 15 2.1.5 The Major Period of European Reform: 1780 to 1835............................. 22 2.1.6 The Early American Prison System.......................................................... 29 2.1.7 Reform of the Early American Prison System.......................................... 31 2.1.8 The Evolution of the United States Correctional System from 1835 to World War II............................................................................................................. 37 2.1.9 Conclusions............................................................................................... 40 2.2 Effects of Prison Overcrowding........................................................................ 41 2.2.1 Overcrowding Definition.......................................................................... 41 2.2.2 Causes of Overcrowding........................................................................... 41 2.2.3 Results of Overcrowding .......................................................................... 45 2.2.4 Costs of Overcrowding ............................................................................. 49 2.2.5 Conclusions............................................................................................... 50 2.3 Privatization vs. Public Ownership of Correctional Facilities.......................... 51 2.4 Correctional Facility Design Considerations.................................................... 52 2.4.1 Security and Visibility .............................................................................. 53 2.4.2 Inmate Service Implications for Layout ................................................... 54 2.5 Inmate Services................................................................................................. 54 2.6 Correctional Facility Location Considerations ................................................. 57 2.6.1 Site Location Considerations .................................................................... 58 2.6.2 Pros and Cons of Site Selection in Urban Locals ..................................... 60 2.6.3 Pros and Cons of Site Selection in Rural Locals ...................................... 63 2.6.4 “Not in My Backyard”.............................................................................. 66 2.6.5 Conclusions............................................................................................... 68 2.7 Security Considerations.................................................................................... 69 2.7.1 Security Breakdown.................................................................................. 70 2.7.2 Methods of Supervision............................................................................ 72 2.7.3 Major Design Issues.................................................................................. 73 2.7.4 Material Testing and Criteria.................................................................... 77 3 Methodology............................................................................................................. 87 3.1 Office Layout.................................................................................................... 87 3.2 Correctional Facility Layout............................................................................. 91 3.2.1 Cellblock Layout....................................................................................... 92 3.2.2 Core Layout.............................................................................................. 97 3.3 Material Considerations.................................................................................... 98 3.3.1 Material Selection Considerations ............................................................ 98 3.3.2 Composite Action..................................................................................... 98 iii 3.3.3 Wide-Flange Sections............................................................................. 100 3.3.4 Open-web Joists...................................................................................... 102 3.3.5 Reinforced Concrete............................................................................... 104 3.4 Gravity Systems.............................................................................................. 106 3.4.1 Gravity System Components .................................................................. 108 3.4.2 Design Procedure.................................................................................... 110 3.4.3 Gravity System Design in Steel .............................................................. 111 3.4.4 Gravity Design for Reinforced Concrete Structure ................................ 117 3.5 Evaluating Options..........................................................................................123 3.5.1 Value Engineering.................................................................................. 124 3.5.2 Evaluation in the Design Process............................................................ 125 3.5.3 Evaluation Considerations...................................................................... 127 3.5.4 Evaluating Strategies.............................................................................. 132 3.6 Lateral Design................................................................................................. 135 3.6.1 Lateral Considerations............................................................................ 135 3.6.2 Lateral Systems....................................................................................... 136 4 Results..................................................................................................................... 143 4.1 Gravity System Design Results ...................................................................... 143 4.1.1 Office Gravity System Design................................................................ 143 4.1.2 Prison Cellblock Gravity System Design ............................................... 145 4.1.3 Gravity System Design Results Conclusions.......................................... 147 4.2 Lateral System Design Results ....................................................................... 148 4.2.1 Concrete Option - Office ........................................................................ 148 4.2.2 Steel Option – Office and Prison ...........................................................
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