School of Built Environment Short-term custodial design is outdated: developing knowledge and initiatives for future research and a specialised strategic architecture for Police Custodial Facilities. Emil Jonescu This thesis is presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Curtin University September 2013 Declaration: To the best of my knowledge and belief this thesis contains no material previously published by any other person except where due acknowledgment has been made. This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university. Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisors for their expertise, tutelage, guidance and inspiration throughout the preparation of this thesis. I attribute this result in part to their encouragement. A special mention must be made of the administrative support given by members of Humanities staff and to all of the sworn, un-sworn, retired and previous members of the Western Australia Police (henceforth WA Police) who gave up their time to make this research possible, and in particular to staff of the WA Police Academic Research Administration Unit for their support. Finally, I thank my wife and family for their patience and support, for it is they who also sacrifice and have by default undertaken this research. i Content Index Preliminaries Page Title page Acknowledgements i List of Figures iii Definitions iv Timeline of penal events vii Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Chapter 1. History of Punishment and WA Policing 19 2. Architectural Response: WA Prison Facilities 62 3. Architectural Response: Police Custodial Facilities 75 4. Case Study: Questionnaire, Site Analysis and Fieldwork Methodology 86 5. Survey and Site Visit Findings 128 6. Surveillance Principles 175 Conclusion 199 Reference List 206 Appendices 220 ii List of Figures Figure 1. Page 22. Bridewell plan similar to Eaton and Buckinghamshire Figure 2. Page 23. Proposed Fremantle Poorhouse Figure 3. Page 24. Mt Eliza Lock-up and Guard Room Figure 4. Page 47. York Court House and Police Lock-up/Police Gaol Figure 5. Page 49. Old Perth Police Lock-up and Juvenile Lock-up (Beaufort St, Perth) Figure 6. Page 52. Example of a Lock-up in the Perth Metropolitan Area Figure 7. Page 53. Example of a Lock-up in the Perth Metropolitan Area Figure 8. Page 54. Example of a Lock-up in the Perth Metropolitan Area Figure 9. Page 55. Example of a Lock-up in the Perth Metropolitan Area Figure 10. Page 56. Example of a Lock-up in the Perth Metropolitan Area Figure 11. Page 64. Perth Waterside Lock-up/Police Gaol (St Georges Terrace, Perth) Figure 12. Page 67. Guildford Lock-up/Police Gaol Figure 13. Page 68. Old Perth Gaol (Beaufort St, Perth) Figure 14. Page 145. Example of a Lock-up in the Perth Metropolitan Area Figure 15. Page 181. Example of a Lock-up in the Perth Metropolitan Area iii Definitions ABS Australian Bureau of Statistics Auxiliary Officer Officer appointed under the Police Act to provide support to sworn police officers with custodial duties as well as a range of other support tasks using specific police powers and training BCA Building Code of Australia BMW Building Management and Works Bridewell The royal palace’s detention facility originally named after the nearby 16th century Well of St Bride. Bridewells came to be recognised as custodial facilities and similar subsequent facilities were referred to as Bridewells. The term ‘Bridewell’ is still used today in reference to some police station holding facilities throughout the United Kingdom. CCTV Closed Circuit Television or recordable security vision CDG Custodial Design Guidelines CJS Criminal Justice System Cross-talk Ability to communicate via unconventional and unintended methods due to poor sound isolation, including physical separation, mechanical ducts, pipework etc. COPs Commissioner’s Orders and Procedures Custodial Officer A category of police employed under a civilian agreement attached to the Perth Watch House providing custodial support. WAP no longer recruits personnel to form part of this category. Dado Line A horizontal line created where two colours meet, usually 1200mm above a finished floor level creating a two-tone colour scheme iv Direct supervision Constant surveillance applied in New Generation prisons achieving continual contact and interaction with all prisoners at all times DCS Department of Corrective Services Exercise yard A generally well-proportioned breakout area for detainees usually with access to natural light, ventilation and sometimes a view to the sky and outdoor sounds Houses of Correction (See Workhouses) HR Human Resources JPA Joondalup Police Academy LMP London Metropolitan Police New Generation (Design) A strategic and unique spatial layout associated with prison environments beginning in the 1980s. OIC Officer In Charge of a facility, shift or station, usually a sergeant or above but on occasion or in specific locations an experienced senior constable. Panopticon A panopticon is a type of building that allows a watchman to observe all inmates of an institution without them being able to tell if they are being watched. PCF/s Police Custodial Facility[ies] Police ‘Gaols’ Historically refers to facilities used for holding criminals awaiting trial or those convicted of relatively minor crimes serving short sentences, similar to the American jails that serve a similar purpose. Confinement and isolation in such facilities are at best short-term security measures (United Nations Social Defence Research Institute 1975, 2). Police Lock-up A generic term for a short-term police custodial facility used for temporary holding v Regimental Numbers Unique official identification numbers (usually affixed to the breast or collar of military and police uniforms) which identify its individual members Poorhouses Publicly funded, privately administered institutions for living for the poor and destitute (who are typically) unable to work. PWH (existing) Perth Watch House (WA Police Complex between Hay Street and Adelaide Terrace, East Perth) previously named East Perth Lock-up PWH (proposed new) Perth Watch House (Cnr Fitzgerald and Roe streets, Perth) RE Royal Engineer RCIADIC Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody Sally Port A secure vehicular annex and entry point associated with custodial facilities for secure transfer of people from a vehicle to the facility Silhouette Line (See Dado line) SOP Standard Operating Procedures STCF/s Short-Term Custodial Facility[ies], a custodial facility specifically intended to temporarily hold people – PCFs, detention centres, remand centres or other similar facilities Trustee Prisoner or ‘Trusty’ prisoner – a low-risk and DCS/WA Police approved person who for the remainder of their short custodial sentence lives in a PCF instead of prison, with some autonomy in return for domestic labour Tun A facility for temporary overnight confinement of people arrested during the hours of darkness Workhouses Publicly funded, privately administered institutions where debtors would live and work with the intention of paying off debts and the indigent laboured for food WACJS West Australian Criminal Justice System vi Timeline of penal events • 1704 Fraud’s Workhouse a basis model for RCC custodial facilities • 1764 Cesare Beccaria's Dei Delitti e Delle Pene published • 1791 Bentham’s Panopticon drawings completed by Willey Reveley • 1812-21 Millbank Prison construction period (part facility open in 1816) • 1826 WA first settled in King George Sound (near current Albany) • 1829 Swan River Colony (SRC) first settled • 1829 London Metropolitan Police established by Sir Robert Peel • 1829 Henry Willey Reveley first civil engineer to SRC (son of Willey Reveley) • 1830-31 Round House construction complete • 1830 Perth Waterside Lock-up completed (St Georges Terrace) • 1830-48 Public executions and chain gangs to be phased out • 1838-49 Rottnest Prison completed and functional • 1840-42 Pentonville Prison construction period (still in operation) • 1841 Guildford Lock-up/Gaol opened • 1842 Thomas Hill Dixon, member of London Metropolitan Police [LMP] (later Superintendent of Convicts - WA) • 1849-56 Rottnest Prison unused in this period • 1851-59 Fremantle Prison constructed under EYW Henderson • 1852 Richard Roach Jewell becomes the Director of Public Works • 1852 York Lock-up/Gaol constructed • 1853 WA Police considered as a structured organisation • 1854-66 Perth Gaol construction works • 1855 Perth Waterside Lock-up closed • 1856 Mt Eliza Lock-up/Gaol operational • 1863-69 EYW Henderson prisons Surveyor General & Military Prisons Inspector General • 1864 Fremantle Asylum construction complete • 1869-86 EYW Henderson Commissioner of LMP • 1871 Quad Native Prison built Rottnest Island • 1874 Poor House proposed for Fremantle • 1888 Perth Gaol last prisoner transferred to Fremantle Prison vii • 1890 Millbank Prison closed • 1897 Perth Lock-up construction complete Cnr Roe and Beaufort streets • 1898 Royal Commission Fremantle instigated by facility conditions • 1901 Federation • 1902 Rottnest no longer officially recognised as a prison island • 1903 Prisons Act • 1904-07 Circular panoptic exercise yard built at Fremantle Prison • 1909 Fremantle Asylum designated to be used as a Poor House • 1909 Last female executed in WA, Fremantle Prison • 1911 Royal Commission Fremantle • 1920s Prison farm alternative gains popularity • 1925 Stateville Prison USA opened (still operational) • 1941 Fremantle Asylum no longer used as a poor house • 1942 Barton’s Mill classified