DOCSLIB.ORG

The Campaign to Abolish Imprisonment for Debt In

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Campaign to Abolish Imprisonment for Debt In THE CAMPAIGN TO ABOLISH IMPRISONMENT FOR DEBT IN ENGLAND 1750 - 1840 A thesis submitted in partial f'ulf'ilment of' the requirements f'or the Degree of' Master of' Arts in History in the University of' Canterbury by P.J. LINEHAM University of' Canterbury 1974 i. CONTENTS CHAPI'ER LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES • . ii PREFACE . • iii ABSTRACT . • vii ABBREVIATIONS. • •• viii I. THE CREDITOR'S LAW • • • • . • • • • 1 II. THE DEBTOR'S LOT • • . • • . 42 III. THE LAW ON TRIAL • • • • . • . • • .. 84 IV. THE JURY FALTERS • • • • • • . • • . 133 v. REACHING A VERDICT • • . • . • 176 EPILOGUE: THE CREDITOR'S LOT . 224 APPENDIX I. COMMITTALS FOR DEBT IN 1801 IN COUNTY TOTALS ••••• • • • • • 236 II. SOCIAL CLASSIFICATION OF DEBTORS RELEASED BY THE COURT, 1821-2 • • • 238 III. COMMITTALS FOR DEBT AND THE BUSINESS CLIMATE, 1798-1818 . 240 BIBLIOGRAPHY • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 242 ii. LIST OF TABLES TABLE I. Social Classirication of Debtors released by the Insolvent Debtors Court ••••••••• • • • 50 II. Prisoners for Debt in 1792. • • • • • 57 III. Committals to Ninety-Nine Prisons 1798-1818 •••••••••••• • • 60 IV. Social Classification of Thatched House Society Subscribers • • • • • • 94 v. Debtors discharged annually by the Thatched House Society, 1772-1808 ••••••••••• • • • 98 VI. Insolvent Debtors who petitioned the Court • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 185 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE ~ I. Committals for Debt in 1801. • • • • • 47 II. Debtors and the Economic Climate •••••••• • • • • • • • 63 iii. PREFACE Debtors are the forgotten by-product of every commercial society, and the way in which they are treated is often an index to the importance which a society attaches to its commerce. This thesis examines the English attitude to civil debtors during an age when commerce increased enormously. The chronological limits of the study are rather arbitrary, but they roughly circumscribe a period which began with the unquestioned rule of the "old law" over debtors, and ended when the first abolition act had been passed. Within this period I have sought to trace the movement of opinion, the forces by which it was fed, and the legislation in which it was reflected. Such a study has a number of inevitable limitations. In particular, over such a long period no single attitude can receive exhaustive study, and broad generalisations must be made which can be based on a study of only a fraction of contemporary comments on the law. Unfortunately the other alternative of a close study of a shorter period would have presented even more problems for a New Zealand student with limited primary resources. Moreover so little has been published on the conditions of the lower levels of commercial society, that a smaller topic would have lacked any wider perspective within which it might have been evaluated. There are only perfunctory references to bankruptcy and insolvency within available secondary materials on the period, and almost the only iv. commerce described is foreign trade, and industrial manufacturing. This study has in some ways served only to supply a possible general perspective on the treatment of debtors. Research would need to be extended to a far larger literature in order to confirm some arguments. Nevertheless I cannot complain of a lack of primary resources. Over such a long period there was a very substantial amount of material in the Parliamentary Papers and Debates, and the journals and magazines of the period. Through the generosity of the University of Canterbury History Department this was supplemented by a selection of pamphlets on microfilm • .Any study on such uncharted seas is never far from even vaster oceans both alluring and daunting. There are many links whic~might be made with other movements of opinion in the period. Thus although the immediately relevant secondary literature available to me was small, there were many studies within the period which had some bearing on the subject, if only by way of analysis of' parallel movements. I cannot pretend to have mapped or even to have noticed every one of these straits. It is therefore necessary to mention the debts I owe to those who guided me. Fortunately, unlike the insolvent debtors of eighteenth century England, I am not in danger of being imprisoned until I repay these debts, for in that case I too might face a lifetime of confinement. But, like those debtors who sought v. release under the Insolvent Debtors Act, I of'f'er instead a schedule of' my debts and creditors, conscious, as they were, that I risk perjury f'or f'ailing to mention some of those who helped me. My primary debt is to my supervisor, Dr. John Cookson, who suggested the topic, carefully pondered the varied questions I brought to him, and encouraged me to explore some of the links with the wider themes of the period. I am grateful to a number of friends and members of the Law Department who guided me through the jargon of the Common Law. I am also indebted to librarians in the Supreme Court in Christchurch, the Otago University Library, the Victoria University Library and the Alexander Turnbull Library. Particular thanks are due to the librarians in the University of Canterbury, who dragged the massive volumes of the Journals of' the House of' Commons from the basement, and searched f'or even less accessible if smaller works elsewhere. Mr Robert Erwin and Miss Barbara Lyon from the Reference Section were very kind, as was Miss Heather Cox who handled many elusive interloan requests. My thanks also to the Head Librarian for supplying for my use an electronic calculator. Others have assisted in various ways. My friend, Mr. John George of the Economics Department, University of Canterbury, guided the statistical analyses recorded in Appendix Three. My typist, Miss Colleen Taylor, has done an excellent job. Finally my brothers, parents, and f'riends have added vi. figures, proof-read chapters and endured my conversation on the subject over the last year. To all of these persons I am most grateful. The errors must remain mine alone. vii. ABSTRACT In the Common Law of England, a writ of capias could be used to arrest a debtor and hold him on bail or in prison until he was brought to trial, and there­ after until he paid the debt. This thesis studies the development of attitudes to this law in the period 1750 to 1840. At the commencement of this period the law was universally accepted, even if attempts were made to mitigate its harsh effects. By the end of the period, imprisonment before trial had been abolished, and imprisonment after trial had been restricted. This thesis explores attitudes to the old law and investigates the sources of criticism of it in the new moral attitudes of the period and the better informa- tion on the problem. Agitation by pamphleteers is traced. Nineteenth century criticisms of the practice are related not only to compassion but to new attitudes to the function of law, although the former motive is not discounted. Parliamentary reactions to the law are analysed, and there is special attention to reformers in Parliament, dating from Lord Beauchamp in 1780 to Henry Brougham in the eighteen-thirties. The political significance of reform is considered • .An account is given of the social problems caused by imprisonment for debt. The number who suffered such confinement is investigated, and the commercial background to the question. The "trading morality" of commercial parts of society is seen as the chief opponent of reform. viii. ABBREVIATIONS Account of the James Neild, Account of the Rise, Society Progress and Present State of the Society for the Relief and Discharge of Persons Imprisoned for Small Debts, fifteenth edition, London, 1808. Annual Register Bl. Comm. William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, Oxford, 1765. Reprinted, London, 1966. Journals of the House of Commons, 1547-1832. Dictionary of National Biography, ed. Leslie Stephen and s. Lee, London, 1908-9. English Historical Review Robertson and Ellis, ed., English Reports, London, 1908. GEC G.E. cfockayni/, The Complete Peerage, ed. G. White, et. al., second edition, London, 1910-1959. Gentlemen's Magazine Holdsworth w.s. Holdsworth, A History of English Law, fifth edition, London, 1942-. London Magazine Law Quarterly Review n.d. date of publication not given. w. Cobbett and T.C. Hansard ed., Parliamentary Debates, London, 1803-. Persons Confined James Neild, Account of Persons Confined for Debt in the various Prisons of England and Wales, London, 1800. w. Cobbett ed., The Parliamentary History of England from the Earliest Period to the Year 1803, London, 1806-1820. Great Britain, House of Commons, Parliamentary Papers. /_Where two page references are given to a report, they refer to the page in the report and in the volume.:;? ix. J. Almon and J. Debrett, ~ Parliamentary Register, London, 1775-1813. State of' the John Howard, The State of' the Prisons Prisons in England and Wales, f'ourth edition, Warrington, 1792. x. Then his lord, after that he had called him, said unto him, 0 thou wicked servant, I forgave thee all that debt, because thou desiredst me: Shouldest not thou also have had compassion on thy fellowservant, even as I had pity on thee? st. Matthew, xviii. 32-3. The text of Thomas Francklin, A Sermon preached in the Chapel, (1774), in support of the Thatched House Society. See p. 101. 1 • CHAPI'ER I THE CREDITOR'S LAW Imprisoning a man because he could not pay his debts! Seen from the vantage point of the twentieth century, the very concept seems barbaric. Twentieth century observers, it is true, think of most of the Common Law and Criminal Law of England in the past as cruel, but imprisonment for debt seems more harsh than other aspects of the Law. Eighteenth century observers would have also admitted that the law fell with a heavy hand upon its victims.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Prisons and Punishments in Late Medieval London
    Prisons and Punishments in Late Medieval London Christine Winter Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of London Royal Holloway, University of London, 2012 2 Declaration I, Christine Winter, hereby declare that this thesis and the work presented in it is entirely my own. Where I have consulted the work of others, this is always clearly stated. Signed: Date: 3 Abstract In the history of crime and punishment the prisons of medieval London have generally been overlooked. This may have been because none of the prison records have survived for this period, yet there is enough information in civic and royal documents, and through archaeological evidence, to allow a reassessment of London’s prisons in the later middle ages. This thesis begins with an analysis of the purpose of imprisonment, which was not merely custodial and was undoubtedly punitive in the medieval period. Having established that incarceration was employed for a variety of purposes the physicality of prison buildings and the conditions in which prisoners were kept are considered. This research suggests that the periodic complaints that London’s medieval prisons, particularly Newgate, were ‘foul’ with ‘noxious air’ were the result of external, rather than internal, factors. Using both civic and royal sources the management of prisons and the abuses inflicted by some keepers have been analysed. This has revealed that there were very few differences in the way civic and royal prisons were administered; however, there were distinct advantages to being either the keeper or a prisoner of the Fleet prison. Because incarceration was not the only penalty available in the enforcement of law and order, this thesis also considers the offences that constituted a misdemeanour and the various punishments employed by the authorities.
    [Show full text]
  • Queen's Bench Prison
    ENGLISH SLAVERY, QUEEN’S BENCH PRISON. Where Adversity is CRIMINAL, Oppression COMMENDABLE, Christian Neglect LAUDABLE, Vengeance HONORABLE, and Human Life and Murals, destructively MISERABLE' The law of arrest for debt is a permission to commit acts of greater oppression and inhumanity than are to be met with in slavery itself-—a permission to tear the father from his children—the husband from the distracted wife—and to hurryy him to a dungeon, TO UNGER out a life of pain and misery.”—The Earl of Eldon in a Debate on the African Slave Trade, “Contempt of Court” by tricks of law and cruel process, is more fatal still. Enquire in the Queen’s Bench Prison. General House of Agency for this greater than African Slave Trade. Messrs. Apollyon, Hell & Company, according whom they are bought at first cost and doomej “to Scripture—“I John, who am your Brother to Debtor Prison Slavery, Captivity, and Bop “and Companion in tribulation, was in the Isle dage, in a free country, even the Drunkarq “ called Patmos.” as a Prisoner by the Tyrant Land where the Drunkards sing that “ Brittani “ Domitian ; and heard behind me a great rules the Waves, ” and also what roars out ii voice as of a Trumpet, Saying I am he that midnight sacrifices to Bacchus, that “ Britonj “ liveth and was dead, and behold I am alive never shall be Slaves.” The Court of Chan “ for ever more and have the Keys.”—Write eery for “ Contempt of Court? and Lawyei ** the things which thou hast ,seen. and the for non-payment of Costs, have the honor ft « things which are.”—“ and unto Smyrna write be Slave Holders in this country for ten yeari « Behold the Devil shall cast some of you unt or for life, as the Records of the Bench an(| « Prison that ye may be tried, and ye shall he Fleet can testify.
    [Show full text]
  • London Metropolitan Archives Mayor's Court
    LONDON METROPOLITAN ARCHIVES Page 1 MAYOR'S COURT, CITY OF LONDON CLA/024 Reference Description Dates COURT ROLLS Early Mayor's court rolls CLA/024/01/01/001 Roll A 1298 - 1307 1 roll CLA/024/01/01/002 Roll B 1298 - 1307 1 roll CLA/024/01/01/003 Roll C 1298 - 1307 1 roll CLA/024/01/01/004 Roll D 1298 - 1307 1 roll CLA/024/01/01/005 Roll E 1298 - 1307 1 roll CLA/024/01/01/006 Roll F 1298 - 1307 1 roll CLA/024/01/01/007 Roll G 1298 - 1307 1 roll CLA/024/01/01/008 Roll H 1298 - 1307 1 roll CLA/024/01/01/009 Roll I 1298 - 1307 1 roll Plea and memoranda rolls CLA/024/01/02/001 Plea and Memoranda Roll 1323-1326 Former Reference: A1A CLA/024/01/02/002 Plea and Memoranda Roll 1327-1336 A sample image is available to view online via the Player and shows an llustration of a pillory (membrane 16 on Mayor's Court Plea and Memoranda Roll). To see more entries please consult the entire roll at London Metropolitan Archives. Former Reference: A1B LONDON METROPOLITAN ARCHIVES Page 2 MAYOR'S COURT, CITY OF LONDON CLA/024 Reference Description Dates CLA/024/01/02/003 Plea and Memoranda Roll 1332 Former Reference: A2 CLA/024/01/02/004 Plea and Memoranda Roll 1338-1341 Former Reference: A3 CLA/024/01/02/005 Plea and Memoranda Roll 1337-1338, Former Reference: A4 1342-1345 CLA/024/01/02/006 Plea and Memoranda Roll 1337-1339, Former Reference: A5 1341-1345 CLA/024/01/02/007 Plea and Memoranda Roll 1349-1350 Former Reference: A6 CLA/024/01/02/008 Plea and Memoranda Roll 1354-1355 12 April 1355 - Names of poulterers sworn to supervise the trade in Leaderhall, Poultry and St.
    [Show full text]
  • University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan SOCIAL CRITICISM in the ENGLISH NOVEL
    This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received 68-8810 CLEMENTS, Frances Marion, 1927- SOCIAL CRITICISM IN THE ENGLISH NOVEL: 1740-1754. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1967 Language and Literature, general University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan SOCIAL CRITICISM IN THE ENGLISH NOVEL 1740- 175^ DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Frances Marion Clements, B.A., M.A. * # * * # * The Ohio State University 1967 Approved by (L_Lji.b A< i W L _ Adviser Department of English ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank the Library of Congress and the Folger Shakespeare Library for allowing me to use their resources. I also owe a large debt to the Newberry Library, the State Library of Ohio and the university libraries of Yale, Miami of Ohio, Ohio Wesleyan, Chicago, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa and Wisconsin for their generosity in lending books. Their willingness to entrust precious eighteenth-century volumes to the postal service greatly facilitated my research. My largest debt, however, is to my adviser, Professor Richard D. Altick, who placed his extensive knowledge of British social history and of the British novel at my disposal, and who patiently read my manuscript more times than either of us likes to remember. Both his criticism and his praise were indispensable. VITA October 17, 1927 Born - Lynchburg, Virginia 1950 .......... A. B., Randolph-Macon Women's College, Lynchburg, Virginia 1950-1959• • • • United States Foreign Service 1962-1967. • • • Teaching Assistant, Department of English, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1962 .....
    [Show full text]
  • John Wilkes: the Scandalous Father of Civil Liberty
    John Wilkes: The Scandalous Father of Civil Liberty ARTHUR H. CASH John Wilkes THE SCANDALOUS FATHER OF CIVIL LIBERTY Yale University Press New Haven & London Published with assistance from the Annie Burr Lewis Fund and from the foundation established in memory of Philip Hamilton McMillan of the Class of 1894, Yale College. Copyright ∫ 2006 by Arthur H. Cash All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publishers. Set in Sabon type by Keystone Typesetting, Inc. Printed in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cash, Arthur H. (Arthur Hill), 1922– John Wilkes : the scandalous father of civil liberty / Arthur H. Cash. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. isbn-13: 978-0-300-10871-2 (alk. paper) isbn-10: 0-300-10871-0 (alk. paper) 1. Wilkes, John, 1727–1797. 2. Great Britain—Politics and government—1760– 1789. 3. Freedom of the press—Great Britain—History—18th century. 4. Civil rights—Great Britain—History—18th century. 5. Politicians—Great Britain— Biography. 6. Journalists—Great Britain—Biography. I. Title. da512.w6c37 2006 941.07%3%092—dc22 2005016633 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources.
    [Show full text]
  • Correctional Facility Analysis and Design a Major Qualifying Project
    Project Number: LDA 0602 Correctional Facility Analysis and Design A Major Qualifying Project Report: submitted to the Faculty of the WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science by ________________________________________ Travis Alexander ________________________________________ Jessica Farrell ________________________________________ Phillip Roy ________________________________________ Brian Twomey Date: March 02, 2006 Approved: ______________________________________ Professor L. D. Albano , Major Advisor 1. correctional facility 2. design 3. cost analysis Authorship The written works in this project were a wholly collaborative effort with the exception of the foundation design, exterior wall design, fire considerations and site design chapters. The preceding chapters were authored as such: • Foundation Design – Phillip Roy • Exterior Wall Design – Travis Alexander • Fire Considerations – Brian Twomey • Site Design – Jessica Farrell In regards to the physical design of the structures comprising this MQP, the reinforced concrete design was divided between Phillip Roy and Jessica Farrell. The structural steel design options were divided between Brian Twomey and Travis Alexander. ________________________________________ Travis Alexander ________________________________________ Jessica Farrell ________________________________________ Phillip Roy ________________________________________ Brian Twomey i Abstract This project investigated the design and analysis of various
    [Show full text]
  • Imprisoned Debtors
    RESEARCH GUIDE 66 - Imprisoned Debtors CONTENTS Introduction Records of Debtors Records of Bankrupts Reading List Introduction By the 14th century all creditors could cause those owing them money to be committed to prison to try to secure the payment of their debts. Before 1841 the legal status of being a bankrupt and therefore able to pay off creditors and be discharged of all outstanding debts was confined to traders owing more than £100. Many debtors who were not traders or who owed less than £100 were confined indefinitely in prison, responsible for their debts but unable to pay them. They were often held in the same prisons as those remanded for trial and convicted offenders and formed one of the largest groups of prisoners. In 1776 John Howard found that 2,437 out of a total of 4,084 inmates were imprisoned for debt. Until 1869 debtors were allowed extensive privileges compared to other prisoners, including being allowed visitors, their own food and clothing, and the right to work at their trade or profession as far as was possible in prison. Periodic Acts of Parliament (37 between 1670 and 1800) for the Relief of Insolvent Debtors allowed the release of debtors from prison if they applied to a Justice of the Peace and submitted a schedule of their assets. In 1813 a Court for the Relief of Insolvent Debtors was established. The 1844 Insolvency Act abolished imprisonment for debts under £20 and allowed private persons to become bankrupts and lowered the financial limit to £50. The 1861 Bankruptcy Act abolished the Court for the Relief of Insolvent Debtors and transferred its jurisdiction to the Bankruptcy Court.
    [Show full text]
  • Grosvenor Prints Catalogue for July 2007
    Grosvenor Prints 19 Shelton Street Covent Garden London WC2H 9JN Tel: 020 7836 1979 Fax: 020 7379 6695 E-mail: [email protected] www.grosvenorprints.com Dealers in Antique Prints & Books Catalogue for July 2007 Item 4 The Arts 3. Veduta Indiana. 1. Zacherias. A.Basoli inv e dip. G.Sandri dis. L. e F. Basoli inc. MA Bonaroti Inve. Piroli f. [n.d., c.1810.] Engraving [Italy, 1821.] Sepia aquatint with line. 295 x 390mm, in brown ink, 370 x 260mm. 14½ x 10¼". £130 11¾ x 15¼". £160 The Old Testament Prophet Zechariah, after the fresco The exterior of an Indian fort. One of three designs by by Michelangelo (1475 - 1564) on the ceiling of the Antonio Basoli for the 1813 production of Gioja's Sistine Chapel. ballet, 'Riti Indiani', published in Basoli's 'Collezione di Engraved by Tommaso Piroli (1752 - 1824) in Rome, varie scene teatrali', 1821. probably from a folio of Michelangelo's designs. Stock: 11607 Stock: 11684 4. Drury Lane Christmas Pantomime. 2. [Man tuning a lute while a woman leafs Hop O' My Thumb. through a song book; three other figures.] [n.d., c.1911?] Ink and watrecolour. Sheet 360 x Wateaux P. N Parr f.(?) [n.d., c.1750.] Etching, 90 x 250mm, 14 x 10". £240 100mm. 3½ x 4". Slightly foxed. £75 A painted playbill for a pantomime version of 'Le Petit A familiar theme of figures playing music and singing Poucet', a fairy tale by Charles Perrault (1628-1703). after Antoine Watteau (1684 - 1721). It appears that There were productions at Drury Lane in 1864, 1892 & Nathaniel Parr (1739 - 1751; active), the London 1911.
    [Show full text]
  • Venues of Popular Politics in London, 1790–C. 1845
    Bibliography Primary sources Archival sources Arundel Castle Archives ACC2 Strand Estate Papers AC MSS, Howard Letters and Papers, 1636–1822, II Bishopsgate Institute Papers of George J. Holyoake British Library Francis Place Papers Correspondence of Leigh Hunt City of Westminster Archives Foster, D. Inns, Tavern, Alehouses, Coffee Houses etc, In and Around London, vol. 20, c. 1900. Guildhall Library Collection Nobel Collection: Surrey Institution Papers. Norman Collection: Collection of newspaper and other cuttings related to London inns, taverns, coffeehouses, clubs, tea gardens, music halls, c.1885–1900, 5 vols. Henry E. Huntington Library, San Marino, California Richard Carlile Papers London Metropolitan Archives Rendle Collection, Southwark File 287 Radical Spaces Middlesex Sessions of the Peace Papers Public Record Office Home Office Papers HO40/20-25 British Nineteenth Century Riots and Disturbances. HO64 Discontent and Authority in England 1820–40. HO64/11 Police and Secret Service Reports, 1827–1831, Police and Secret Service Reports, reports from Stafford of Seditious Meetings, Libellous Papers, 1830–33. HO64/12 Police and Secret Service Reports, 1832. HO64/13 Secret Service Miscellaneous Reports and Publications HO64/15 Reports 1834–37. HO64/16 Reports and Miscellaneous, 1827–33. HO64/17 Police and Secret Service Reports, 1831. HO64/18 Seditious Publications, 1830–36. Southwark Local Studies Library Surrey Institution/Rotunda Collection Wellcome Library ‘Surrey Rotunda’ Collection, 1784–1858. West Yorkshire Archive Service, Leeds Humphrey Boyle Papers Contemporary newspapers and periodicals Bell’s Life in London, 14 July 1822. Bell’s Weekly Messenger, 14 November 1830. Black Dwarf, 1820–24, selected dates. Cobbett’s Weekly Political Register, 1816–30, selected dates.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 1 Guildford, Surrey, England
    A Blacksmith’s Tale Chapter 1 Guildford, Surrey, England Other People’s Research : A s previously intimated, I could have started off with a family which ha d solid records from which an extraction technique could have saved me much time and trouble in formulating the history o f this branch of the family . However, t he research carried out by others, which I had initially used as the basis for my own research into the MARTARs, MARTIRs, MARTERs and MART Y Rs of Guildford , ha s proved to be inaccurate and , in some cases , very mislead ing. T he se problem s did not manifest themselves until some years into my family history travails but when they did, it stopped me in my tracks for quite some time whilst having to re - arrange two family trees. F amily T ree Document entitled “MARTYR, MART AR, MARTER or MARTIR” : At some time around 2 006, a copy of a document entitled “MARTYR, MARTAR, MARTER or MARTIR” came into my possession . This ‘tree’ comprised three pages of tightly, type - written notes serially numbered , by person, from 1 through to 31 . Despite the fact that there is a number of errors in the script, including many typographical ones, the notes are worth reproducing in part here as it lays the foundation stone of t hat which follows . “ MARTYR, MARTAR, MARTER or MARTIR 1. Gui llelmus le M artre came from Flanders about 1360, A.D. his son is 2. Johannes, born circa 1360 died 1427 his son is, 3. Willelmus, born 1338 died in 1450 his son is, 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Who Owned Waterloo? Complete Bibliography ©Luke Reynolds, 2020 Complete Bibliography Archives Bodleian Librar
    Luke Reynolds – Who Owned Waterloo? complete Bibliography ©Luke Reynolds, 2020 Complete Bibliography Archives Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK British Library, London, UK Hartley Library, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK Kent Archives Office, Kent, UK Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa, Canada National Archives, Kew, UK National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh, UK National Records of Scotland, Edinburgh, UK Royal Academy Archive, Royal Academy, London, UK. McGill University Library, McGill University, Montreal, Canada Stratfield Saye House Archive, Stratfield Saye, Hampshire, UK Tate Britain, London, UK Templer Study Centre, National Army Museum, London, UK Theatre and Performance Collections, Victoria & Albert Museum, London, UK Toronto Reference Library, Toronto, Canada University Library, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Yale Center for British Art, New Haven, CT, USA Museums Apsley House, London, UK. Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. The British Museum, London, UK. Harewood House, Leeds, UK. National Army Museum, London, UK People’s History Museum, Manchester, UK The Royal Collection Trust, Windsor Castle Luke Reynolds – Who Owned Waterloo? complete Bibliography ©Luke Reynolds, 2020 Surgeons’ Hall Museums, Edinburgh, UK Tate Research Groups, Tate Britain, London, UK Databases 200 Objects of Waterloo, Waterloo 200 Art UK Australian Dictionary of Biography Dictionary of Canadian Biography Grove Art Online Hansard Historic Hansard Measuring Worth Oxford Dictionary of National Bibliography Statistics
    [Show full text]
  • Joe Kelly 2016
    University of Bristol Department of Historical Studies Best undergraduate dissertations of 2016 Joe Kelly Passive Protest: Investigating Middle Class Absenteeismduring the Bristol Riots, October 1831 The Department of Historical Studies at the University of Bristol is com- mitted to the advancement of historical knowledge and understanding, and to research of the highest order. Our undergraduates are part of that en- deavour. Since 2009, the Department has published the best of the annual disserta- tions produced by our final year undergraduates in recognition of the ex- cellent research work being undertaken by our students. This was one of the best of this year’s final year undergraduate disserta- tions. Please note: this dissertation is published in the state it was submitted for examination. Thus the author has not been able to correct errors and/or departures from departmental guidelines for the presentation of dissertations (e.g. in the formatting of its footnotes and bibliography). © The author, 2016 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means without the prior permission in writing of the author, or as expressly permitted by law. All citations of this work must be properly acknowledged. Passive Protest: Investigating Middle Class Absenteeism during the Bristol Riots, October 1831 W. J. Müller, Queen Square on the night of Sunday 30 Oct. 1831 (1831), Bristol Reference Library. Word Count: 8985 1 Contents Introduction ...............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]