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Saanich Morphology and Phonology' Is Based on Field Work Carried out During the Summers of 1978 Through 1981

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Saanich Morphology and Phonology' Is Based on Field Work Carried out During the Summers of 1978 Through 1981 An Outline of the Morphology and Phonology of Saanich 07/05/2005 10:08 AM PREFACE This slightly revised version of my 1984 University of Hawaii dissertaion 'Saanich Morphology and Phonology' is based on field work carried out during the summers of 1978 through 1981. I have since been back to Saanich country and worked with a number of other speakers. The analyses presented here have, for the most part, been confirmed. At least the basic distributional properties of the forms discussed here seem to be correct. I have, however, discovered a few lexical suffixes and post-predicate particles not mentioned here. The analyes I have been rethinking are those of the reduplicative processes and the demonstrative particles. I now feel that at least soem of the reduplicative processes analyzed as vowelless with a subsequent insertion of schwa might be better analyzed as having an underlying full vowel that reduces when unstressed. The problems with the demonstratives involve the two formatives referring to place and their relationship to a preposition /ƛ̕əʔ/ which indicates direction toward a specific place. It is my hope that this work will be useful despite its holes. They will never be all patched; "all grammars leak." A Elsie Claxton put it when as a summer was coming to an end I expressed to her how much more I wanted to learn about her language: "sk̕ʷey kʷs ʔaw̕k̕ʷs." There's no end to it. Research for this work was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation and the National Endowment for the Humanities through the Northwest Indian Languages Studies Project under the direction of Professor Laurence C. Thompson and by grants from the Melville and Elizabeth Jacobs Fund of the Whatcom Museum and the Phillips Fund of the American Philosophical Society. Office space and computer facilities were provided through the Linguistics Laboratory of the University of Montana. I am deeply grateful to Professor Thompson and M. Terry Thompson for introducing me to Salish linguistics and for their continued support and encouragement. Professor Thompson has been an inspiration both in his ideas of the details of Straits grammar and in his general approach to linguistic scholarship. The comments on drafts of this work from Thom Hess, M. Dale Kinkade, and Anthony Mattina, have been invaluable. Professor Hess introduced me to the Saanich people and kindly made the material he has collected on the language available to me. Innumerable discussions with Professor Mattina have helped clarify my ideas on many of the issues presented here. I also thank for their comments Iovanna Condax, Ivy Doak, Gregory Lee, Patricia Lee, Anatole Lyovin, and Peter Nicholson. I am grateful to Elsie Claxton, Vi Williams, Thomas Charles, Lillian Charles, and the people of the East Saanich and Becher Bay reserves for their hospitality and for patiently attempting to teach me their languages. http://www.cas.unt.edu/~montler/Saanich/Outline/index.htm Page 1 of 1 An Outline of the Morphology and Phonology of Saanich 07/05/2005 10:09 AM Contents Preface List of tables Abbreviations and symbols 0. Introduction 0.1. Place of Saanich in the Salish languages 0.2. Previous scholarship 0.3. Current status of the language. The informants 0.4. Purpose, focus, and structure of this study Notes to Section 0 1. Phonology 1.1. Consonants 1.1.1. Obstruents 1.1.2. Resonants. The status of glottalized resonants 1.2. Vowels 1.3. Canonical forms 1.4. Stress 1.4.1. Morpheme stress valence 1.4.2. Other factors 1.4.3. Metathesis 1.5. Other processes Notes to Section 1 2. Morphology 2.0. Outline of morphology - terminology Notes to Section 2.0 2.1. Prefixation (excluding person) 2.1.1. ∥s-∥ ‘nominalizer’ 2.1.2. ∥s-∥ ‘stative1’ 2.1.3. ∥xʷ-∥ ‘locative’ 2.1.4. ∥txʷ-∥ ‘mutative’ 2.1.5. ∥č-∥ ‘have’ 2.1.6. ∥šxʷ-∥ ‘reason for; means to’ 2.1.7. ∥čən̕-∥ ‘time of’ 2.1.8. ∥šxʷ-∥ ‘functioning as’ 2.1.9. ∥nə-∥ ‘basic color’ 2.1.10. ∥čə-∥ ‘single, alone’ 2.1.11. ∥ɬ-∥ ‘partake’? Notes to Section 2.1. 2.2. Suffixation (excluding person and voice) 2.2.1. ∥-i∥ ‘persistent’ 2.2.2. ∥-əɬ∥ ‘durative’ 2.2.3. ∥-t∥ ‘stative2’ http://www.cas.unt.edu/~montler/Saanich/Outline/index.htm Page 1 of 4 An Outline of the Morphology and Phonology of Saanich 07/05/2005 10:09 AM 2.2.4. ∥-il∥ ‘directional’ 2.2.5. ∥-ásəŋ̕∥ ‘directionless’ 2.2.6. ∥-él̕ŋən∥ ‘desiderative’ 2.2.7. /-tən/ ∼ /-ən/ ‘instrumental’ 2.2.8. ∥-nəq∥ ‘habitual’ 2.2.9. ∥-əl̕∥ ‘modified color’ 2.2.10. Lexical suffixes 2.2.10.0. Introduction 2.2.10.1. List 2.2.10.2. Connectors Notes to Section 2.2. 2.3. Radical morphological processes 2.3.0. Introduction 2.3.1. C1C2+ ‘characteristic’ 2.3.2. C1+ with /(ʔ)/ ‘diminutive’ 2.3.3. Plural 2.3.3.1. +C1í 2.3.3.2. C1C2+ 2.3.3.3. C1C2+ with C2 being /l/ or /l̕/ 2.3.3.4. /(l)/ 2.3.3.5. Stems that apparently do not change 2.3.3.6. Unaccounted for ‘plurals’ 2.3.4. C1C2+ ‘repetitive’ 2.3.5. Actual aspect 2.3.5.1. /(ʔ)/ 2.3.5.2. C1+ 2.3.5.3. C1+ 2.3.5.4. Stress shift/metathesis 2.3.5.5. Morphemes with special ‘actuals’ 2.3.5.6. Unaccounted for ‘actuals’ 2.3.6. Resultive 130 2.3.6.1. C1+ 2.3.6.2. ə/a, ə/e ablaut 2.3.7. +C2 ‘out-of-control’? 2.3.8. Ordering of radical morphological processes 2.3.9. Unaccounted for reduplication Notes to Section 2.3. 2.4. Person 2.4.0. Introduction 2.4.1. Predicative 2.4.2. Possessive 2.4.3. Objective 2.4.4. Subjective 2.4.5. Summary paradigms http://www.cas.unt.edu/~montler/Saanich/Outline/index.htm Page 2 of 4 An Outline of the Morphology and Phonology of Saanich 07/05/2005 10:09 AM Notes to Section 2.4. 2.5. Voice 2.5.0. Introduction 2.5.1. Control 2.5.2. Transitives 2.5.2.1. ∥-ət∥ ‘control transitive’ 2.5.2.2. ∥-naxʷ∥ ‘non-control transitive’ 2.5.2.3. ∥-staxʷ∥ ‘causative’ 2.5.2.4. ∥-nəs∥ ‘purposive’ 2.5.2.5. ∥-əs∥ ‘effort’? 2.5.3. Factives. 2.5.3.1. ∥-si∥ ‘indirective’ 2.5.3.2. ∥-ŋiy∥ ‘relational’ 2.5.4. Intransitives. 2.5.4.1. /-əlaʔ/ ∼ /-el̕s/ ‘structured activity’ 2.5.4.2. ∥-əŋ∥ ‘control middle’ 2.5.4.3. ∥-naŋət∥ ‘non-control middle’ 2.5.4.4. ∥-əŋ∥ ‘passive’ 2.5.4.5. ∥-tal̕∥ ‘control reciprocal’ 2.5.4.6. ∥-nəwel∥ ‘non-control reciprocal’ 2.5.4.7. ∥-sat∥ ‘reflexive’ Notes to Section 2.5. 2.6. Particles 2.6.1. Pre-predicate particles 2.6.1.1. ∥kʷɬ∥ ‘realized’ 2.6.1.2. ∥sə∥ ‘unrealized’ 2.6.1.3. ∥ʔiʔ∥ ‘accompanying’ 2.6.1.4. ∥ʔəw̕∥ ‘contemporaneous’ 2.6.1.5. ∥čəɬ∥ ‘immediate past’ 2.6.1.6. ∥təwə∥ ‘still, yet’ 2.6.1.7. ∥ʔiʔwəwə∥ ‘perhaps’ 2.6.2. Post-predicate particles 2.6.2.0. Introduction 2.6.2.1. First position. 2.6.2.1.1. ∥ə∥ ‘yes/no question’ 2.6.2.1.2. ∥čə∥ ‘command’ 2.6.2.2. Second position 2.6.2.2.1. ∥č̕əʔ∥ ‘evidential’ 2.6.2.2.2. ∥yəq∥ ‘optative’ 2.6.2.2.3. ∥yəxʷ∥ ‘conjectural’ 2.6.2.2.4. ∥q∥ ‘conditional’ 2.6.2.3. Third position. 2.6.2.3.1. ∥ləʔ∥ ‘past’ 2.6.2.3.2. ∥səʔ∥ ‘future’ http://www.cas.unt.edu/~montler/Saanich/Outline/index.htm Page 3 of 4 An Outline of the Morphology and Phonology of Saanich 07/05/2005 10:09 AM 2.6.2.4. Fourth position 2.6.2.5. Fifth position. 2.6.2.5.1. ∥q̕əʔ∥ ‘emphatic’ 2.6.2.5.2. ∥kʷəʔ∥ ‘informative’ 2.6.2.5.3. ∥ʔačə∥ ‘request information’ 2.6.2.5.4. ∥kʷəče∥ ‘explanative’ 2.6.2.5.5. ∥helə∥ ‘2nd person pluralizer’ 2.6.2.5.6. ∥ʔal̕∥ ‘limiting’ 2.6.2.6. Unknown position 2.6.2.6.1. ∥čtəʔ∥ ‘probable’ 2.6.2.6.2. ∥waʔačə∥ ‘presumptive’ 2.6.3. Demonstratives. 2.6.3.0. Bases: ∥-eʔə∥, ∥-iʔə∥, ∥-əwlə∥, ∥-ə∥ 2.6.3.1. ∥kʷ-∥ ‘invisible, remote’. 2.6.3.2. ∥t-∥ ‘not invisible or generally existent’ 2.6.3.3. ∥θ-∥ ‘particular feminine individual’ 2.6.3.4. ∥s-∥ ‘particular individual, thing, or class’ 2.6.3.5. ∥l-∥ ‘particular place’ ∥ɬ-∥ ‘particular near place’ 2.6.3.6. Unresolved problems 2.6.4. Other particles 2.6.4.1. ∥ʔə∥ ‘oblique case marker’ 2.6.4.2. ∥kʷə∥ ‘subordinator’ Notes to Section 2.6. 3. Sample text: ‘Raven abandons his son’ 3.1. Text with interlinear analysis 3.2. Sentence by sentence translation References List of Tables 1. Consonants 2. Vowels 3. Lexical suffixes 4. Predicative pronominals 5. Possessive pronominals 6. Object suffix set 1 7. Object suffix set 2 8. Main clause subject pronominals. 9. Subordinate clause subject pronominals 10. Pre-predicate particles 11. Post-predicate particles 12. Demonstrative formatives http://www.cas.unt.edu/~montler/Saanich/Outline/index.htm Page 4 of 4 An Outline of the Morphology and Phonology of Saanich 07/05/2005 10:10 AM Abbreviations and symbols 1SUBJ ‘first person subject’ . §2.6.2.4,§2.4.4. 1PLSUBJ ‘first person plural subject’ . §2.6.2.4,§2.4.4. 1OBJ ‘first person object’ . .§2.4.3. 1PLOBJ ‘first person plural object’ .
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