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Deeleman-Reinhold 1983 Histopona En.Pdf ~-,-------- ~------------- ~~~ I~(~' cJ~ tt---- f;;x.-&~ 325 THE GENUS fllSTOfliONA THORELL {J~raneae, t\gelen~dae) WITH DESCRIPTION OF T\NO NEVV CAVE-DWELLING SPECIES by Chrbt3 L. Dee!eman-Reinhold Sparrenlaan 8 Ossendrecht (Pays-Bas) The number of known species assigned to both Histopona Thorell and Roeweriana Kratochvil has in recent years been growing steadily. lvleanwhile, distinction between these genera is becoming vague, if existing at all. Thf genus Histopona was crea·:ed in 1869 for Tegenaria torpida (C.L. Koch), an epigean, agelenid spc('i(~s which, according to Thor·~ll (1 869) ·differs from other Tegenaria species by the slightly recurved posterior eye row and the distal ~ egment of the superior spinners longer than the basal segment. Later, T. /uxuriulls Kulczynski, T. conv,?nicns' KuJczynski, T. facta Kulczynski and T. sirlllata Kulczynski were added to Histopolla (Roewer, 19:)4; Lehtinen, 1967). Lehtinen also provided a diagno.;is of this genus. During the last decade, new species were assigned to Histopona by Brignoli (1976, 1977, J980) and Del­ tshev (1978). As the characters furnished by Thore!! do not always apply, many aut1Jor~ did not recogni­ ze the genus, among others Simon, Drensky, Bonnet, Wiehle and Loksa. Brignoli (1971 a) advocated the generic separation of H. torpida and related species from Tegenaria on the basis of the structure of the vulva: H. torpida is provided with an enlarged, membranous segment of the seminal duct, the «bursa copu!atrix», a conformation never found in any Tegenaria species and not unlike that found in the american genus Ageienopsis Giebel (Gering, 1953), but differing from t~Jat genus by the absence of " cOllpl:.ng cavity. I ilgree wil.h this point of view, the mOi-e since Hisfoporiil c8.tegorically differs from Tegenaria in some other respects too_ Rocl\-eria.'1a falls entireiy withiil the .limits of Hisfopolla. In the past, according to arachnological tradition, much weight has been accorded to eyelessness and many genera have been founded only' on this character. Thus arose genera like Typhloneta Ku1czynski 1914 for blind Trog/ohyphantes, Typhlonesticus Kulczynski 1914 for blind Nesticus, Adoxoneta Simon 1929 for a blind Centromerus, Typhforhode Kratochvil 1932 for blind Rhode etc. The genus Stalita Schibdte served for a long time as a dump for all sorts of unrelated bllnd Dysderidae. In general, the phylogenetic value of this character has heen grossly over-estimated. In /?,JclVeriana too, rnicrophthalmy is not valid as distinctive character. As phenotypic classification was gradually replaced by a phylogenetic system, it became clear that many anophthalmic and microphthalmic species are close relatives of forms with normal eyes. Loss of eyes in cavernicolous spiders shollid be regarded as a minor, relatively easily acquired adaptation. One of the first to realize this was Kratochvil (1938). Noticing the discrepancy in phylogenetic characters between Hadites tegenarioides Kcyserling and the rest of the Hadites species, he created the subgenus Roeweriana for the latter. Later, also Brignoli (1971 b) emphasized that the vulval structure in Hadites regel/arioides is fundamentally different from that in Roe..veriana, anei that the latter is close. to ifisropona (l972). True, Roewer,'ana species are like Hisropona characterized by the peculiar type of epigyne with translucent, marsupium-like valves ancl ample bursae copulatrices, but they remained for a time distinguishahle from His{o;JOna not only by their troglobitic appearance ancI geographical distribu­ tion, but also by a set of minor gEnitalic differcr:ces ill the male. However, \vith the discovery oCrnore species in Europe belonging to this complex and being interme­ diate in appearance, with a mixture of Hisropona and Roeweriana traits, the morphological gap between Christa Dceleman-Rcinhold 326 the two genera was overbridged . If Roeweriana were to be maintained as a separate subgenus or genus, I hen for the sake of consistency another such taxon would have to be created for each of the species iso/ata n .sp., itatica Brignoli and pa/aeo/ithica Brignoli, whereas sinuata Kuk and vignai Brignoli would start to commute between them. In the present case, once again disappearance of functional eyes is of little value for c1assi fication. There is no reason to treat Histopona and Roeweriana as separate genera. Histopona s.l. as defined below is equipped with a set of non-pareil, synapornorphic characters. GENUS HISTOPONA THORELL Type species: Histopona torpida (C.L. Koch) ';yn. : Roeweriana Kratochvil 1938, type species R. bidens Absolon & Kratochvil 1932. Dil1xnosis. Spiders of medium size, resembling Tegenaria and Textrix. Head with straight front and parallel sides, sometimes slightly constricted behind the eye region. Width of head approxim:A~ely half the maximum width of carapace. Anterior median eyes, when fully developed, 2-3 times smaller than amerior laterals, the former may even be lacking; anterior row straight. Posterior eye row straight or sllghtly recurved, posterior eyes equal in siz.e to anterior laterals and about one d apart. In many of the southern species eyes reduced in size and unpigmented. Chelicerae with lateral condyle and 3-4 teeth in the anterior, 3-7 in the posterior row. Sternum pointed between coxae IV. Legs of medium length, trochanters notched, all segments except coxae and trochanters with spines; tar.s..i I-Ill spineless, tarsi IV with 1-2 prolateral spines. Legs TV IO-20 070 longer than legs I. Distal segmeIltOf"ftlperior spinners as long as or slightly shorter than basal segment, inferior spinners 8S long as basal segment of superior spinners, but stouter than these, l:olull13 small, p~in:~c!:-, /, Male palp with or without patellar apophysis and with one or more tibial apophyses. Cymbium distally constricted, elongate, embolus long and thread-like, supported by the conductor; radix sometimes w1th Cl ridge or apophysis, median apophysis lacking. Epigyne typically larg~ and bulging, a translucent, marsupium-like, srnoothvalve arising from the posterior margin, constricted in the middle or bipartite, ,:ovcring the entrance apertures of the vulva. The internal paired copulatory organ consisting of an entrance aperture, leading into the ample, plicate and coiled bursa copulatrix, which is connected I hrough a strongly sclerotized and ,coloured cluct into the spermathecae, the latter having a posterior position and opening through a short fertilisation duct into the ut.erus. Similar, but. smaller epigynal v,tlves are found in Hadites tegenarioides KeyserJing ancl in Malthonica dear/ali Brignoli, but. these spe,;ies differ fundamentally both in vulval st.ructure and in somatic characters. The males of both these species are unknown. The ant.erior median eyes in Histopona are much smaller than those in Tegellaria,. the median apophysis, always present in male palps of Tegena­ ria, is lacking in Histopona. Funhermore, Histopona can be distinguished in the field from Tegenaria by its vagary habits, its stouter less and its narrower head. The genus is also related to Textrix, but this latter genus has a much stronger recurved posterior eye row, longer distal segments on the superior spin­ ners, fewer cheliceralteeth and its genital organs are basically different. Many species, particularly those with southern ranges, are cave-dwelling and show various degrees of adaptation to the hypogean environment. They are usually larger than epigean species (exception: pa­ laeofithica) and paler in colour ; the vivid pattern on the abdomen of epigean species is lost and the anl1ulations on the femora disappear. The erect, tactile hairs on the sternum and underside of the coxae and fc:mora are longer and more dense than in the epigean species. These adaptations have been pushed furthest in group myops : these spiders have a troglobitic appearance, are uniform pale yellow and the eyes are reduced in size and pigm,~ntless. Loss of eyes is rare, but loss of the anterior medians seems to be a specific character in pa/aeo/it!!ica. gecords from caves in northern 'Yugoslavia concern the epigean species torpida and luxurians. In the cave-dwelling species, adult males are rare. The genus now comprises the following species: - group torpida .' H. (ofpida (C.L. Koch), H. /uxurians (Kulczynski), H. conveniens (Ku!czynski), H. sinuata (Kulczynski), H. vignai Brignoli, /-1. egonpretneri n .sp. - group myops : H. myops (Simon), H. bidens (Absolon & Kratochvil), H. dubia (Absolon & Kratochvil), H. krivosija­ na (Absolon & Kratochvil), H hauseri (Brignoli), H. tran(eevi Deltshev. i am indcbted to P:·of. P.M. Brignoli f(,r lending mc types or par3ty;'cs of H. ilOlica, pa(aeoli/hica, vignai and sirinalii and for cornm,unicating nle his \"iews on tht' :a;xon,)rnic problems in ~his group. Ullkss orh(4rv..'ise st8[cd, the m~teri(-l1 entnlcnued below is in the coilection Dc-eleman. The genus Histopona 327 - group strinatii : H. strinatii (Brignoli), H. isolata n. sp. - group italiea : H. italiea Brignoli - group palaeolithiea : H. palaeolithiea (Brignoli) Key for identification of the species groups 1 a : Epigynal valve very small, undivided group palaeolithiea 1 b : Epigynal valve larger, constricted in the middle or composed of two halves ................. .. 2 2 a : Epigynal valve constricted in the middle; bursa copulatrix membranous, rigid ducti twisted but not coiled. Male palp : patella with apophysis (except vignai) conductor supporting the distal part of the embolus, the latter originating distally from the radix group torpida 2 b : Epigynal valve consisting of two separate halves. Male palp : patella without apophysis, embolus originating proximally from the radix ...................................................... .. 3 3 a : Bursa copulatrix with a median, unpaired and a lateral, paired section, the latter weakly sclero­ tized. Male palp : conductor small, basal part of embolus resting on apophysis of the radix of the same shape as the embolus amd partly fused with it ..................................... .. group italiea 3 b : Bursa copulatrix paired. Male palp with conductor, but no apophysis on the radix 4 4a : Bursa copulatrix rigid, ducti quasi helicoidally coiled, spermathecae situated near the middle .
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