Centro De Investigación Y De Estudios Avanzados Del Instituto Politécnico Nacional

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Centro De Investigación Y De Estudios Avanzados Del Instituto Politécnico Nacional Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional Unidad Irapuato Estudio del Minicromosoma de PepGMV durante su Ciclo Infectivo en Capsicum annuum Para obtener el grado de Doctora en Ciencias En la especialidad de Biotecnología de plantas Presenta Esther Adriana Ceniceros Ojeda Dirigida por Dr. Rafael Francisco Rivera Bustamante Irapuato, Gto. México Junio 2016 El presente trabajo se realizó en el Departamento de Ingeniería Genética del Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Irapuato. Bajo la dirección del Dr. Rafael Francisco Rivera Bustamante en el laboratorio de Virología Vegetal. Agradezco al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) por la beca 204167 otorgada durante el desarrollo de la presente Tesis doctoral en el Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Irapuato. Agradecimientos Al mi Profesor Dr. Rafael F. Rivera Bustamante, por aceptarme en su grupo de trabajo y darme la libertad de aprender. Al Dr. Edgar A. Rodríguez Negrete, por sus observaciones y discusiones que me ayudaron a ampliar mi visión sobre el problema. Al Profesor Dr. Jean-Philippe Vielle Calzada, por sus multiples comentarios, críticas y sugerencias que enriquecieron la presente tesis. Al Profesor Dr. Raúl Álvarez Venegas, por tener su puerta abierta para asesorarme siempre que necesite. A mi comité tutorial, Dr. Raúl Álvarez Venegas, Dr. Octavio Martínez de la Vega, Dra. Laura Silva Rosales, Dr. Jean-Philippe Vielle Calzada y el Dr. Robert Winkler, por sus observaciones y sugerencias. Al Profesor, Dr. Luis E. González de la Vara y a Barbara Lino Alfaro, por la asesoría brindada en la técnica de separación por gradiente de sacarosa, además de facilitarme el equipo para llevarla acabo. La Dra. Erandi Vargas Ortíz, por sus observaciones y comentarios en este trabajo. A Ana Mayela Ornelas Morín, por su ayuda técnica. A Alicia Chagoya López, por su ayuda en los análisis de proteínas. A Dora Elia Anguiano Jaime, por su eficiente ayuda en todo los trámites administrativos desde mi primer día como estudiante del CINVESTAV. A mis hermanitos del GeminiLab: Marco, Diana, Ruth, Roberto, Magda, Lucy, Myriam, Rocio y Jose Luis, por sus críticas y observaciones en mi trabajo, pero gracias principalmente por la agradable compañia. A toda mi familia, principalmente a mi máma y mi hermanita por su amor y apoyo incondicional. A mi familia Irapuatense, Erandi, Maye, Crys, Ari, Esme, Adrian y Dalia, por la motivación, las porras, el cariño y el apoyo psicológico (siempre que fue necesario). A los compañeros integrantes de los equipos de Futbol y Voleibol, Gaby, Natzul, Selene, Emmanuel y GeminiLab, por los buenos momentos de desestrés. A mi nuevo Lab, de Proyectos Especiales II. Principalmente a la Dr. June Simpson, por aceptarme en su grupo de trabajo, para llevar acabo un nuevo reto. Gracias… ¡Totales! Índice General Índice de Figuras 4 Lista de Abreviaciones 5 Resumen 6 Abstract 7 I. Introducción 8 1.1 Geminivirus 8 1.1.1 Ciclo infectivo de los Begomovirus 9 1.1.2 Minicromosoma Viral 12 1.1.3 Transcripción viral 17 1.1.4 Replicación viral 18 1.2 Estructura de la Cromatina y Epigenética 20 1.2.1 Nucleosomas 21 1.2.2 Modificaciones Post-traduccionales de Histonas 23 1.2.3 Metilación del DNA 25 1.3 Interacción Geminivirus – Planta 29 1.3.1 Remisión de síntomas (Recuperación). 30 II. Hipótesis 35 III. Objetivos 35 3.1 Objetivo general 35 3.2 Objetivos particulares 35 IV. Materiales y Métodos 36 4.1 Inoculación de plantas de chile 36 4.2 Digestión con nucleasa micrococal e hibridación tipo Southern. 36 4.3 Purificación del minicromosoma de PepGMV 37 4.4 Ensayos de inmunoprecipitación de la cromatina 38 4.5 Sedimentación del minicromosoma viral por medio de gradientes discontinuos de sacarosa 39 4.6 Cuantificación del DNA viral por PCR tiempo real. 40 4.7 Cuantificación absoluta de ssDNA y dsDNA viral 41 4.8 Análisis de metilación del DNA viral por Bisulfito. 41 4.9 Identificación de las proteínas aisladas de MCV de Síntomas y Remisión 42 V. Resultados 43 5.1 Diferencias en la estructura del minicromosoma viral proveniente de tejido en síntomas y en remisión 43 5.2 Extracto enriquecido con minicromosoma viral 45 5.3 Comparación de poblaciones de minicromosoma viral de tejido sintomático y en remisión. 53 5.4 Cuantificación de dsDNA y ssDNA viral de F1S y F6R 57 5.5 Análisis de los niveles de metilación del minicromosoma viral de F1S y F6R por Bisulfito 58 5.6 Modificaciones de histonas en el minicromosoma viral de F1S y F6R 61 VI. Discusión 68 VII. Conclusión 80 VIII. Perspectivas 81 IX. Referencias 82 X. ANEXOS 94 Índice de Tablas y Figuras TABLA 1. MODIFICACIONES POST-TRADUCCIONALES DE HISTONAS ................................... 24 TABLA 2. ANOTACIÓN POR FUNCIÓN BIOLÓGICA DE LAS PROTEÍNAS ASOCIADAS AL MINICROMOSOMA DE SÍNTOMAS Y REMISIÓN ................................................................. 66 Figura 1. Mapa genómico PepGMV. ................................................................................. 9 Figura 2. Ciclo infectivo de los begomovirus. .................................................................. 11 Figura 3. Micrografía electrónica de minicromosoma viral. .............................................. 17 Figura 4. Esquema de los transcritos del genoma viral. .................................................. 18 Figura 5. Modelo de replicación del DNA geminiviral por circulo rodante (RCR). ............ 19 Figura 6. Estructura de la cromatina. .............................................................................. 21 Figura 7. Esquema de la Ruta “Canonica” de Metilacion del DNA dirigida por RNA (RdDM). ................................................................................................................... 28 Figura 8. Planta de chile infectada con PepGMV mostrando remisión de síntomas. ....... 32 Figura 9. Ensayo de sensibilidad a la nucleasa micrococal del minicromosoma obtenido de tejido de plantas sintomáticas y en remisión. ...................................................... 45 Figura 10. Extracción de MCV de núcleos obtenidos de tejido sintomático usando NaCl.47 Figura 11. Extracción de MCV usando diferentes estabilizadores de cromatina. ............. 48 Figura 12. Extracción de MCV usando detergentes. ....................................................... 49 Figura 13. Extractos de núcleos tratados con Sarkosyl, enriquecidos con minicromosoma viral. ......................................................................................................................... 51 Figura 14. Análisis de metilación de cccDNA viral por digestión con McrBC. .................. 52 Figura 15. Identificación de dos poblaciones virales en plantas infectadas con PepGMV. ................................................................................................................................. 56 Figura 16. Cuantificación de DNA viral de cadena sencilla (ss) y cadena doble (ds) en las fracciones F1S y F6R. .............................................................................................. 58 Figura 17. Análisis de alta resolución de los niveles metilación de las muestras F1S y F6R. ......................................................................................................................... 62 Figura 18. Análisis de modificaciones post-traduccionales de histonas asociadas a activación o represión en las poblaciones de minicromosoma viral de las fracciones F1S y F6R. ............................................................................................................... 62 Figura 19. Esquema de conjuntos de las proteínas asociadas al minicromosoma en síntomas y remisión ................................................................................................. 64 Figura 20. Clasificación por función biológica de las proteínas asociadas al minicromosoma de Síntomas y Remisión. .............................................................. 67 Figura 21. Esquema que muestra el estado de actividad viral vs efecto en el fenotipo observado (sintomático). ......................................................................................... 77 Figura 22. Modelo Propuesto para explicar la actividad del minicromosoma viral (MCV) de PepGMV durante su ciclo infectivo en Capsicum annuum. ..................................... 79 4 Lista de Abreviaciones AbMV: Virus del mosaico del abutilon, Abutilon mosaic virus. CP: Proteína de la cápside, Coat protein. Dpi: Días pos-inoculación. dsDNA: DNA de doble cadena, double stranded DNA. h.v. Hojas verdaderas. H3K4me3: Tri-metilación en la lisina 4 de la histona H3. H3K9me2: Di-metilación en la lisina 9 de la histona H3. IR: Región intergénica. MP: Proteína del movimiento viral, movement protein. NSP: Proteína de transporte nuclear, nuclear shuttle protein. nt: Nucleótidos. pb: Pares de bases. PepGMV: Virus del mosaico dorado del chile, Pepper golden mosaic virus. PHYVV: Virus huasteco de la vena amarilla del chile, Pepper huasteco yellow vein virus. PTGS: Silenciamiento génico post-transcripcional, Post-transcriptional gene silencing. RCR: Replicación por circulo rodante, Rolling circle replication. REn: Proteína potenciadora de la replicación, Replication Enhancing protein Rep: Proteína asociada a la replicación viral, replication-associated protein ssDNA: DNA de cadena sencilla, single stranded DNA. TGS: Silenciamiento génico transcripcional, Transcriptional gene silencing. TrAP: Proteína trans-activadora
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