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Viroze Biljaka 2010 VIROZE BILJAKA Ferenc Bagi Stevan Jasnić Dragana Budakov Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Poljoprivredni fakultet Novi Sad, 2016 EDICIJA OSNOVNI UDŽBENIK Osnivač i izdavač edicije Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Poljoprivredni fakultet Trg Dositeja Obradovića 8, 21000 Novi Sad Godina osnivanja 1954. Glavni i odgovorni urednik edicije Dr Nedeljko Tica, redovni profesor Dekan Poljoprivrednog fakulteta Članovi komisije za izdavačku delatnost Dr Ljiljana Nešić, vanredni profesor – predsednik Dr Branislav Vlahović, redovni profesor – član Dr Milica Rajić, redovni profesor – član Dr Nada Plavša, vanredni profesor – član Autori dr Ferenc Bagi, vanredni profesor dr Stevan Jasnić, redovni profesor dr Dragana Budakov, docent Glavni i odgovorni urednik Dr Nedeljko Tica, redovni profesor Dekan Poljoprivrednog fakulteta u Novom Sadu Urednik Dr Vera Stojšin, redovni profesor Direktor departmana za fitomedicinu i zaštitu životne sredine Recenzenti Dr Vera Stojšin, redovni profesor, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Poljoprivredni fakultet Dr Mira Starović, naučni savetnik, Institut za zaštitu bilja i životnu sredinu, Beograd Grafički dizajn korice Lea Bagi Izdavač Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Novi Sad Zabranjeno preštampavanje i fotokopiranje. Sva prava zadržava izdavač. ISBN 978-86-7520-372-8 Štampanje ovog udžbenika odobrilo je Nastavno-naučno veće Poljoprivrednog fakulteta u Novom Sadu na sednici od 11. 07. 2016.godine. Broj odluke 1000/0102-797/9/1 Tiraž: 20 Mesto i godina štampanja: Novi Sad, 2016. CIP - Ʉɚɬɚɥɨɝɢɡɚɰɢʁɚɭɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢʁɢ ȻɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚɆɚɬɢɰɟɫɪɩɫɤɟɇɨɜɢɋɚɞ 632.3(075.8) ȻȺȽɂɎɟɪɟɧɰ 9LUR]HELOMDND)HUHQF%DJL6WHYDQ-DVQLü'UDJDQD%XGDNRY- Novi Sad : Poljoprivredni fakultet, 2016 (Beograd : Donat graf). - 408 str. : ilustr. ; 30 cm. - (Edicija Osnovni udžbenik / Poljoprivredni fakultet, Novi Sad) Tiraž 20. - Bibliografija. ISBN 978-86-7520-372-8 ȳɚɫɧɢʄɋɬɟɜɚɧ>ɚɭɬɨɪ@ȻɭɞɚɤɨɜȾɪɚɝɚɧɚ>ɚɭɬɨɪ@ D Ȼɢʂɤɟ- Ȼɨɥɟɫɬɢ- ȼɢɪɨɡɟ COBISS.SR-ID 308463111 Predgovor Izdavanje ovog udžbenika smo planirali i osmišljavali već duže vreme, a ukupno vreme planiranja i sam rad na udžbeniku je trajao i duže nego što smo želeli. Poslednji udžbenici viroza biljaka na srpskom jeziku su napisani dosta davno, naročito kada se uzme u obzir brzina novih naučnih saznanja u oblasti biljne virusologije. Relativno dugo vreme pisanja udžbenika je rezultat i želje autora da se obuhvati što više literaturnih izvora i informacija, i da se oni prikažu na jasan način studentima poljoprivrede i svim drugim zainteresovanim za datu oblast. Za pisanje udžbenika Viroze biljaka je svakako potrebna i hrabrost, koja se odnosi na osećaj odgovornosti prenošenja tačnih i pravih informacija primerenih nivou studija. Za postizanje takve ravnoteže i ohrabrenje se zahvaljuljemo recenzentima i svim kolegama koji su savetima i podrškom potpomogli pripremu ovog udžbenika. Sledeći naš cilj, odnosno želja je bila da se napiše knjiga koja je zanimljiva za sve zaljubljenike u fitopatologiju. Iako se radi o preciznoj biološkoj disciplini, virusi, kao zagonetni patogeni skrivaju puno tajni, koji se mogu otkriti samo maštovitim pristupom eksperimentalnog naučnog rada. Trudili smo se da ovaj udžbenik ne bude faktografski spisak podataka u ovoj oblasti, nego da odškrine vrata (još uvek u značajnoj meri) tajnog sveta virusologije i probudi znatiželju čitaoca. Pisanje izdanja ovog tipa se može raditi u nedogled, pošto nakon svakog novog čitanja se javljalju nove ideje i dopune. I zbog toga smatramo da smo tačku na ovu knjigu stavili samo privremeno, i da je ova knjiga samo prvo izdanje na kojem će se kontinuirano dalje raditi. Autori OPŠTA BILJNA VIRUSOLOGIJA ......................................................................................... 1 I. ISTORIJSKI RAZVOJ ISTRAŽIVANJA BILJNIH VIRUSA (Jasnić, S.) ..................... 1 II. EKONOMSKI ZNAČAJ BILJNIH VIROZA (Jasnić, S.) .............................................. 7 Uvod ................................................................................................................................. 7 Štetnost viroza u zavisnosti od regiona (lokaliteta) ............................................................ 8 Štetnost viroza u zavisnosti od biljne vrste (useva) ............................................................ 8 Uticaj drugih faktora na štetnost viroza ........................................................................... 10 Sortiment ..................................................................................................................... 10 Sojevi virusa ................................................................................................................ 10 Mešovita zaraza biljaka virusima ................................................................................. 11 Prisutnost i aktivnost vektora virusa ............................................................................ 11 Vreme zaraze i starost biljaka ...................................................................................... 11 Prisutnost drugih parazita ............................................................................................ 11 Uticaj viroza na kvalitet biljnih proizvoda ....................................................................... 12 Indirektne štete od viroza ................................................................................................ 12 Procena štetnosti viroza ................................................................................................... 13 III. PATOLOŠKE PROMENE VIROZNIH BILJAKA (Jasnić, S.) ................................. 14 Patocitološke promene .................................................................................................... 14 Strukturne promene ..................................................................................................... 14 Promene veličine i oblika ćelija i promene ćelijskih zidova ........................................ 14 Patološke promene ćelijskih organela .......................................................................... 15 Virusne ćelijske inkluzije ............................................................................................ 18 Patohistološke promene ................................................................................................... 22 Histogene promene ...................................................................................................... 23 Histotrofične promene ................................................................................................. 24 Neoplazmatične (neoplastične) promene ...................................................................... 25 Metaplazmatske promene ............................................................................................ 25 Strukturne promene ..................................................................................................... 26 Nekrogene promene .................................................................................................... 26 Patofiziološke promene ................................................................................................... 26 Promene u fotosintezi .................................................................................................. 27 Promene u respiraciji ................................................................................................... 27 Promene u proteosintezi .............................................................................................. 28 Makroskopske promene viroznih biljaka-simptomi oboljenja (Budakov, D.) ................... 28 Lokalni simptomi ........................................................................................................ 29 Sistemični simptomi .................................................................................................... 30 IV. HEMIJSKE OSOBINE VIRUSA (Jasnić, S.) ........................................................... 35 Hemijski sastav virusa ..................................................................................................... 35 Osnovni hemijski elementi sastojci virusa ................................................................... 35 Hemijska jedinjenja u sastavu virusa ............................................................................... 35 Nukleinske kiseline ..................................................................................................... 36 Proteini ........................................................................................................................ 43 Ostali hemijski sastojci biljnih virusa........................................................................... 46 Poliamini ..................................................................................................................... 46 Lipidi i ugljeni hidrati .................................................................................................. 46 Joni metala .................................................................................................................. 47 Voda ............................................................................................................................ 47 V. GRAĐA VIRUSA (Jasnić, S.) ........................................................................................ 48 Veličina virusnih čestica .................................................................................................. 48 Oblik virusnih čestica .....................................................................................................
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