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P1: OTA/XYZ P2: ABC JWST110-fm JWST110-Boon November 30, 2011 11:30 Trim: 246mm X 189mm Printer Name: Yet to Come River Conservation and Management P1: OTA/XYZ P2: ABC JWST110-fm JWST110-Boon November 30, 2011 11:30 Trim: 246mm X 189mm Printer Name: Yet to Come River Conservation and Management EDITED BY Philip J. Boon Scottish Natural Heritage, Edinburgh, UK Paul J. Raven Environment Agency, Bristol, UK A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication P1: OTA/XYZ P2: ABC JWST110-fm JWST110-Boon November 30, 2011 11:30 Trim: 246mm X 189mm Printer Name: Yet to Come This edition first published 2012 © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Wiley-Blackwell is an imprint of John Wiley & Sons, formed by the merger of Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical and Medical business with Blackwell Publishing. Registered office: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial offices: 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, USA For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data River conservation and management / edited by Philip J. Boon and Paul J. Raven. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-470-68208-1 (cloth) I. Boon, P. J. II. Raven, P. J. QH75.A1R582 2012 333.9516–dc23 2011029290 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Set in 10/12 pt Times by Aptara Inc., New Delhi, India First Impression 2012 P1: OTA/XYZ P2: ABC JWST110-fm JWST110-Boon November 30, 2011 11:30 Trim: 246mm X 189mm Printer Name: Yet to Come Contents List of Contributors ix Preface xiii Acknowledgements xix Introduction 1 Revisiting the Case for River Conservation 3 Philip J. Boon Catchment Conservation, Ecosystem Integrity and Threats to River Systems 2 From Channel to Catchment: A 20-Year Journey for River Management in England and Wales 17 Malcolm D. Newson 3 The Rivers and Streams of England and Wales: An Overview of their Physical Character in 2007–2008 and Changes Since 1995–1996 29 Katharine Seager, Lucy Baker, Helena Parsons, Paul J. Raven and Ian P. Vaughan 4 Environmental Flow Allocation as a Practical Aspect of IWRM 45 Jay O’Keeffe 5 Assessing the Hydrological Effects of Forest Plantations in Brazil 59 Walter de Paula Lima, Silvio Frosini de Barros Ferraz, Carolina Bozetti Rodrigues and Maureen Voigtlaender 6 In the Indus Delta it is No More the Mighty Indus 69 Muhammad Zafar Khan and Ghulam Akbar 7 A 20-Year View of Monitoring Ecological Quality in English and Welsh Rivers 79 Ian P. Vaughan and Stephen J. Ormerod 8 Water Quality and Exurbanization in Southern Appalachian Streams 91 Jackson R. Webster, Ernest F. Benfield, Kristen K. Cecala, John F. Chamblee, Carolyn A. Dehring, Ted Gragson, Jeffrey H. Cymerman, C. Rhett Jackson, Jennifer D. Knoepp, David S. Leigh, John C. Maerz, Catherine Pringle and H. Maurice Valett 9 Understanding and Managing Climate Change Effects on River Ecosystems 107 Stephen J. Ormerod and Isabelle Durance 10 Scotland’s Freshwater Pearl Mussels: The Challenge of Climate Change 121 Peter Cosgrove, Lee Hastie, Jon Watt, Iain Sime and Philip J. Boon v P1: OTA/XYZ P2: ABC JWST110-fm JWST110-Boon November 30, 2011 11:30 Trim: 246mm X 189mm Printer Name: Yet to Come vi Contents Methods and Approaches 11 Can Mediterranean River Plants Translate into Quality Assessment Systems? Venturing into Unexplored Territories 135 Ian Dodkins, Francisca Aguiar and Maria Teresa Ferreira 12 The Use of Bryophytes for Fluvial Assessment of Mountain Streams in Portugal 143 Cristiana Vieira, Ana Seneca,´ Maria Teresa Ferreira and Cec´ılia Sergio´ 13 Improvements in Understanding the Contribution of Hyporheic Zones to Biodiversity and Ecological Functioning of UK Rivers 159 Paul J. Wood, David J. Gilvear, Nigel Willby, Anne L. Robertson, Terence Gledhill and Philip J. Boon 14 Taxonomic Distinctness as a Measure of Diversity of Stream Insects Exposed to Varying Salinity Levels in South-Eastern Australia 175 Richard Marchant and Ben Kefford 15 Development of a Systematic, Information-Based Approach to the Identification of High Value Sites for River Conservation in New Zealand 183 John Leathwick, David West, Atte Moilanen and Lindsay Chadderton 16 Assessing the Conservation Status of Alder-Ash Alluvial Forest and Atlantic Salmon in the Natura 2000 River Network of Cantabria, Northern Spain 193 Jose´ Barqu´ın, Barbara´ Ondiviela, Mar´ıa Recio, Mario Alvarez-Cabria,´ Francisco J. Penas,˜ Diego Fernandez,´ Laura Oti, Andres´ Garc´ıa, Cesar´ Alvarez´ and Jose´ A. Juanes 17 The Use of Palaeoecological Techniques to Identify Reference Conditions for River Conservation Management 211 Emma L. Seddon, Paul J. Wood, Chris P. Mainstone, Malcolm T. Greenwood and Lynda C. Howard Recovery and Rehabilitation 18 The Espace de Liberte´ and Restoration of Fluvial Process: When Can the River Restore Itself and When Must we Intervene? 225 G. Mathias Kondolf 19 Multi-Purpose, Interlinked and Without Barriers: The Emscher River Ecological Concept 243 Mechthild Semrau and Rudolf Hurck 20 Rehabilitation of the River Skerne and the River Cole, England: A Long-Term Public Perspective 249 E. Ulrika Aberg˚ and Sue Tapsell 21 The Unnatural History of the River Trent: 50 Years of Ecological Recovery 261 Terry Langford, Tom Worthington, Peter Shaw, Paul Kemp, Chris Woolgar, Alastair Ferguson, Philip Harding and David Ottewell 22 Key Factors in the Management and Conservation of Temporary Mediterranean Streams: A Case Study of the Pardiela River, Southern Portugal 273 Joana Rosado, Manuela Morais, Antonio´ Serafim, Ana Pedro, Helena Silva, Miguel Potes, David Brito, Rui Salgado, Ramiro Neves, Ana Lillebø, Antonio´ Chambel, Vanda Pires, Carlos Pinto Gomes and Paulo Pinto P1: OTA/XYZ P2: ABC JWST110-fm JWST110-Boon November 30, 2011 11:30 Trim: 246mm X 189mm Printer Name: Yet to Come Contents vii 23 The History, Development, Role and Future of River Restoration Centres 285 Nigel T.H. Holmes and Martin Janes Integrating Nature Conservation Within Wider River Management 24 From Stockholm to Rio II: The Natural and Institutional Landscapes Through Which Rivers Flow 297 Peter Bridgewater, Lei Guangchun and Lu Cai 25 What Have Rivers Ever Done For Us? Ecosystem Services and River Systems 313 Mark Everard 26 The Glen Canyon Dam Adaptive Management Program: Progress and Immediate Challenges 325 John F. Hamill and Theodore S. Melis 27 An Individual-Based Model of Swan–Macrophyte Conflicts on a Chalk River 339 Kevin A. Wood, Richard A. Stillman, Francis Daunt and Matthew T. O’Hare 28 Integrating Habitat Conservation with Amenity and Recreational Uses Along an Urban Stretch of the Adige River, Northern Italy 345 Maria Giovanna Braioni, Maria Cristina Villani, Anna Braioni and Gianpaolo Salmoiraghi 29 A River in Crisis: The Lower River Murray, Australia 357 Anne E. Jensen and Keith F. Walker 30 The Nevis River: An Example of River Conservation in the New Zealand Context 371 Niall Watson Dealing With an Uncertain Future 31 Current and Future Challenges in Managing Natural System Variability for River Conservation in European River Basins 383 Andrew R.G. Large Index 403 P1: OTA/XYZ P2: ABC JWST110-bcontrib JWST110-Boon November 29, 2011 13:15 Trim: 246mm X 189mm Printer Name: Yet to Come List of Contributors E. Ulrika Aberg˚ Kristen K. Cecala School of Geography, University of Leeds, UK Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, USA Francisca Aguiar Forest Research Centre, Technical University of Lisbon, Lindsay Chadderton Portugal The Nature Conservancy, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, USA Ghulam Akbar Karakoram International University, Gilgit, Pakistan Antonio´ Chambel Centro de Geof´ısica, Universidade de Evora,´ Portugal Cesar´ Alvarez´ John F. Chamblee IH-Cantabria, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, Mario Alvarez-Cabria´ University of Georgia, Athens, USA IH-Cantabria, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain Peter Cosgrove Alba Ecology Ltd, Grantown on Spey, UK Lucy Baker Environment Agency, Warrington, UK Jeffrey A. Cymerman Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, JoseBarqu´ ´ın University of Georgia, Athens, USA IH-Cantabria, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain Francis Daunt Ernest F. Benfield Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh, UK Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, USA Silvio Frosini de Barros Ferraz Depto de Cienciasˆ Florestais, ESALQ, Universidade de Sao˜ Philip J.