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Limoniscus Violaceus (Coleoptera) Nicolas Gouix

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Limoniscus Violaceus (Coleoptera) Nicolas Gouix Gestion foresti`ereet biodiversit´e,les enjeux de conservation d'une esp`eceparapluie : Limoniscus violaceus (Coleoptera) Nicolas Gouix To cite this version: Nicolas Gouix. Gestion foresti`ereet biodiversit´e,les enjeux de conservation d'une esp`ecepara- pluie : Limoniscus violaceus (Coleoptera). Biodiversit´e. Universit´ePierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2011. Fran¸cais. <NNT : 2011PA066145>. <tel-00824627> HAL Id: tel-00824627 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00824627 Submitted on 22 May 2013 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destin´eeau d´ep^otet `ala diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publi´esou non, lished or not. The documents may come from ´emanant des ´etablissements d'enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche fran¸caisou ´etrangers,des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou priv´es. THESE DE DOCTORAT DE L’UNIVERSITE PIERRE ET MARIE CURIE Spécialité Biodiversité (École Doctorale de la Diversité du Vivant) Présentée par GOUIX Nicolas Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR de l’UNIVERSITÉ PIERRE ET MARIE CURIE Sujet: Gestion forestière et Biodiversité, les enjeux de conservation d’une espèce parapluie : Limoniscus violaceus (Coleoptera) soutenue le 24/06/2011 devant le jury composé de : M. Galante Eduardo, Professeur, CIBIO, Université d’Alicante Rapporteur M. Jay-Robert Pierre, Maître de Conférences, CEFE, Université de Montpellier III Rapporteur M. Boulanger Vincent, Chargé de Recherche et Développement, Office National de Forêts Examinateur M. Quenneic Eric, Professeur, SAE, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Examinateur M. Zagatti Pierre, Directeur de Recherche, PISC, INRA Versailles Directeur M. Brustel Hervé, Enseignant-Chercheur, E.I.Purpan, Toulouse Co-directeur 0 A mon épouse Anne… ...Pour notre fils 1 RÉSUMÉ Le taupin violacé - Limoniscus violaceus (Müller, 1821) - est une espèce de coléoptère vivant dans le terreau des cavités d’arbres. Menacé d’extinction en Europe, il est inscrit en Annexe II de la directive « Habitats » dont l’objectif est d’assurer la préservation des habitats et des espèces d’intérêt communautaire au sein du réseau Natura 2000. Les gestionnaires d’espaces naturels où il est présent doivent assurer l’état de conservation de ses populations. Cependant, les difficultés de détection de l’espèce ont limité le développement des connaissances sur sa biologie et son écologie essentielles à la mise en place d’une stratégie de conservation. Cette lacune a motivé la réalisation de ce travail de thèse. Il commence par la compilation des données relatives à sa répartition: 184 localités à travers 17 pays. Plusieurs discordances avec les données énoncées par le réseau Natura 2000 sont mises en évidence. Une méthode de suivi de l’espèce par piégeage à émergence est développée et testée dans 5 sites Natura 2000 français. Les résultats obtenus associés à la description des cavités d’arbres et de leur environnement permettent l’identification d’un modèle prédictif des cavités habitées par Limoniscus violaceus dépendant de deux facteurs simples d’utilisation : l’état d’avancement de la cavité et la circonférence de l’arbre à 30 cm du sol. L’étude de leur valeur seuil et de leurs intervalles de confiance conduit à l’élaboration d’une règle de décision pour l’évaluation des habitats favorables à l’espèce. Parallèlement, l’analyse de la composition des assemblages d’espèces échantillonées se base sur la détermination de 231 coléoptères saproxyliques. La préservation des cavités favorables pour Limoniscus violaceus apparait bénéfique pour la majorité d’entre eux, justifiant le potentiel d’espèce parapluie qui lui est attribué. Dans une perspective de prospection, une liste d’espèces indicatrices est identifiée. Elle permet de prioriser les sites au sein desquels une stratégie de suivi des cavités basses favorables pour la biodiversité et pour Limoniscus violaceus doit être envisagée. L’étude du comportement de dispersion à partir des résultats d’échantillonnage par émergence associé aux connaissances bibliographiques suggère une taille des populations locales d’environ 10 adultes dont 3 dispersent par cavité chaque année. Un regard sur la sex-ratio apporte des éléments complémentaires de réflexion sur le fonctionnement des populations. Enfin, un cas concret de stratégie de conservation pour l’espèce en forêt de Grésigne est présenté. Afin d’assurer le recrutement d’arbres à cavité pour pérenniser les populations de Limoniscus violaceus, des recommandations de gestion fondées sur l’aménagement forestier en cours et l’étude des origines des cavités sont émises. Mots-clés : Limoniscus violaceus ; Habitat ; Coléoptères saproxyliques ; Indicateur ; Conservation ; Natura 2000 ; Gestion forestière. 2 ABSTRACT The Violet Click Beetles - Limoniscus violaceus (Müller, 1821) – is a coleopteran species living within wood mould of hollow trees. Endangered in Europe, it is included in Annex II of the “Habitats” directive that aims to ensure the preservation of habitats and species of Community interest through the Natura 2000 network. Managers of this kind of area must consequently guarantee the favorable conservation status of the species. However, difficulties for detecting the species have limited the accumulation of knowledge about its biology and its ecology. This weakness has motivated this doctoral thesis. First, all data relative to the species’ distribution are compiled. 184 localities in 17 countries are given. Several discordances with Natura 2000 data are highlighted. A survey method using emergence traps is developed and tested in 5 French Natura 2000 areas. A predictive model of the presence of Limoniscus violaceus based on two factors easy to handle (the degree of hollowing of the cavity and the circumference at 30 cm height) is identified. The study of these factors’ thresholds and their confidence intervals leads to a decision rule for the assessment of habitats favorable to Limoniscus violaceus. Meanwhile, analysis of the composition of assemblages of species sampled result to the determination of 231 saproxylic beetles. Preservation of cavities favorable for Limoniscus violaceus appears beneficial for the majority of them, justifying it potentially being an umbrella species. For further prospection, a list of indicator species is identified. It helps to prioritize areas where monitoring of hollow trees and Limoniscus violaceus should be considered. Study of the dispersal from results of emergence traps crossed with bibliographic knowledge suggests that average population size is around 10 adults with 3 individuals dispersing per cavity each year. Sex-Ratio analysis gives complementary information about the functioning of the species populations. Finally, a case study of conservation strategy in the Forest of Grésigne is presented. To ensure the recruitment of trees that will guarantee the long term persistence of the species, management guidelines are given, based on the current forest management plan and on the results of a study on the origin of cavities. Key-words: Limoniscus violaceus ; Habitats ; Saproxylic beetles ; Indicators ; Conservation ; Natura 2000 ; Forest Management. English title: Biodiversity and forest management, conservation issues of an umbrella species: Limoniscus violaceus (Coleoptera) 3 REMERCIEMENTS En premier lieu, je tiens à remercier tout particulièrement : Hervé Brustel dont la connaissance, l’expérience et la passion enthousiasmante ont été une des clés de voute de ce projet. Merci pour la confiance qu’il m’a accordée face aux choix professionnels et personnels que j’ai choisi de suivre durant ces années de thèse. Qu’il trouve dans les lignes de ce manuscrit le témoignage de mon amitié et le souvenir d’aventures humaines inoubliables partagées, et Pierre Zagatti pour avoir accepté d’encadrer ce travail de thèse et pour m’avoir accueilli au sein de son équipe. La réalisation de cette thèse a été rendue possible grâce à la participation et au soutien de nombreuses personnes. J’adresse ainsi mes remerciements : à Robert Barbault, Vincent Boulanger, Eduardo Galante et Pierre Jay-Robert pour avoir accepté de composer le jury de cette thèse, à Alain Bertrand pour m’avoir accueilli au sein du Conservatoire Régional des Espaces Naturels de Midi-Pyrénées, à Michel Roux et Jean Daydé, respectivement Directeur Général et Directeur de la Recherche de l’Ecole d’Ingénieurs de Purpan pour avoir soutenu mes activités au sein de leur structure, à l’Association Nationale de la Recherche Technique et à l’Office National des Forêts pour leur soutien, à Thierry Noblecourt et Laurent Tillon de l’Office National des Forêts et Julien Tourroult dorénavent au MNHN pour avoir assuré le suivi de mes travaux, au personnel de l’Office National des Forêts pour m’avoir accompagné dans mes démarches : Jérome Jaminon (Compiègne), Claude Lagarde (Fontainebleau), Christelle Gacherieu et Eric Bourdilleau (Grésigne), Dominique Guicheteau, Pierre Quertier et Christian Vacquié (Sainte- Baume), aux propriétaires des sites de la « devèze des Touriols » et des « Bourines » en Aveyron pour m’avoir laissé l’opportunité de réaliser mes experiences, à Lionel Valladares pour son aide et ses conseils tout au long de mon parcours et l’ensemble des moments partagés, 4 à mes collègues du Conservatoire Régional des Espaces Naturels de Midi-Pyrénées : Daniel Marc en tant que directeur
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