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The Planetary Report On the Cover: Volume XV Seen thro ugh eyes other than our own, the planet Earth Table of Number 3 appears as a stran ge but beautiful place. The Galilea spacecraft on its way to Jupiter took thi s image of West ' Contents 'May/June 1995 Africa and the Mediterranean Sea from about 600 ,000 kilometers (400,000 miles) away. The spacecraft's camera was looking through infrared filters sensitive to light wave­ lengths unfamiliar to the human eye. Images ta ken th is way provide information about things such as the location an d health of vegetati on an d the water conte nt of clouds. Features Basics of Galilea's portrai ts of the planet cou ld be valuabl e referen ce 14 Spaceflight: poi nts for future Earth-monitoring spacecraft. Phoenix Rises: (See page 10 for a complete caption.) Gravity Assist 4 NASA SETI Project Image: Pau l Geissler, Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, Over the years the term "gravity assist" Un ivers ity of Arizona Is Reborn has appeared time and again in our pages. Two years ago the congressional budget This ingenious technique has made many cutters took an ax to NASA's ambitious of our pioneering spacecraft missions pos­ program in the Search for Extraterrestrial sible. For example, the Galileo encounter Froln Intelligence. But dedicated researchers with Earth was part of a gravity-assist refused to give up, and they found a way to maneuver. It's a hard technique to explain, The save part of the program. Project Phoenix but here we lay it out for our readers. is now under way. Editor 17 World 8 Encounter With Earth: Watch Galileo Explores Its In the new United States Congress, budget ommunication is the reason The Horne Planet cutters are looking to slash even deeper into C Planetary Society exists- to bring We've written before about how the federal spending. NASA may be a target the results of planetary exploration to Galileo mission team has managed to turn again. But, as you'll read, the agency has the public and to convince the nations adversity to advantage. Here again we see already become leaner and more efficient. of the world that it is an endeavor worth how team members used an Earth flyby Any further cuts could be lethal. pursuing. Our activities center on com­ mandated by launch conditions to give munication: influencing governments, earthlings an illuminating view of their 18 Ne""s and . , publishing the magazine and newslet­ own world. Revie""s ters, and bringing together people who The information superhighway is still not share our goals. 16 Rover Meets Jason: a well-traveled thoroughfare, despite the We support another sort of commu­ Remotely Exploring glorious potential envisioned by futurists nication: dialogue among our members Ha""aii and some powerful politicians. Our faithful and with the Society's directors and The Mars Rover has successfully completed columnist reviews a new book by a fellow advisors. another series of tests, this time on the lava planetary scientist who has doubts about If you don't regularly read our Mem­ fields of Kilauea. The Jason Foundation how glorious that future might be. bers' Dialogue column, take a look at joined in this spring's program, and we this installment. I think you'll find the initiated a new project- Red Rover, Red Society !etters particularly thoughtful and Rover- to enable children to become 19 Ne""s thought-provoking. Everyone can take involved in planetary exploration. Here are some of the ways you can be advantage of Members' Dialogue to involved: helping a SETI program, con­ communicate with others in our Society. versing with scientists and engineers and There are other means of communica­ joining us to celebrate the past and future tion you can use: e-mail (TPS@genie. of space exploration. geis.com) and our home page on the World Wide Web (http://wea.mankato. Departlnents 20 Questions and mn.us/TPS/). We also have a new Ans""ers roundtable on GEnie where members 3 Members' Why do some meteor showers appear to can meet electronically. If you have a Dialogue radiate from a single point in the sky? modem, dial up 800-638-9636 to join The why of space exploration and where And why do photographs from space so GEnie and our roundtable. Let's increase we should go are topics here, along with rarely show stars? If you've wondered : the communication among Society a little SETI history. about these questions, here are the answers . members- and together we'll find new ways to advance our goals. - Charlene M. Anderson The Planetary Report (ISSN 0736-3680) is published bimonthly at the editorial offices of The Planetary SOCiety, ~ North Catalina Avenue, Pasadena, CA 91 106-2301 , (818) 793-5100. It is available to members of The Planetary Society. Annual dues In the US or Canada are $25 US dollars or $30 Canadian. Dues outside the US or Canada are $35 (US). Printed in USA. Third-class postage at Pasadena, California, and at an additional mailing office. Canada Post Agreement Number 87424. A Publication of Editor, CHARLENE M. ANDERSON Technical Editor, JAMES O. BURKE Assistant Editor, DONNA ESCANDON STEVENS Copy Ed;/or, GLORIA JOYCE THE-PL.A~T1RV SOCIETY Production Editor, MICHAEL HAGGERTY Art Director, BARBARA S. SMITH -& ' Vi ewpoints expressed in columns or editorials are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent pOSitions oi The Planetary Society, , .~-e- ¢ its officers or advisors. © 1995 by The Planetary Society. o Board of Directors CARL SAGAN Members' President Director. Laboratory tor Planetary Studies. ~ Cornell University I;lialogue BRUCE MURRAY Vice President Professor of Planetary Science, California Institute of Technology LOUIS FRIEDMAN Executive Director NORMAN R. AUGUSTI NE Chairman and CEO, Exploration Debate? very closely (see "Taking the Next program are international cooper- Martin Marietta Corporation Is the drive to explore genetic, Step," by R.M. Bonnet in the January/ ation and.nurturing our spacefar- JOSEPH RYAN Executive Vice President and something hardwired into humans, February 1995 issue of The Plane- ing capabilities for the betterment General Counsef, Marriott International or is it merely social software, tary Report). Exploration of the of humanity, then a global effort STEVEN SPIELBERG director and producer something that comes and goes Moon in a sensible way should to begin exploitation of lunar LAUREL L. WILKENING from culture to culture and from provide an excellent international resources for commercial and Chancellor, University of California, Irvine time to time? This question has space program, and the European scientific projects should be a Board of Advisors Space Agency can surely playa DIANE ACKERMAN particular significance with regard major Planetary Society focus. wet and author to space exploration. central role in it. Let this be a call for a debate BUZZ ALDRIN Carl Sagan and others on the The reasons for the Moon pro- within the Society-"Moon or Apollo 11 astronaut RICHARD BERENDZEN genetic side of the debate tell us that gram mentioned in the article are Mars? The Near-Term Future of educator and astrophysicist the human expansion into space is good ones. However, we w.onder Space Exploration." JACQ UES BLAMONT Chief SCientist, Centre National inevitable, a part of the natural evo- if the Bonnet committee ever con- -PAUL KLARER, d'£tudes Spatlales, France RAY BRADBUR Y lution of the universe. Arizona State sidered possible adverse effects Albuquerque, New Mexico poet and author University historian Stephen Pyne of our presence on the Moon. ARTHUR c. CLARKE points out that this approach can The stated "problems inherent to SETI Pioneers author CORNELIS DE JAGER lead to complacency, absolving us a lunar base" merely represent I very much enjoyed the article Professor of Space Research, The Astronomical Institute at Utrecht. from the necessity of making real- technical problems that would on SETI before the space age by the Netherlands FRANK DRAKE world, real-time decisions to actually inconvenience work on the Moon. Steven J. Dick in your January/ Professor of Astronomy and AstrophYSiCS, make it happen. Like most cultures Can our presence on the Moon February 1995 issue: An equally University of California, Santa Cruz JOHN GARDNER throughout history, our society may cause a gradual, yet significant delightful and informative article, founder, Common Cause restrict or even eliminate geograph- problem for its environment in "Calling All Martians," by Willy MARC GARNEAU Canadian astronaut ic exploration from its values set. the future? Just as our presence Ley was published in the Novem- GEORGIY GOLITSYN Institute of Atmospheric Physics, The 15th-century Confucians did has on Earth? We believe that ber 1940 issue of Thrilling Wonder Russian Academy of ScIences I exactly that, effectively erasing the one of the roles of The Planetary Stories. THEODORE M. HESBURGH ': President Emeritus, knowledge of an outside world Society is to examine more close- In this piece Ley recalls the Universit}' of Notre Dame from the collective consciousness ly questions such as these. efforts by scientists to communi- SHIRLEY M. HUFSTEDLER educator and jurist of the Chinese people. Finally, it would have been nice cate with what many assumed GARRY E. HUNT Equally disturbing is the lack of if Bonnet had given cost estimates would be intelligent life on Mars. space scientist, United Kingdom SERGEI KAPITSA urgency on the part of Sagan and of the MORa and LEDA projects. A proposal by German mathema- Institute for Physical Problems. others who promote the ."exploration This could have helped us get tic ian Karl Gauss suggested that Russian Academy of Sciences GEN. DONALD J. KUTYNA (RET.) is in our genes" theory. Canadian some feeling for the size and the Siberian tundra be used as a former Commander, US Space Command JOHN M.
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