Oral Pathology and Charting

Dental Charting, Oral Examination and Cleaning Techniques Mary L. Berg, BS, RVT, RLATG, VTS (Dentistry) Beyond the Crown Veterinary Education Lawrence, KS Performing a complete dental prophylaxis entails much more than removing plaque and calculus from the teeth. A thorough dental prophylaxis consists of educating the client, an oral examination, charting disease process, pathology and anomalies, radiographs, both supra and sub-gingival plaque and calculus removal, hand scaling, polishing, irrigation and home care instructions. Education There are many ways in which to educate the client on the importance of dental health. It is important to explain the disease progression from the formation of dental plaque to dental calculus or tartar and then gingivitis and to the destruction of the periodontal tissues including the loss of the bone supporting the tooth and tooth loss. A picture is worth a thousand words. Visual aids such as posters in the treatment rooms showing the progression of oral disease and the impact on the internal organs can be used to gain the client’s interest. Pictures of healthy mouths versus diseased mouths are another useful tool. The use of plastic models that have a healthy side and a diseased side is a hands-on way to show disease. These are all helpful in the educational element of dental prophylaxis. Using a diagnostic test strip to detect the presence of pathogenic bacteria in the mouth is a great way to demonstrate the need for a professional dental cleaning to the owner. This 10 second strip takes the need for a dental cleaning from your opinion to a positive test that infection is present. Preventive Antibiotic Therapy Questions are often asked about the use of preventive antibiotic therapy in patients who present for a dental prophylaxis. The main objective of preventive antibiotic therapy is to prevent treatment induced bacteremia. Bacteremia will typically clear in approximately 20 minutes. The use of preventive antibiotics should only be necessary in patients that are not able to cope with this treatment induced bacteremia. Geriatric or debilitated animals, patients with a pre-existing heart or system disease or immunocompromised patients should receive preventive antibiotic therapy. Preventive antibiotic therapy will also aid in controlling wound infections. Therefore animals with gross infections (marked swelling, pus formation, fever, lymphadenopathy, and elevated WBC count) chronic stomatitis, multiple extractions, may also benefit from receiving antibiotics prior to treatment. Clinical judgment should be used in diagnosis of the infection and the use of antibiotic therapy. The choice of antibiotic and protocol for delivery is controversial. The antibiotic chosen must be active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative aerobes and anaerobes. Just as important as the choice of antibiotic is the timing of delivery. The generally accepted protocol should have antibiotics administered within two hours of the surgery and not continued for more than four hours after the procedure. In addition, antibiotics must be delivered at a dose high enough to reach a tissue level of four times higher than the MIC of the causative organisms. In addition to preventive antibiotic therapy, antiseptics have a role in veterinary dental prophylaxis and oral surgery. Antiseptics help to reduce the number of bacteria in the oral cavity prior and during procedures. Chlorhexidine gluconate is the antiseptic of choice for use in animals. Rinsing the oral cavity with an antiseptic prior to procedures gives a cleaner environment to work in and can reduce bacteremia induced by dental procedures. It will also reduce the number of bacteria that are aerosolized by dental equipment such as ultrasonic scalers. This will benefit the persons involved in the procedure. Bacteria may still be present in the operatory for up to 12 hours post treatment. Remember to always wear eye protection, masks and gloves. Oral Examination An oral examination on a conscious patient is important but often limited to a visual inspection and digital palpation. The examination involves more than just the oral cavity. Palpation of the facial bones and zygomatic arch, temporomandibular joint, salivary glands and lymph nodes are also important. Dental occlusion should also be evaluated. This can be done by gently retracting the lips to look at the soft tissue, the bite and the buccal aspects of the teeth. Once the animal is anesthetized, a thorough oral examination can be completed. All the structures of the oral cavity must be evaluated to include the oropharynx, lips and cheeks, mucous membranes, hard palate, floor of the mouth and tongue as well as the teeth. The periodontium (gingival, periodontal ligament, cementum and alveolar bone) of each tooth needs to be evaluated. In animals with large amounts of calculus on the teeth, it may be necessary to remove these deposits to accurately access the periodontium. The use of a calculus removal forceps is a recommended method to remove supragingival calculus. Use care when using this instrument to ensure that the gingivia and tooth crown are not damaged. When evaluating the periodontium a periodontal probe, a dental explorer and a dental mirror are used. The following indices should be evaluated for each tooth; gingivitis, periodontal probe depth, gingival recession, furacation involvement, mobility and periodontal attachment levels. Details of these indexes will be covered in other presentations. Charting and Recording The information gathered during the oral examination and subsequent treatment needs to be recorded. Because periodontal disease is a progressive disease, charting is an important aid for follow-up visits. A basic dental record consists of written notes, diagnostics, radiographs and a dental chart. There are numerous types of dental charts available. A dental chart will have a diagram of the oral cavity on which notations can be made, along with either fill in or check off formats to provide convenient recording. Color coding the different indices will make reading the chart easier. A simplified version of the chart can be made and given to the client indicating problem areas, treatment and home care instructions. Charting should be done in the initial stages of the dental prophylaxis procedure. A final charting completed as a last step in the procedure involves a review of the previously performed diagnostic and periodontal charting. This final charting should include any additional treatment performed. It is important to be able to identify oral pathology and anomalies. It is equally important to correctly record the pathology on dental charts. A thorough dental examination includes both conscious and anesthetized examinations as well as charting disease processes, pathology and anomalies, and treatment plans. When evaluating the periodontium a periodontal probe, a dental explorer and a dental mirror are used. The following indices should be evaluated for each tooth; gingivitis, periodontal probe depth, gingival recession, furacation involvement, mobility and periodontal attachment levels. The amount of plaque observed on the teeth prior to cleaning should be recorded. Because plaque is the soft, gelatinous matrix of bacteria and bacterial by-products that lead to gingival irritation and gingivitis it may be necessary to use a disclosing agent to visualize. Calculus (tartar) is calcified plaque. The amount of calculus should be recorded as light, moderate or heavy. Calculus can only be removed by either hand scaling or power scalers. Gingivitis Index (GI): The gingival index (GI) is a measurement of gingival health. The assessments of gingival changes are scored using the following criteria. 0 - normal healthy gingiva 1 - moderate inflammation, moderate redness, not bleeding on probing, edema 2 - moderate inflammation, moderate to severe redness, edema, bleeding upon probing 3 - severe inflammation, severe redness, edema, ulceration, spontaneous bleeding Each tooth is given the most severe score. Probe Depth (PD): Probe depth (PD) is a measure of the depth the periodontal pockets often found in periodontal disease. The probe depth is measured at multiple sites of the tooth. A periodontal probe with millimeter markings is gently placed between the free gingival and the tooth surface, and carefully advanced until soft tissue resistance is felt. The tip of the probe should be parallel to the long axis of the tooth. The pocket depth is recorded as the distance in mm from the free gingival margin to the bottom of the pocket. The probe may be glided or walked along the tooth to measure the varying pocket depths. A normal gingival sulcus depth is 1-3 mm in dogs and 0.5 to 1mm in cats. Measurements in excess of these values should be recorded in the appropriate location on the dental chart. Gingival Recession: Gingival recession is also measured with the periodontal probe. It is the distance from the cemento-enamel junction to the margin of the free gingiva. At sites with gingival recession the probe depth may be normal despite the loss of alveolar bone. Areas of gingival recession should be noted on the dental chart. Furcation Index (FI): The furcation index (FI) measures the loss of bone support in multi-rooted teeth. A periodontal probe is placed perpendicular to the long axis of the tooth and slid along the free marginal groove to the furcation site. The following criteria are used to assign a numerical score. 0 - no loss of bone support 1 - horizontal loss of supporting tissues not exceeding one-third of the width of the tooth 2 - horizontal loss of supporting tissues exceeding one-third of the width of the tooth but no encompassing the total width of the furcation area. 3 - horizontal through and through loss of supporting tissue. A furcation index of 1-3 should be noted on the dental chart. Mobility Index (MI): The mobility index (MI) measures the loss of bone support by indicating the amount of movement of the tooth. The length of the periodontal probe is placed on the buccal surface of crown of the tooth and gentle pressure is applied to the tooth.

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