DOCSLIB.ORG

Embodiment, Language and Mimesis Zlatev, Jordan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Embodiment, Language and Mimesis Zlatev, Jordan Embodiment, language and mimesis Zlatev, Jordan Published in: Body, Language, Mind. Vol 1: Embodiment 2007 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Zlatev, J. (2007). Embodiment, language and mimesis. In T. Ziemke, J. Zlatev, & R. Franck (Eds.), Body, Language, Mind. Vol 1: Embodiment (pp. 297-337). Mouton de Gruyter. Total number of authors: 1 General rights Unless other specific re-use rights are stated the following general rights apply: Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Read more about Creative commons licenses: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 Embodiment, Language, and Mimesis Jordan Zlatev For years now, leading representatives of theoretical linguistics have been arguing that humans, being gov- erned by a blind ‘language instinct’, can be exhaus- tively described in physico-biological terms. … [T]his conception has been shown to be fundamentally false. Humans are also, and crucially, social, normative, and conscious beings, occasionally capable of acts of free will. Esa Itkonen, What is Language? Abstract The present focus on embodiment in cognitive science undervalues con- cepts such as convention/norm, representation and consciousness. I argue that these concepts constitute essential properties of language, and this makes it problematic for “embodiment theories” to account for human lan- guage and cognition. These difficulties are illustrated by examining a par- ticular, highly influential approach to embodied cognition, that of Lakoff and Johnson (1999), and exposing the problematic character of the notion of the “cognitive unconscious”. To attempt a reconciliation between em- bodiment and language, I turn to the concept of (bodily) mimesis, and pro- pose the notion of mimetic schema as a mediator between the individual human body and collective language. 1. Introduction The main goal of this chapter is to investigate the relationship between language and the concept of embodiment which has become a central, if ambiguous, notion within cognitive science (e.g. Varela, Thompson & Rosch 1991; Clark 1997; Ziemke 2003), the neuroscience of consciousness (e.g. Edelman 1992; Damasio 1994, 2000), (neuro)phenomenology (e.g. Varela 1996; Thompson 2001; Thompson & Varela 2001; Gallagher 1995, 242 Jordan Zlatev 2005, this volume), cognitive linguistics1 (e.g. Lakoff 1987; Johnson 1987; Zlatev 1997; Svensson 1999; Evans 2003) and to some extent develop- mental psychology (e.g. MacWhinney 1999; Mandler 2004). The notion of embodiment is, indeed, even intended to unite efforts in these different fields into what is often called “second generation cognitive science” (Lindblom & Ziemke this volume) or “embodied cognition” (Johnson & Rohrer this volume). There is much to recommend in this (re)turn to the body in the study of the mind, especially since in many ways it can be seen as a justified reaction to the many shortcomings of “classical” information- processing cognitive science according to which the “mind/brain” works essentially as a computer (e.g. Fodor 1981; Jackendoff 1987; Pinker 1994). There are, however, three major unresolved issues within the current “embodiment turn” in the sciences of the mind. The first was mentioned in passing already: there is not one but many different meanings behind the term “embodiment”, both between and within fields, and the corresponding theories are in general not compatible (Ziemke 2003). In particular, I would claim, there is no uniform concept of representation within “embodied cognition”, and this is a constant source of (misguided) debate, both be- tween proponents of embodiment and between them and representatives of the “algebraic mind” (Marcus 2001). Second, by their nature, embodiment theories have a strong individualist orientation, and despite recurrent at- tempts to connect embodiment to social reality and culture (e.g. Palmer 1996; Zlatev 1997; Sinha 1999), there is still no coherent synthesis. In par- ticular, within the work of those emphasizing the role of the “body in the mind” there is no adequate notion of convention or norm, which is essential for characterizing both human culture and the human mind. Third, there is a dangerous tendency to underestimate the role of consciousness in many – though not all – embodiment theories. There seems to be some sort of fear that in appealing to anything that is irreducible to either biology or behav- ior, one is bound to fall into the clutches of “Cartesian dualism”. The con- sequence is, however, that such “non-dualistic” approaches run the risk of 1. When using small letters, i.e. cognitive linguistics, I will refer to the work of linguists who regard language and cognition as intimately connected (e.g. It- konen, Levinson and Jackendoff). When used with capital letters, Cognitive Linguistics refers to the school of linguistics departing from the work of La- koff, Langacker and Talmy. The borders are admittedly fuzzy, but in general, Cognitive Linguistics is a hyponym (extensionally speaking a subset) of cogni- tive linguistics. Embodiment, Language, and Mimesis 243 one form or another of physico-biological reductionism, which as pointed out by Itkonen in the motto to this chapter is deeply misguided. To substantiate these claims in detail would require an extensive review of the literature, which the allotted space of a book chapter does not permit me. My strategy will therefore be to single out one of the above mentioned fields, cognitive linguistics, and even more narrowly, focus on a single exposition of “embodiment theory”: Philosophy in the Flesh (PitF) by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson (1999). This choice is motivated by the following reasons: (a) Lakoff and Johnson are two of the foremost propo- nents of “embodied cognition” not only in (cognitive) linguistics, but in general, (b) PitF is their most recent extensive joint publication, and it is often mentioned as one of the three major reference works on embodiment up to date, along with Varela et al. (1991) and Damasio (1994), and (c) while philosophically oriented, the work deals with implications from lin- guistic research, and it is precisely in relation to language that the difficul- ties of “embodiment theory” are most clearly accentuated.2 The problem reveals itself when we ask the seemingly simple question: In what sense can (knowledge of) language be said to be “embodied”? Prior to answering this question, however, we need to step back and ad- dress, if briefly, the fundamental question: What is language? In the mono- graph with this title, from which the opening quotation was taken, Esa It- konen persuasively argues that the nature of language has been commonly misunderstood in modern “theoretical linguistics” (including both the gen- erative and the cognitive/functional paradigms). Instead of “instincts”, “cognitive modules”, “neural mechanisms” or “usage”, Itkonen (1978, 1983, 1991, 2003) offers a very clear and intuitive answer: Language is a social institution for communicating meanings, a conception with sound roots in the tradition, e.g. Saussure (1916), Trubetzkoy (1939) and Wittgen- stein (1953). As such, language exists primarily between people rather than (only) within people. It is “shared” by the members of the community who speak it – in the strong sense in which people can “share a secret”: they all know it, and they know that they know it, rather than in the weak sense of “sharing a bottle of wine”. But what is it that people share when they know 2. I should point out that my own previous work on language and embodiment (Zlatev 1997) suffers from the same three drawbacks listed above, i.e. it lacks coherent concepts of representation and convention and, in addition, disregards their dependence on consciousness. My criticism of “embodiment theory” in the first part of this chapter is therefore also a form of (former-)self-criticism. 244 Jordan Zlatev a language? Above all: linguistically encoded concepts, i.e. lexical mean- ings, and rules for their combination. In Section 2 of this chapter I will elaborate on this, and argue that it is impossible to account for linguistic meaning without the concept of representation. Nearly as obviously, the conventionality of language, as well as the fact that we follow rules (which we are free to break) rather than mechanical deterministic procedures shows that our knowledge of language is (in principle) accessible to con- sciousness. This also implies that linguistic knowledge involves declarative, and not only procedural knowledge.3 This characterization of language in terms of conventionality, represen- tation and accessibility to consciousness appears to be on a collision course with attempts to explain language in terms of “embodiment”, since as pointed out above, it is precisely these three concepts that are at best under- developed, and at worse rejected by proponents of embodied cognition. In the recent work of cognitive linguists such as Johnson and Lakoff,4 and especially in PitF, this dissonance turns into an outright contradiction. In Section 3 I analyse the concept of embodiment as explicated within PitF (with some references to other Cognitive Linguistic work to show that PitF is by no means an exception), in order to make this contradiction as clear as possible. In brief: if language has the properties that I claim, and if em- bodiment has the properties that Lakoff and Johnson claim, then language can not be embodied.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chapter Five Meaning
    1. The Study of Meaning Semantics: The meaning of words: Lexical semantics Chapter Five The meaning of sentences: Propositional meaning, compositional meaning Meaning Linguistic semantics vs. Logical Meaning semantics/philosophical semantics Pragmatics: The meaning of utterances 1 2 2. Semantic Meaning Logicians and philosophers have tended to concentrate on a restricted range of sentences (typically, statements, or ‘propositions’) within Semantics is the study of meaning in language. a single language. Meaning has been studied for thousands of The linguistic approach aims to study the years by philosophers, logicians and linguists. properties of meaning in a systematic and E.g. Plato & Aristotle. objective way, with reference to as wide a range of utterances and languages as possible, ∴ broader in scope. 3 4 3. The meaning of meaning Geoffrey Leech (1974, 1981). Semantics: The 3. The meaning of meaning Study of Meaning. Seven types of meaning: C. K. Ogden & I. A. Richards (1923). The Meaning of Meaning. Conceptual meaning John means to write. Connotative meaning A green light means to go. Social meaning Health means everything. Associative Affective meaning His look was full of meaning. Meaning What is the meaning of life? Reflected and meaning What does ‘capitalist’ mean to you? Collocative meaning What does ‘cornea’ mean? Thematic meaning 5 6 1 3.2 Connotative meaning 3.1 Conceptual meaning The communicative value an expression has by ‘ ’ ‘ ’ Also called ‘denotative’ or ‘cognitive’ meaning. virtue of what it refers to, over and above its Refers to logical, cognitive or denotative purely conceptual content. content. A multitude of additional, non-criterial Concerned with the relationship between a properties, including not only physical word and the thing it denotes, or refers to.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Reference 1. the Phenomenon Of
    1 Reference 1. The phenomenon of reference In a paper evaluating animal communication systems, Hockett and Altmann (1968) presented a list of what they found to be the distinctive characteristics which, collectively, define what it is to be a human language. Among the characteristics is the phenomenon of "aboutness", that is, in using a human language we talk about things that are external to ourselves. This not only includes things that we find in our immediate environment, but also things that are displaced in time and space. For example, at this moment I can just as easily talk about Tahiti or the planet Pluto, neither of which are in my immediate environment nor ever have been, as I can about this telephone before me or the computer I am using at this moment. Temporal displacement is similar: it would seem I can as easily talk about Abraham Lincoln or Julius Caesar, neither a contemporary of mine, as I can of former president Bill Clinton, or my good friend John, who are contemporaries of mine. This notion of aboutness is, intuitively, lacking in some contrasting instances. For example, it is easy to think that animal communication systems lack this characteristic—that the mating call of the male cardinal may be caused by a certain biological urge, and may serve as a signal that attracts mates, but the call itself is (putatively) not about either of those things. Or, consider an example from human behavior. I hit my thumb with a hammer while attempting to drive in a nail. I say, "Ouch!" In so doing I am saying this because of the pain, and I am communicating to anyone within earshot that I am in pain, but the word ouch itself is not about the pain I feel.
    [Show full text]
  • 233 Meaning and the Second Language Learner Jane Nkechi
    Meaning and the Second Language Learner Jane Nkechi Ifechelobi* Abstract Meaning is about the most elusive and controversial phenomenon in the study of language .The ambiguous nature of meaning is manifest in the fact that in almost any language, one expression can be subject to a number of interpretations depending on the speaker, the hearer and the situation where the expression is used. Meanings are ultimately determined not by words but by people [Hybels and Weaver26]. Most often the second language learner seeks to interpret word meaning without reference to the person who uses it and the community in which it is used. The concern of this paper is to bring out the complexity between meaning and the second language learner, because meaning lies on the interpreter and not on the user of the language. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ujah.v13i1.13 Introduction Language is a means of communication but what is normally conveyed in language use is not words and sentences but a message. The implication is that language cannot stand on its own apart from the function of conveying messages. This suggests that meaning exists elsewhere than in language. In any language use, the more important and more valuable object is the message; language is only secondary. In the study of language one is concerned more with the expression of meanings than with meaning itself. However the analysis of meaning is the message enveloped in the linguistic form. It is obvious that there is an intrinsic connection between meaning and communication such that it is impossible to account for the former except in terms of the latter.
    [Show full text]
  • Ogden and Richards' the Meaning of Meaning and Early Analytic
    Ogden and Richards’ The Meaning of Meaning and early analytic philosophy. James McElvenny [email protected] This is the green open access copy of my paper in Language Sciences (2014, 41.212-221). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2013.10.001 This version silently corrects a few small errors in the published paper. Abstract C.K. Ogden (1889–1957) and I.A. Richards’ (1893–1979) The Meaning of Meaning is widely recognised as a classic text of early twentieth-century linguistic semantics and semiotics, but less well known are its links to the ‘logical atomism’ of Bertrand Russell (1872–1970), one of the foundational doctrines of analytic philosophy. In this paper a detailed comparison of The Meaning of Meaning and logical atomism is made, in which several key similarities between the two theories in subject matter and approach are identified: both attempt to describe meaning in terms of the latest psychological doctrines and both pursue a normative program aimed at rectifying the perceived deficiencies of language. But there are also a number of differences between the theories. Ogden and Richards – most probably inspired by Victoria Lady Welby (1837–1912) – offered a pragmatically oriented account of ordinary language, while Russell sought a ‘logically perfect language’ beyond interpretation, and rejected the work of Welby and her allies. These differences contributed significantly to Russell’s largely negative opinion of The Meaning of Meaning. Despite this, several ideas pioneered in The Meaning of Meaning re-appear in Russell’s later writings. The Meaning of Meaning, it would seem, not only drew inspiration from Russell’s philosophy but may have also contributed to its further development.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Some Fundamental Concepts for Semantics
    1 Some fundamental concepts for semantics All science, all significant inquiry, is a web with indefinite frontiers. (Justus Buchler ‘Introduction’ to Peirce 1940:xii) It is advisable to read the “Preface” before starting on this chapter. 1.1 Where we are heading This chapter outlines some fundamental concepts for semantics, concepts that will be referred to either explicitly or implicitly throughout the rest of the book. Here, and throughout the book, KEY words and concepts are introduced in SMALL CAPITALS and also listed in the summary section. In doing semantics it is essential to define the terms used in discussion. For instance: Definition 1.1 SEMANTICS is the study of meaning in human languages. To begin with, interpret the word meaning as anyone who knows English might reasonably do; this whole book is about the meaning of meaning. Note that within the discipline of linguistics the term semantics is not in the least bit pejorative as it is in the colloquial accusation That’s just semantics! which means “You’re just quibbling and prevaricating.” The definition of semantics refers to human languages – also referred to throughout the book as ‘natural languages’ – and we discuss them in §1.2. killed, crocodile, hunter, the, the Textbox 1 If I ask you to construct a meaningful sentence using all the words in Textbox 1, you can do so because meaning is compositional. The compositionality of meaning is examined in §1.3. It raises the distinction between the language we are describing, the OBJECT LANGUAGE, and the language (and formulae) we use when describing it, the METALANGUAGE.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Reception of Odgen and Richards' Book, ''The Meaning of Me
    Controversies and Misunderstandings about Meaning: On the reception of Odgen and Richards’ book, ”The Meaning of Meaning” Thierry Poibeau To cite this version: Thierry Poibeau. Controversies and Misunderstandings about Meaning: On the reception of Odgen and Richards’ book, ”The Meaning of Meaning”. International Conference on the History of the Language Sciences (ICHOLS’2008), Sep 2008, Potsdam, Germany. hal-00347004 HAL Id: hal-00347004 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00347004 Submitted on 19 Aug 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Controversies and Misunderstandings about Meaning On the reception of Odgen and Richards’ book, The Meaning of Meaning Thierry Poibeau Laboratoire d’Informatique de Paris-Nord (UMR 7030) CNRS and Université Paris 13 1 Introduction The Meaning of Meaning is an influential book published by Charles Kay Ogden (1889–1957) and Ivor Armstrong Richards (1893-1979) (from now on O&R) in January 1923. It describes a theory of meaning, more specifically trying to determine the nature of meaning and why misunderstandings frequently occur between people. Even if the book is now considered as “dated”1, it has been intensively read, especially in the English speaking world2 where it has been widely used as a textbook in 1 According to the CTLF website (Corpus de textes linguistiques fondamentaux; the note concerning Ogden and Richard has been written by H.
    [Show full text]
  • Analyzing Meaning an Introduction to Semantics and Pragmatics
    Analyzing meaning An introduction to semantics and pragmatics Paul R. Kroeger language Textbooks in Language Sciences 5 science press Textbooks in Language Sciences Editors: Stefan Müller, Martin Haspelmath Editorial Board: Claude Hagège, Marianne Mithun, Anatol Stefanowitsch, Foong Ha Yap In this series: 1. Müller, Stefan. Grammatical theory: From transformational grammar to constraint-based approaches. 2. Schäfer, Roland. Einführung in die grammatische Beschreibung des Deutschen. 3. Freitas, Maria João & Ana Lúcia Santos (eds.). Aquisição de língua materna e não materna: Questões gerais e dados do português. 4. Roussarie, Laurent. Sémantique formelle : Introduction à la grammaire de Montague. 5. Kroeger, Paul. Analyzing meaning: An introduction to semantics and pragmatics. ISSN: 2364-6209 Analyzing meaning An introduction to semantics and pragmatics Paul R. Kroeger language science press Paul R. Kroeger. 2018. Analyzing meaning: An introduction to semantics and pragmatics (Textbooks in Language Sciences 5). Berlin: Language Science Press. This title can be downloaded at: http://langsci-press.org/catalog/144 © 2018, Paul R. Kroeger Published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Licence (CC BY 4.0): http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ISBN: 978-3-96110-034-7 (Digital) 978-3-96110-035-4 (Hardcover) 978-3-96110-067-5 (Softcover) ISSN: 2364-6209 DOI:10.5281/zenodo.1164112 Source code available from www.github.com/langsci/144 Collaborative reading: paperhive.org/documents/remote?type=langsci&id=144 Cover and concept of design:
    [Show full text]
  • Semantics and Pragmatics How Can One Define What a Word's Meaning
    What is Semantics? Semantics and Pragmatics Semantics is the part of linguistics that studies meaning in language: Semantics is closely related to pragmatics. I. The meaning(s) of a word. • Semantics deals with literal meaning. • (1) a. I can drive them to the party tomorrow. Pragmatics deals with the use of language, what it means in context. b. I can tuna for a living. c. Pass me a can of Coke, please. (2) a. He holds an important office. b. He holds a beer in his hand. c. He holds on to the seat belt. d. They hold an election. II. How the meaning of a sentence is obtained from the meaning of the words. Linguistics 201, Detmar Meurers Handout 5 (April 14, 2004) 1 3 The Meaning of Meaning How can one define what a word’s meaning is? Ideas: • Dictionary Definitions The words mean/meaning areusedindifferentways: • Mental Images John means to write ‘intends’ • Reference A green light means go. ‘indicates’ Health means everything ‘has importance’ Group work (15 minutes): His look was full of meaning ‘special import’ What does capitalist mean to you? ‘subjective feeling about • You are assigned to one of the three ideas. What does ‘cornea’ mean? • Reread the relevant passage in section 7.2 of the language files. • Discuss in your group The last kind of use is the kind of meaning studied in linguistic semantics. – what the particular idea consists of – what the advantages of the idea are – what the problems of the idea are Think of some examples for idea, advantages, and problems.
    [Show full text]
  • Philosophy of Language and Mind: 1950-1990 Author(S): Tyler Burge Source: the Philosophical Review, Vol
    Philosophical Review Philosophy of Language and Mind: 1950-1990 Author(s): Tyler Burge Source: The Philosophical Review, Vol. 101, No. 1, Philosophy in Review: Essays on Contemporary Philosophy (Jan., 1992), pp. 3-51 Published by: Duke University Press on behalf of Philosophical Review Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2185043 Accessed: 11-04-2017 02:19 UTC REFERENCES Linked references are available on JSTOR for this article: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2185043?seq=1&cid=pdf-reference#references_tab_contents You may need to log in to JSTOR to access the linked references. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms Philosophical Review, Duke University Press are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Philosophical Review This content downloaded from 128.97.244.236 on Tue, 11 Apr 2017 02:19:01 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms The Philosophical Review, Vol. 101, No. 1 January 1992) Philosophy of Language and Mind: 1950-1990 Tyler Burge The last forty years in philosophy of language and philosophy of mind have seen, I hazard to say, some of the most intense and intellectually powerful discussion in any academic field during the period.' Yet the achievements in these areas have not been widely appreciated by the general intellectual public.
    [Show full text]
  • Hilary Putnam on Meaning and Necessity Anders Öberg
    Hilary Putnam on Meaning and Necessity Anders Öberg Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in Geijersalen, Human- istiskt Centrum, Engelska parken, Uppsala. Saturday, December 3, 2011 at 13:15 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The examination will be conducted in English. Abstract Öberg, A. 2011. Hilary Putnam on Meaning and Necessity. Department of Philosophy. 166 pp. Uppsala. ISBN 978-91-506-2243-0. In this dissertation on Hilary Putnam's philosophy, I investigate his development regarding meaning and necessity, in particular mathematical necessity. Putnam has been a leading American philosopher since the end of the 1950s, becoming famous in the 1960s within the school of analytic philosophy, associated in particular with the philosophy of science and the philosophy of language. Under the influence of W.V. Quine, Putnam challenged the logical positivism/empiricism that had become strong in America after World War II, with influential exponents such as Rudolf Carnap and Hans Reichenbach. Putnam agreed with Quine that there are no absolute a priori truths. In particular, he was critical of the notion of truth by convention. Instead he developed a notion of relative a priori truth, that is, a notion of neces- sary truth with respect to a body of knowledge, or a conceptual scheme. Putnam's position on necessity has developed over the years and has always been connected to his important con- tributions to the philosophy of meaning. I study Hilary Putnam's development through an early phase of scientific realism, a middle phase of internal realism, and his later position of a natural or commonsense realism.
    [Show full text]
  • Cognitive Semiotics
    Chapter 47 Cognitive Semiotics Jordan Zlatev 47.1 Introduction Cognitive semiotics (henceforth Cogsem) is a new interdisciplinary, or rather trans- disciplinary (cf. Sect. 47.4.5), field focused on the multifaceted phenomenon of meaning, “integrating methods and theories developed in the disciplines of cogni- tive science with methods and theories developed in semiotics and the humanities, with the ultimate aim of providing new insights into the realm of human signifi- cation and its manifestation in cultural practices” (www.cognitivesemiotics.com). This admittedly broad definition should be further extended to include investiga- tions of meaning making by nonhuman animals. As shown in this chapter, while Cogsem researchers may indeed focus on what is specific about human forms of semiosis, there is widespread agreement that this can only be properly understood in a comparative and evolutionary perspective. Thus, Cogsem cuts through and stretches across existing disciplinary divisions and configurations. For example, it is not to be seen as a branch of the overall field of semiotics, defined in terms of either “domain” (in the manner of, e.g., biosemiot- ics, semiotics of culture, or social semiotics) or “modality” (e.g., visual semiotics, text semiotics) as it involves linguistics and cognitive science no less than semiot- ics. Not belonging to a single discipline, it is not a particular semiotic “school” (e.g., Peircean, Saussurean, Greimasian), and even less a particular theory. Unfortunately, these are common misinterpretations of the label “cognitive semiotics,” given its instantiation of the modifier-head construction. But labels, while useful for orga- nizing both concepts and fields of knowledge, are not essential, and many de facto Cogsem researchers do not attach the label to their work.
    [Show full text]
  • The Reality of the Controversy Surrounding the Concept of Meaning in Semantics
    European Scientific Journal February 2016 edition vol.12, No.5 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 The Reality Of The Controversy Surrounding The Concept Of Meaning In Semantics Dr. Isaac Mhute Zimbabwe Open University doi: 10.19044/esj.2016.v12n5p279 URL:http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n5p279 Abstract This is a close analysis of the reality of the controversy surrounding the concept of meaning in semantics. Focus was basically placed on whether the so called failure to explain and disagreements on what meaning really is do exist or not. The paper assesses the so called failures of some of the popular theories explaining what meaning is in a bid to find out the truth of the matter. The paper characterises the failure or disagreement as a myth rather than a reality. It argues that there is generally not even a single one of the theories that is irrelevant as they all look at meaning from various angles and shed some very useful light on what meaning is. It is only that people tend to expect an all encompassing theory that does it all which has since proved very difficult considering the vastness of the ground covered by the concept. It suggests that people consider the theories as efforts focussing on different areas of the same aspect due to the fact that their respective proponents belong to different schools of thought. Keywords: Meaning, Semantics, Theories of meaning Introduction Generally linguists define semantics as the scientific study of meaning. The merrian-webster dictionary defines semantics as the study of the meanings of words and phrases in language.
    [Show full text]