DOCSLIB.ORG

Design of an Integrated Circuit for Electrical Vehicle with Multiple Outputs

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Design of an Integrated Circuit for Electrical Vehicle with Multiple Outputs International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Volume 118 No. 20 2018, 4887-4901 ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version) url: http://www.ijpam.eu Special Issue ijpam.eu DESIGN OF AN INTEGRATED CIRCUIT FOR ELECTRICAL VEHICLE WITH MULTIPLE OUTPUTS Ms.K. PRIYADHARSINI ,M.E., 1 Ms. A. LITTLE JUDY, M.E.,2 Mr. K. MOHAN, 3 4 M.E., Ms. R. DIVYA, M.E., 1Assistant Professor, Sri Krishna College of Engineering and technology Email id: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. Abstract: The vehicles spreading unit (OLPU) to improve the power system are used on the electric density through the circuit vehicles on the battery vehicles in integration. The proposed system has hybrid electric vehicles. The battery advantages in the reduction of inverters on the converters motor on principal components of the power the core technologies .the attempt to stage as well as high power density improve battery on the low voltage through a shared heat sink and level DC-DC to converter. The AC TO mounting space. In addition the DC conversion are modified by the shared circuit reduces the cost by isolated transformer. The DC-DC converter are maintained by the eliminating the automotive high- isolated technology. The grid battery power cable technology are maintained by HVBs as an input source and supply power that is necessary for the power flow to the electronic devices and low between the OBC and the LDC in the voltage battery (LVB) in the vehicle. conventional system. Moreover, the This system proposes an OBC-LDC OLPU brings the structures and integrated power advantages of the OBC and LDC in conventional (x EVs) . 4887 International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue The auxiliary battery are modified by 1. INTRODUCTION the role on the driving state in the flow of the driving state. [4] They This paper presents a realize a small and light design of EV comparative evaluation of the suitable battery charger resulted in isolated DC-DC converters for the improvement of fuel efficiency. This Auxiliary Power Module paper proposes an integrated circuit sharing internal parts of a low voltage (APM) in Electrified Vehicle DC-DC converter (LDC) and a non- applications.[1] The single input single board charger (OBC) for electric output system are converted by the vehicles (EVs). The standalone system DC-DC technologies by the (SIMO).[2] are modified on the simultaneous The fully bridge model are applied by modified system. [5]The LDC mode the MOSFET switch efficiency on the are simultaneous operating mode. The topology in the APM application in additionally suggested circuit is a terms of switch efficiency and cost. built-in zero voltage switching (ZVS) buck unit. Prototype rated with 3.3 This paper presents a multi- kW OBC and 1 kWLDC is built and functional on-board battery charger the experimental results are carried for plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs). out in order to verify the performance The battery charger consists of the H- and the validity of the proposed power BRIDGE modules on the high unit. frequency in the flow of the 2. RELATED WORK transformer in the inductors.[3] Occasionally, the propulsion battery The electric vehicles are needed in the will equal or Bette performance in populated urban areas to reduce air terms of efficiency, output control, and pollution. Battery chargers are needed stability. The proposed OLPU not only to supply dc voltage to charge the has standalone modes as an high-energy battery packs used in independent OBC or LDC but also an EVs. [6] This paper deals with an on- additional mode that can charge both board battery charger arrangement the HVB and the LVB simultaneously that is fully based on the use of the supply surplus energy to the grid power components of the EV motor (V2G). drive. [7] Desired features for EV battery chargers such as minimum volume, low cost, high efficiency, and high reliability are fully matched by means of the proposed solution.[8] 4888 International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue Design analysis and DC-to-DC converter is an experimental results of the on-board electronic circuit are used to converts charger prototype are presented. a one voltage level to another. 3.3.1ELECTRICAL VECHILES 3.3.3. BUCK CONVERTER The electric car automobile system is The buck converter are used to the propelled by the one or more electric voltage step down and the step up motors, rechargeable batteries in the converting process. The voltage rating storage device. The torque ratio are the linear. The linear regulators created on the strong smooth are used in the power as heat. acceleration. The internal combustion engine are efficient with internal torque. The battery management Fig 3.1 Buck Converter system empower greenhouse system. 3.3.2.DC-DC CONVERTER The hybrid electric vehicle are operated on the effective solution in the higher fuel economy, better performance with the conventional vehicles.[9] The Plug-in HEVs (PHEVs) are HEVs with plug-in capabilities and provide a more all- electric range; hence,[10] PHEVs improve fuel economy and reduce emissions even more. PHEVs have a battery or a pack of energy.[11]Itis shown that the integrated converter has a reduced number of high-current inductors and current transducers and has provided fault-current tolerance in PHEV conversion. 4889 International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue High Voltage Battery and the LOW Voltage Battery. The proposed OLPU operates in OBC standalone 3.3.4. BOOST CONVERTER mode(Mode 1), LDC standalone mode (Mode 2), which are exactlythe same The boost converter are used as as the conventional OBC and LDC, DC –DC power voltage greater than respectively, andOBC-LDC the input voltage. The switch mode simultaneous mode (Mode 3), which power are the least semiconductors in can charge theLVB during the the diode and transistor. The boost operation of the OBC owing to converter are used to increase the themulti-winding structure of the voltage. The normally added to the HFTR, as shown in Fig. 3.4 and output of the converter to reduce 3.5.Simultaneous output of both HV output voltage ripple. The boost and LV side are obtained by the below converter is used to increase the circuit. voltage. 3.5. Modes of operation: Through this model we can get simultaneous charging for both LV battery and HV battery. There is an extra circuit known as the control circuit which is 3.4 CIRCUIT EXPLANATION used to block the induced voltage. Modules Description: Circuit Diagram From the proposed circuit diagram we can obtain the simultaneous charging of both the 4890 International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue which Mode1 is an OBC standalone mode and Mode 2 is the LDC standalone mode..Mode 3 is the simultaneous operation of both OBC and LDC with multiple outputs. Fig 3.4.Circuit Diagram of Mode 1 and Mode 2 Operation There are three modes of operation Mode1, Mode2, Mode3 in 4891 International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue The (Mode 1), LDC standalone mode (Mode 2), which are exactly the same as the conventional OBC and LDC, respectively, and OBC-LDC simultaneous mode (Mode 3), which can charge the LVB during the operation of the OBC owing to themulti-winding structure of the HFTR, as shown in Fig. 3.4 and 3.5.In Mode 1, the OLPU operates only as the OBC. The HVB, which has a charging voltage range of 250– 400 VDC, is charged to its maximum capacity of 3.3 kW through the grid power. In this mode, the integrated full-bridge stage operates only as the rectifier on the secondary side of the OBC. In Mode 2, the OLPU operates only as the typical LDC. The LVB, which has a charging voltage range of 13–15 VDC, and the internal electric devices, which operate while the vehicle is being driven, are supplied with power under a maximum capacity of 1 kW with the HVB as the input source [6]- 4892 International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue [8].The primary function of Mode 3 is compensation circuit is not needed the OBC operation, and the canter - because the PFC part is deactivated, tapped rectifier is activated for and the bias across the output diode of auxiliary charging of the LVB. In this the PFC is reversed. Therefore, in mode, the total charging power of the order to improve the characteristics of HVB and LVB should not exceed the the integration structure, the switch maximum output of Mode 1,and the attached to the centre-tapped rectifier maximum charging power of the LVB on the secondary side of the LDC is is 300 W. In other words, the used for blocking the induced voltage. maximum output of the OBC ranges The blocking switch is fully turned off from 3kW to 3.3 kW, depending on the and functionally detaches the output condition of the LDC. In secondary side of the LDC from the addition, the operating principles of OLPU in Mode 1. In Mode 2, the Mode 1 and Mode 3are the same in the switch maintains full turn-onto basic integrated structure. The voltage maintain the LDC operation. In produced on the primary side of the addition, the OBC is delivered to both the output of the OBC and the output of the LDC PWM controlled switch smoothly through the coupled multi-winding implements the simultaneous HFTR. Thus, in the basic structure of charging in Mode 3.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Understanding Performance Numbers in Integrated Circuit Design Oprecomp Summer School 2019, Perugia Italy 5 September 2019
    Understanding performance numbers in Integrated Circuit Design Oprecomp summer school 2019, Perugia Italy 5 September 2019 Frank K. G¨urkaynak [email protected] Integrated Systems Laboratory Introduction Cost Design Flow Area Speed Area/Speed Trade-offs Power Conclusions 2/74 Who Am I? Born in Istanbul, Turkey Studied and worked at: Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester MA, USA Since 2008: Integrated Systems Laboratory, ETH Zurich Director, Microelectronics Design Center Senior Scientist, group of Prof. Luca Benini Interests: Digital Integrated Circuits Cryptographic Hardware Design Design Flows for Digital Design Processor Design Open Source Hardware Integrated Systems Laboratory Introduction Cost Design Flow Area Speed Area/Speed Trade-offs Power Conclusions 3/74 What Will We Discuss Today? Introduction Cost Structure of Integrated Circuits (ICs) Measuring performance of ICs Why is it difficult? EDA tools should give us a number Area How do people report area? Is that fair? Speed How fast does my circuit actually work? Power These days much more important, but also much harder to get right Integrated Systems Laboratory The performance establishes the solution space Finally the cost sets a limit to what is possible Introduction Cost Design Flow Area Speed Area/Speed Trade-offs Power Conclusions 4/74 System Design Requirements System Requirements Functionality Functionality determines what the system will do Integrated Systems Laboratory Finally the cost sets a limit
    [Show full text]
  • Fibre Reinforced Plastic Concepts for Structural Chassis Parts
    Transport Research Arena 2014, Paris Fibre Reinforced Plastic Concepts for Structural Chassis Parts Oliver Deisser*, Prof. Dr. Horst E. Friedrich, Gundolf Kopp German Aerospace Center / Institute of Vehicle Concepts Pfaffenwaldring 38-40, 70569 Stuttgart Abstract Fibre reinforced plastics (FRP) have a high potential for reducing masses of automotive parts, but are seldom used for structural parts in the chassis. If the whole chassis concept is adapted to the new material, then a high weight saving potential can be gained and new body concepts can result. DLR Institute of Vehicle Concepts designed and dimensioned a highly stressed structural part in FRP. A topology optimisation of a defined working space with the estimated loads was performed. The results were analysed and fibre reinforced part concepts derived, detailed and evaluated. Especially by the use of the new FRP material system in the chassis area, a weight saving of more than 30% compared to the steel reference was realised. With the help of those concepts it is shown, that there is also a great weight saving potential in the field of chassis design, if the design fits with the material properties. The existing concepts still have to be detailed further, simulated and validated to gain the full lightweight potential. Keywords: Fibre Reinforced Plastics; Chassis Design; Lightweight Design Concepts; Finite Element Simulation; FEM. Résumé Plastiques renforcés de fibres (PRF) ont un fort potentiel de réduction des masses de pièces automobiles, mais sont rarement utilisés pour des pièces de structure du châssis. Si le concept de châssis est adapté au nouveau matériel, un potentiel élevé d'épargne de poids peut être acquis et de nouveaux concepts de construction peuvent en résulter.
    [Show full text]
  • Chap01: Computer Abstractions and Technology
    CHAPTER 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Eight Great Ideas in Computer Architecture 11 1.3 Below Your Program 13 1.4 Under the Covers 16 1.5 Technologies for Building Processors and Memory 24 1.6 Performance 28 1.7 The Power Wall 40 1.8 The Sea Change: The Switch from Uniprocessors to Multiprocessors 43 1.9 Real Stuff: Benchmarking the Intel Core i7 46 1.10 Fallacies and Pitfalls 49 1.11 Concluding Remarks 52 1.12 Historical Perspective and Further Reading 54 1.13 Exercises 54 CMPS290 Class Notes (Chap01) Page 1 / 24 by Kuo-pao Yang 1.1 Introduction 3 Modern computer technology requires professionals of every computing specialty to understand both hardware and software. Classes of Computing Applications and Their Characteristics Personal computers o A computer designed for use by an individual, usually incorporating a graphics display, a keyboard, and a mouse. o Personal computers emphasize delivery of good performance to single users at low cost and usually execute third-party software. o This class of computing drove the evolution of many computing technologies, which is only about 35 years old! Server computers o A computer used for running larger programs for multiple users, often simultaneously, and typically accessed only via a network. o Servers are built from the same basic technology as desktop computers, but provide for greater computing, storage, and input/output capacity. Supercomputers o A class of computers with the highest performance and cost o Supercomputers consist of tens of thousands of processors and many terabytes of memory, and cost tens to hundreds of millions of dollars.
    [Show full text]
  • Autonomous Vehicle Engineering Guide Top Breakthroughs & Resources in Autonomous and Connected Vehicles AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE ENGINEERING GUIDE
    EBOOK Autonomous Vehicle Engineering Guide Top Breakthroughs & Resources in Autonomous and Connected Vehicles AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE ENGINEERING GUIDE 5 Contents SENSORS 7 3 For Lidar, MEMs the Word 5 New Performance Metrics for Lidar 7 Detecting Pedestrians SOFTWARE AND AI/MACHINE LEARNING 12 9 Software Building Blocks for AV Systems 12 New Mobility’s Mega Mappers 15 Can Autonomous Vehicles Make the Right ‘Decision?’ 19 CONNECTED VEHICLE ELECTRONICS 17 Expanding the Role of FPGAs 19 Electronic Architectures Get Smart ABOUT ON THE COVER Autonomous Vehicle Engineering covers the In the article Software Building Blocks constantly-evolving field of autonomous and for AV Systems, Sebastian Klaas explores connected vehicles from end to end — covering how Elektrobit's unique software frame- key technologies and applications including work is designed to smooth develop- sensor fusion, artificial intelligence, smart cities, ment of automated driving functions. and much more. This Autonomous Vehicle Automated valet parking is an example Engineering Ebook is a compilation of some of of a practical application of the software the magazine's top feature articles from thought framework. Read more on page 9. leaders, and is your guide to designing the next (Image: Elektrobit) generation of vehicles. 2 AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE ENGINEERING SAE EBOOK SENSORS For Lidar, MEMS the Word by Charles Chung, Ph.D. Tiny gimballed mirrors on chips are being developed that could improve the form factor and cost of automotive lidar. As automakers and their technology partners develop lidar sensors to enable SAE Level 4-5 autonomous driving, some systems designers believe MEMS micromirrors have the potential to reduce overall size and cost—two major hurdles to widespread lidar adoption.
    [Show full text]
  • The Electric Vehicle Evolution
    THE ELECTRIC VEHICLE EVOLUTION Electric vehicles are a growing market for new car purchases with more and more people making the switch from the gas station to an electrical outlet to fuel their vehicles. Electric vehicles use electricity as their primary fuel or use electricity along with a conventional engine to improve efficiency (plug-in hybrid vehicles). Drivers are purchasing the vehicles for all kinds of reasons. Many decide to buy when they hear about the savings. Drivers see around $700 in savings a year in gasoline expenses when they drive an average of 12,000 miles. They also can realize substantial tax credits that encourage low-emission and emissions-free driving. Additional benefits include environmental improvements because of reduced vehicle emissions, energy independence by way of using locally-generated electricity and high quality driving performance. With the influx of electric vehicles comes a need for charging infrastructure. Throughout the country, businesses, governments and utilities have been installing electric vehicle charging stations. According to the U.S. Department of Energy’s Alternative Fuels Data Center, there are over tens of thousands of vehicle charging outlets across the country. This trend toward electric vehicles is expected to continue, especially with the billions of dollars that auto manufacturers are investing in these new vehicles. The list of manufacturer support is long with almost every large automobile manufacturer currently developing or selling an electric vehicle. But how and why did this all get started? Let’s step back and take a look at the history of electric transportation. 1 THE ELECTRIC VEHICLE EVOLUTION EARLY SUCCESS Electric vehicles actually have their origin in the 1800s.
    [Show full text]
  • Assignment of New Vehicle Identification Number Application
    APPLICATION AND ASSIGNMENT OF NEW VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION NUMBER SECRETARY OF STATE BUREAU OF MOTOR VEHICLES $33.00 FEE REQUIRED DIVISION OF TITLE SERVICES Make Checks payable to: SECRETARY OF STATE OWNERS LEGAL NAME DATE OF BIRTH CURRENT STREET ADDRESS CITY STATE ZIP APPLICATION DATE HOME PHONE WORK PHONE YEAR MAKE MODEL BODY TYPE MISSING VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION NUMBER – IF KNOWN EXACT CURRENT LOCATION OF VEHICLE –STREET ADDRESS CITY STATE ZIP NET WEIGHT - IF TRAILER CC - IF MOTORCYCLE ENGINE NUMBER – IF MOTORCYCLE Subject to inspection by a Bureau of Motor Vehicle detective, the undersigned makes this application for a new vehicle identification number, to be assigned permanently to the vehicle listed above. The applicant also agrees to submit an application for a title certificate (MVT-2) to bear the new number, if this vehicle is 1995 or newer and subject to Maine title law. I certify that I am the owner of the vehicle described above and that said Vehicle requires a Vehicle Identification Number because (CHECK ONE REASON BELOW): ❑ Number was destroyed or obliterated ❑ Homemade vehicle ❑ Other (Explain) _________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ OWNER’S SIGNATURE IMPORTANT – PLEASE ALSO READ AND COMPLETE THE BACK OF THIS FORM FOR BMV USE ONLY SPECIAL MOTOR VEHICLE CERTIFICATION FOR BMV USE ONLY This permanent Vehicle Identification Number has been properly affixed to the vehicle described above M E INSPECTOR’S NAME (PLEASE PRINT CLEARLY) INSPECTOR’S SIGNATURE DATE NUMBER AFFIXED ODOMETER READING COMMENTS 101 Hospital Street, #29 State House Station, Augusta, ME 04333-0029 Tel. (207) 624-9000 ext. 52138 Fax: (207) 624-9239 TTY Users call Maine Relay 711 MVT-6 Rev.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Intelligent Transportation Systems Publication Number
    HISTORY OF INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS WWW.ITS.DOT.GOV/INDEX.HTM PUBLICATION NUMBER WWW.ITS.DOT.GOV/INDEX.HTM PUBLICATION NUMBER: FHWA-JPO-16-329 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS JOINT PROGRAM OFFICE B U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS JOINT PROGRAM OFFICE Produced by Booz Allen Hamilton U.S. Department of Transportation Intelligent Transportation Systems Joint Program Office Notice This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. The U.S. Government is not endorsing any manufacturers, products, or services cited herein and any trade name that may appear in the work has been included only because it is essential to the contents of the work. C U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS JOINT PROGRAM OFFICE Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No. FHWA-JPO-16-329 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date History of Intelligent Transportation Systems May 2016 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Ashley Auer, Shelley Feese, and Stephen Lockwood 9. Performing Organization Name And Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) Booz Allen Hamilton 8283 Greensboro Drive 11. Contract or Grant No. McLean, VA 22102 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered U.S. Department of Transportation Intelligent Transportation Systems Joint Program Office 1200 New Jersey Ave SE 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Washington, DC 20590 15.
    [Show full text]
  • Photovoltaic Couplers for MOSFET Drive for Relays
    Photocoupler Application Notes Basic Electrical Characteristics and Application Circuit Design of Photovoltaic Couplers for MOSFET Drive for Relays Outline: Photovoltaic-output photocouplers(photovoltaic couplers), which incorporate a photodiode array as an output device, are commonly used in combination with a discrete MOSFET(s) to form a semiconductor relay. This application note discusses the electrical characteristics and application circuits of photovoltaic-output photocouplers. ©2019 1 Rev. 1.0 2019-04-25 Toshiba Electronic Devices & Storage Corporation Photocoupler Application Notes Table of Contents 1. What is a photovoltaic-output photocoupler? ............................................................ 3 1.1 Structure of a photovoltaic-output photocoupler .................................................... 3 1.2 Principle of operation of a photovoltaic-output photocoupler .................................... 3 1.3 Basic usage of photovoltaic-output photocouplers .................................................. 4 1.4 Advantages of PV+MOSFET combinations ............................................................. 5 1.5 Types of photovoltaic-output photocouplers .......................................................... 7 2. Major electrical characteristics and behavior of photovoltaic-output photocouplers ........ 8 2.1 VOC-IF characteristics .......................................................................................... 9 2.2 VOC-Ta characteristic ........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • COSC 6385 Computer Architecture - Multi-Processors (IV) Simultaneous Multi-Threading and Multi-Core Processors Edgar Gabriel Spring 2011
    COSC 6385 Computer Architecture - Multi-Processors (IV) Simultaneous multi-threading and multi-core processors Edgar Gabriel Spring 2011 Edgar Gabriel Moore’s Law • Long-term trend on the number of transistor per integrated circuit • Number of transistors double every ~18 month Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wki/Images:Moores_law.svg COSC 6385 – Computer Architecture Edgar Gabriel 1 What do we do with that many transistors? • Optimizing the execution of a single instruction stream through – Pipelining • Overlap the execution of multiple instructions • Example: all RISC architectures; Intel x86 underneath the hood – Out-of-order execution: • Allow instructions to overtake each other in accordance with code dependencies (RAW, WAW, WAR) • Example: all commercial processors (Intel, AMD, IBM, SUN) – Branch prediction and speculative execution: • Reduce the number of stall cycles due to unresolved branches • Example: (nearly) all commercial processors COSC 6385 – Computer Architecture Edgar Gabriel What do we do with that many transistors? (II) – Multi-issue processors: • Allow multiple instructions to start execution per clock cycle • Superscalar (Intel x86, AMD, …) vs. VLIW architectures – VLIW/EPIC architectures: • Allow compilers to indicate independent instructions per issue packet • Example: Intel Itanium series – Vector units: • Allow for the efficient expression and execution of vector operations • Example: SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSE4 instructions COSC 6385 – Computer Architecture Edgar Gabriel 2 Limitations of optimizing a single instruction
    [Show full text]
  • The Autonomous Vehicle Revolution Fostering Innovation with Smart Regulation
    THE AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE REVOLUTION FOSTERING INNOVATION WITH SMART REGULATION MARCH 2017 The Center for the Study of the Presidency and Congress, founded in 1965, is a nonprofit, nonpartisan 501(c)(3) organization. The Center’s mission is to utilize the lessons of history to address the challenges of today; serve as a strategic honest broker for discussions with leaders from government, the private sector, and the policy community; and to educate the next generation of leaders through the Presidential and International Fellows Program. THE AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE REVOLUTION: FOSTERING INNOVATION WITH SMART REGULATION March 2017 Copyright © 2017 CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF THE PRESIDENCY & CONGRESS All rights reserved. No portion of this report may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Published in the United States of America. Selected Cover Image Credits: Silver Blue, Flickr; Jennifer Morrow, Flickr; Wikimedia Commons 601 Thirteenth Street, NW – Suite 1050N Washington, D.C. 20005 Phone: 202-872-9800 Fax: 202-872-9811 www.thePresidency.org Copyright © 2017 All rights reserved THE AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE REVOLUTION: FOSTERING INNOVATION WITH SMART REGULATION PROJECT DIRECTORS: MAXMILLIAN ANGERHOLZER III DAN MAHAFFEE LEAD RESEARCHER: MADELINE VALE PROJECT ADVISORS: JAMES KITFIELD HURST RENNER WASHINGTON, D.C. MARCH 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1 REPORT FINDINGS .............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Rapid Mapping of Digital Integrated Circuit Logic Gates Via Multi-Spectral Backside Imaging
    RAPID MAPPING OF DIGITAL INTEGRATED CIRCUIT LOGIC GATES VIA MULTI-SPECTRAL BACKSIDE IMAGING RONEN ADATO1;4;∗, AYDAN UYAR1;4, MAHMOUD ZANGENEH1;4, BOYOU ZHOU1;4, AJAY JOSHI1;4, BENNETT GOLDBERG1;2;3;4 AND M SELIM UNL¨ U¨ 1;3;4 Abstract. Modern semiconductor integrated circuits are increasingly fabricated at untrusted third party foundries. There now exist myriad security threats of malicious tampering at the hardware level and hence a clear and pressing need for new tools that enable rapid, robust and low-cost validation of circuit layouts. Optical backside imaging offers an attractive platform, but its limited resolution and throughput cannot cope with the nanoscale sizes of modern circuitry and the need to image over a large area. We propose and demonstrate a multi-spectral imaging approach to overcome these obstacles by identifying key circuit elements on the basis of their spectral response. This obviates the need to directly image the nanoscale components that define them, thereby relaxing resolution and spatial sampling requirements by 1 and 2 - 4 orders of magnitude respectively. Our results directly address critical security needs in the integrated circuit supply chain and highlight the potential of spectroscopic techniques to address fundamental resolution obstacles caused by the need to image ever shrinking feature sizes in semiconductor integrated circuits. 1. Introduction Semiconductor integrated circuits (ICs) are pervasive and essential components in virtually all modern devices, from personal computers, to medical equipment, to varied military systems and technologies. Their functionality is defined by a massive number (∼ 106 − 109 currently) of in- terconnected logic gates that correspond physically to various nanoscale doped regions, polysilicon and metal (usually copper and tungsten) structures.
    [Show full text]
  • Autonomous Vehicle Technology: a Guide for Policymakers
    Autonomous Vehicle Technology A Guide for Policymakers James M. Anderson, Nidhi Kalra, Karlyn D. Stanley, Paul Sorensen, Constantine Samaras, Oluwatobi A. Oluwatola C O R P O R A T I O N For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/rr443-2 This revised edition incorporates minor editorial changes. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication. ISBN: 978-0-8330-8398-2 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2016 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark. Cover image: Advertisement from 1957 for “America’s Independent Electric Light and Power Companies” (art by H. Miller). Text with original: “ELECTRICITY MAY BE THE DRIVER. One day your car may speed along an electric super-highway, its speed and steering automatically controlled by electronic devices embedded in the road. Highways will be made safe—by electricity! No traffic jams…no collisions…no driver fatigue.” Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions.html. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous.
    [Show full text]