Elaboration D'un Modèle De Prévision Des Rendements De Vanille

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Elaboration D'un Modèle De Prévision Des Rendements De Vanille UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO ------- ECOLE SUPERIEURE POLYTECHNIQUE ------------- DEPARTEMENT METEOROLOGIE -------- Mémoire de fin d’études en vue de l’obtention du diplôme d’ingénieur Intitulé Elaboration d’un modèle de prévision de rendement de Vanille Cas du district SAMBAVA-Région Sava Présenté par : RASOAVOLOLONIAINA Hanitra Elisa Encadré par : Monsieur RANDRIANASOLO Léon Date de soutenance : 01 Décembre 2014 Promotion 2013 UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO ------- ECOLE SUPERIEURE POLYTECHNIQUE ------------- DEPARTEMENT METEOROLOGIE -------- Mémoire de fin d’études en vue de l’obtention du diplôme d’ingénieur Intitulé : Elaboration d’un modèle de prévision de rendement de Vanille Cas du district SAMBAVA-Région Sava Présenté par : RASOAVOLOLONIAINA Hanitra Elisa Président : Maitre de conférences et Chef du département Météorologie, Monsieur RAKOTOVAZAHA Olivier Examinateurs : Directeur Générale de la Météorologie, Madame RAHARIVELOARIMIZA Samueline Chef de Service de l’Agrométéorologie à la Direction Générale de la Météorologie, Monsieur RAZAFINDRAKOTO Benjamin Ingénieur et Enseignant du département Météorologie, Monsieur RAKOTOARINOSY Andrianiaina Tahina Encadreur de mémoire : Maitre de conférences et Enseignant-chercheur du département Météorologie, Monsieur RANDRIANASOLO Léon REMERCIEMENTS « Parce que le Tout Puissant a fait pour moi de grandes choses. Son nom est saint, et sa miséricorde s'étend d'âge en âge Sur ceux qui Le craignent. » Evangile selon saint Luc 1, 49-50. iii Elaboration d’un modèle de prévision des rendements de vanille REMERCIEMENTS Je tiens tout d’abord à remercier Dieu tout puissant pour la Grâce qu’Il m’a accordée ainsi que pour la connaissance, le courage et la santé qu’Il m’a octroyés pour la réalisation de ce mémoire de fin d’études. Ensuite, c’est avec reconnaissance que j’adresse mes sincères remerciements à chacun des membres de jury : Monsieur RAKOTOVAZAHA Olivier, Maitre de conférences, Chef du département Météorologie qui représente comme président du jury; Madame RAHARIVELOARIMIZA Samueline, Directeur Générale de la Météorologie, Docteur Ingénieur et Enseignante à l’Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique d’Antananarivo, dans le Département Météorologie, examinateur ; Monsieur RANDRIANASOLO Léon, Maitre de conférences, Chercheur au sein du Département Météorologie et mon encadreur pédagogique; Monsieur RAZAFINDRAKOTO Benjamin, Chef de Service Agrométéorologie à la Direction Générale de la Météorologie , examinateur. Monsieur RAKOTOARINOSY Andrianiaina Tahina, Enseignant du département Météorologie, examinateur. Mille Mercis à toute ma famille et à tous mes amis, participants plus ou moins actifs, présents et indispensables au bon déroulement de mon mémoire, pour votre soutien et vos sourires ; Enfin, j’adresse un grand merci à toute l’équipe pédagogique et administrative de l’Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique d’Antananarivo. Et que Dieu vous bénisse… ! Hanitra RASOAVOLOLONIAINA / METEO /promotion 2013 Page I TABLE DES MATIERES REMERCIEMENTS ................................................................................................. I TABLE DES MATIERES .............................................................................................. II LISTE DES ABREVIATIONS ....................................................................................... V LISTE DES TABLEAUX ............................................................................................. VI LISTE DES FIGURES ............................................................................................. VII LISTE DES ANNEXES ............................................................................................ VIII LEXIQUES .............................................................................................. IX INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 1 PARTIE I : Contexte général de l’étude.............................................................. 3 I. GENERALITES SUR LA ZONE D’ETUDE ........................... 4 I.1) Délimitation géographique ....................................................................... 4 I.2) Ressources naturelles et environnements .................................................. 5 I.2.1. Climat ...................................................................................................... 5 I.2.1.a) Températures ........................................................................................... 5 I.2.1.b) Précipitation ............................................................................................. 6 I.2.1.c) Vents ....................................................................................................... 7 I.2.1.d) Humidité atmosphérique .......................................................................... 8 I.2.2. Hydrographie ........................................................................................... 8 I.2.3. Sols et végétation ..................................................................................... 9 I.2.3.a) Relief ....................................................................................................... 9 I.2.3.b) Sols .......................................................................................................... 9 I.2.3.c) Végétation................................................................................................ 9 I.2.3.d) Potentiels agronomiques .........................................................................10 II. GENERALITE SUR LA VANILLE .......................................12 II.1) Aperçu général sur le vanillier .................................................................12 II.1.1. Description .............................................................................................12 II.1.2. La culture du vanillier .............................................................................12 II-1-2-a) Climat ....................................................................................................12 Page II II-1-2-b) Sol .........................................................................................................13 II-1-2-c) Multiplication ........................................................................................13 II-1-2-d) Techniques culturales ...........................................................................13 II.2) La filière vanille dans le district de Sambava ...........................................14 II.3) Calendrier cultural ..................................................................................14 II.4) Phase phénologique.................................................................................17 II.4.1. Première étape ........................................................................................18 II.4.2. Stade de developpement des cultures.......................................................18 II.4.3. Stade de mi-saison ..................................................................................18 La fécondation artificielle ............................................................18 II.4.4. Etape finale .............................................................................................19 Récolte ..........................................................................................19 CONCLUSION I ...............................................................................................20 PARTIE II : METHODOLOGIE .........................................................................21 I. MATERIELS ..........................................................................22 I.1) Microsoft Excel 2007 ..............................................................................22 I.2) Modèle AgroMetShell .............................................................................22 I.2.1. Principe...................................................................................................22 I.2.2. Données d’entrée ....................................................................................25 I.2.3. Les sorties ...............................................................................................25 II. COLLECTE ET DESCRIPTION DES DONNEES .................26 II.1) Données agricoles ...................................................................................26 II.2) Données météorologiques .......................................................................27 II.2.1. Evapotranspiration potentielle ou ETP ....................................................28 II.2.2. Pluviométrie............................................................................................28 II.2.3. Température ............................................................................................29 II.3) Données agronomiques ...........................................................................29 II.3.1. Coefficients culturaux .............................................................................29 II.3.2. Capacité de retention en eau ....................................................................32 III. METHODE .............................................................................35 III.1) APPROCHE ...........................................................................................35 III.1.1. Documentation et enquête .......................................................................35 Page III III.1.2. Analyse ...................................................................................................35
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