Posted on Authorea 11 May 2020 — CC-BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158921510.01204219 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. nterwb(ucte l 04 icmyre l 07 oeo20;Fl n aisi21;Nfflrand Nyffeler 2017; Lapinski and Folt 2005; Toledo 2017; al. and et birds Kirchmeyer bats, Kirchmeyer 2014; as 2010; al. such al. al. et vertebrates Most et et catch (Muscat (Maffei 2017). Amaral hunting can web al. terrestrial 2014; spiders their et active orb-weaver al. by Kirchmeyer in large et or 2015; Exceptionally (Bovo 2017) al. 2017). al. underwater al. et et prey Kirchmeyer et Amaral vertebrate 2017; 2012; their al. al. (Menin et catch Folly vertebrates et to 2015; on and Gaiarsa spiders prey 2010; 1996) documented to May al. al. have reported von et et reports been 2011; Costa-pereira (Jehle also Gasith, have 2005; lizards 2019), which & al. on predators al. et (Wizen invertebrate feeding et amphibians those mantis May among on praying (von are Rosa feeding 2019), tadpoles Spiders 2013; spiders al. eating as al. scorpions et well et water May as (Pyke and (von beetles 2009) fish carabid al. on on are et preying preying cases (Barej bugs crabs larvae Reported However,water example, order”. dragonfly 2015). al. for 2014), “expected 1983; et the al. diverse: Watson Su snakes around et highly and 2010; turning al. 2005), and (Collins thereby et widespread butterfly vertebrates al. Olofsson on a geographically 2000; 2018), et Stefanescu prey eating al. 1985; Lopes also bird al. et can 2015; Mer¸con et a other invertebrates (Rasolonjatovo Bowers food example and on 2017; amphibians Cintra for acquire preying (Koski catching and invertebrates, vertebrates gecko amphibians Pinheiro to and as and a technique vertebrates such 2018) between on important taxa, (Raselimanana or preying an different lizards bird 50% is many on than a between Predation feeding more example occurs average and for on 2004). 1979), encompassing vertebrates, (Fennessy behavior, Bertram budget 1999; activity the (Kie of lifetime component their important of an is food Finding at targeted newly solely a Introduction be spiders, to by seems here up of reported make trapping systematic only type report those traps thus novel but We the vertebrates, daytime. contrast, small reports behaviour. the In for recorded case during trap insects. One shelter effective to seeking opportunistic an trap. compared amphibians concern describe as catching prey cases the spiders serve targeted of by of may more percentage predation end that only small amphibian webs The rear a on large spiders. the reports building aquatic at Previous spiders or hide orb-weaver ground-dwelling trap. together. generalist large spiders leaves the on by that two inside behaviour prey weaving show caught predation by indiscriminate may species and small traps Heterixalus same - a highly-specialized (, the spiders on built amphibians of feeding commonly spiders on individuals the the most preying different so, - by sp.) do cases Olios species To Four (Sparassidae, invertebrate . spiders various north-eastern of in instance, observations ) For report we Here, turns. tetrapods. unexpected take can Predation Abstract 2020 11, May 3 2 1 Andrianarimisa Fulgence Thio north-eastern Madagascar in amphibians trap systematically Spiders Universit´e d’Antananarivo available not Affiliation Antananarivo of University 1 oii Martin Dominic , 2 2 ogrKreft Holger , 1 2 aoeaaRatsoavina Fanomezana , 3 n Aristide and , tal. et 2019). , Posted on Authorea 11 May 2020 — CC-BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158921510.01204219 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. ,50 S, ftrete pce.I l orcss w evs(n ftesm reseis eewvntgte iha with together woven were species) tree same leaves the by of built (one spider, leaves of two species cases, same four the all of In individuals species. different tree from three traps, of spider different 2015). four (Henon of found documents gene We available rRNA using 16S level the Tissue genus of to (CURSA). sequences spiders Results Region DNA SAVA the Biology Evolutionary on identified of the We based at Center DNA. with identification deposited University Mitochondrial fixed and frog alcohol the the euthanized, not the 90% been at verified in have preserved We has same it we are Germany. It the specimens stored laboratory, THC144. While spider from and number and length. individual frogs field alcohol of one cephalothorax the biopsies 70% collected with and in have recorded thorax we and conserved predation, species record 90%, same the to the during A) of observed locality 2 specimen specimens specimen frog (Fig. voucher the the measured labelled paper We collected We observation). millimeter ethanol. (fourth THC293 90% on and in observation) THC140 fixed (first THC140 and numbers euthanized field collected, with were individuals spider shade. Two provide trees tall while trees, support Specimens small-statured on plantation vanilla growing different vines a vanilla in by but village same the in (14 21:00 three at was to date two same (13 the the around 20 with in observation were surveys on third ecological was fallow The additional observation during woody plantations second vanilla the The inside TRF area. inside by made trees were observations and other All shrubs The 2001. in high. cultivated meters DAM last area. was study rice the 25 around on the implemented 6:20 at surveys and observation ecological incidental 2018) first during the observations al. made incidental et four (Vieilledent made We fragmented nowadays are forests observations evergreen humid Incidental but agriculture. with smallholder covered 1996) by formerly Moat dominated was is and landscape landscape The Puy of 2017). part (Du al. 25 this et of forest (Karger in temperature climatologies annual climate average ‘Chelsa’ The an from 1). with (Fig. tropical-humid Madagascar is Antsikory north-eastern Madagascar and District), District) Vohemar , (commune , Ambodiala (commune around observations field conducted We area Study amphibians on predation spider a Methods of - and report prey Materials first main the the of the also spider as is a Madagascar. between this amphibians occurred knowledge, in catch predation our The to To science. Madagascar. spider to north-eastern new a knowledge, of our of technique et best genus trapping the Ceron to specialized 2014; is, a al. that et behavior on Bovo report 1986; small Trueb Mer¸con we their and and Here, to (Koski (Duellman 2005; due plants other Toledo also carnivorous of but 2019; variety even a 1986) and 2017). al. by Trueb 2017) al. on et and al. preyed (Fadel (Duellman also et skin are spiders Ceron amphibians soft 2015; of addition, their In prey to size. due vertebrate moderate making probably favorite to 2017). 2017), vertebrates, al. the al. et than be et (Kirchmeyer prey Pedrozo to target spider main seem of the amphibians not proportion Generally, but larger bycatch a welcome represent a latter usually the insect However, 2013). 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Data may be preliminary. aaacr oorkolde hsi h rtosraino agtdvrert rpigb spiders. by trapping vertebrate targeted of by observation performed first the frequently is is this behavior knowledge, trapping our To the hence Madagascar. that exploited may Vertebrates systematically suggesting targeted trapping. sites a amphibian rather different for but always prey, of purpose were accidental source or sole traps indiscriminate observed the food opportunistic, have The an to traps. only we seemed targeted be Here, not that using specialization. leaves spiders of two by evidence using spiders no amphibians built of provide of and reports predation behavior previous However, systematic opportunistic 2009). the an report al. are to et spiders point and (Barej amphibians assumed, behavior on typically such preying than showing common group invertebrate more cited be most might invertebrates by vertebrates events. of Predation predation ground. between any the hiding observe from the species not cm of spider could 50 length same we Discussion around The the but leaves D). found species woven 2 we tree the (Fig. observations, different found petiole incidental We of the fourth leaves width. from through in open second cm and the 3.5 top During and the cm at 8 closed around were was leaves two leaf spider The of the spider. leaves of between where silk hiding leaves spider woven the the found We of height same The observation the ground. observation. incidental within the Fourth second plantation above vanilla the cm different 170 from a around away in was m occurred hidden 300 but the second, circa from the village, cm resembled observation 180 third around The was hidden spider observation the incidental where Third leaves woven the of height spider ground. The between the hiding width. of plantation maximum silk vanilla the in a by in leaves survey segmented reptile the and of amphibian leaves nocturnal tree a two during spider the found We edges. of frog leaf the individuals the the at living of observation find still other thirds incidental not was four two Second could spider roughly found but the closing we other, A) and radius, each 2 place m to (Fig. 2 same close a the specimen the within to the at tree, back collected andrakata width the We came in leaves). 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( spider the a with how saw amphibian we not morning, and the leaves) in and ( count the species point trees of bird single a tip During a the for observations. of (i.e. preference those stem trap strong from the observation variable a the up incidental have seems climbing of First to also prey base seem ground enabling not the the leaves, close do at from the became spiders height well-hidden of and The the were part silk entrance. spiders petiole by the together the The from pulled visible at enter. were open to part) were tree outer traps the and The (inner other. leaves each the to ( of spiders extremities the the and together, B) 2 (Fig. web spider eeiau andrakata Heterixalus h w relae eewvntgte ytesie sn ik ..tetolae eepulled were leaves two the i.e. silk, using spider the by together woven were leaves tree two The . Olios hlatrnmadagascariensis. Phyllarthron p pdr.Tebhvo a bevdidpnetyi orsie niiul tfour at individuals spider four in independently observed was behavior The spiders. sp. yeoide ntelae of leaves the on Hyperoliidae) , Olios p)wr iiga h a n ftelae.T ev h leaves the weave To leaves. the of end far the at hiding were sp.) . erl odorata Cedrela h relae esrdc.2 mi eghadc.82cm 8.2 ca. and length in cm 29 ca. measured leaves tree The h evswr gi oe oehri h ideof middle the in together woven again were leaves The 3 Tambourissa h evswr gi oe oehrb the by together woven again were leaves The . Olios Tambourisa p h pdrhl nteha fthe of head the on held spider The sp. sp ., prsia)cuh namphibian an caught Sparassidae) p eto hts(i.2C) 2 (Fig. photos took We sp. Olios sp . nnorth-eastern in Heterixalus Posted on Authorea 11 May 2020 — CC-BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158921510.01204219 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. rne yteMnsr o ae,EooyadFrs ME) Antananarivo. (MEEF), Statement Forest and Accessibility Ecology Data Water, (Pro- N for initiative permit Ministry Countries’ research the Developing Ser- the by Exchange in under granted data Academic collected German Supporting We of the for Nr.57449386). University by ‘Partnerships ject the supported the and was within Parks TRF (DAAD) National Region). vice SAVA ‘Diversity the Madagascar of between Antananarivo, project Center collaboration of the (University a University is CURSA within ma- which the Stiftung (ZN3119)) this Volkswagen Gottingen, 11-76251-99-35/13 of the of number the draft (Grant University by of Science’ first supported identification Use the genetic financially Land of for was in support Turn quality laboratory study also Biology the great This We Evolutionary improved their species. lands. from that Vences frog their for feedback Miguel survey Befidimanana his thank us also for Erosiniot We let Herrera nuscript. and who James Antsikory Randrianantenaina and and Romual fieldwork Ambodiala assistants during in field landowners our the for thank thank with approval to manuscript final like gave the would We and of manuscript writing the the to contributed led Acknowledgements authors and All data AA. collected and TRF FMR publication. HK, observations; DAM, the the by made in input conducted DAM being and research TRF unclear. more however, to remains, due 2015) is diffe- al. contributions bias et a the Authors’ Madagascar. Martin reflecting whether from 2015; indeed or vertebrates al. is behavior on et invertebrates such (Meyer predation by of Neotropics spider frequency predation frogs of the amphibian tree report in concerning on first rence event bias the predation geographic knowledge, this describe our Whether Madagascar to from (Vonesh is, report observation tadpoles spiders One Our wandering on 2009). where prey Cameroon al. spiders from et fishing and (Barej amphibians, where ( frogs on Uganda, The tree predate 2009). and crabs on Neotropics. al. Tanzania where prey et the Africa from (Barej from South are published from stems been Africa 2005), invertebrates have from invertebrates by by reports predation anurans wasonly amphibian Afrotropical insects. prey on of for other events importance reports predation no Few less trap observation, of also of The our majority could prey. seems during trap the However, for shade the Interestingly, insects. vegetation Alternatively, seeking as frogs. and the catch such traps scan to frogs, the that attempting than in birds when other found spider as prey dehydration the such catching avoid for predators for ground, necessity to other protected the aim a seemingly order from from be the away favor hide to in cover might seems to frogs day and thus the attempt shade Additionally, the trap. for an leaf during look in their sunlight of frogs traps form the from in rise, provide hide spiders temperatures the to When which 1999). try of Braun frogs and behavior arboreal (Rodel trapping other the also facilitating possibly factor leaves. key between daytime A during away found hiding we survey, typically ecological is our species During 2007). Vences and andrakata (Glaw Madagascar H. of north-eastern and northern with in fastened species is (Blommers-Schl most which fields Furthermore, 2018). speed Rayor nest 1987). of and 2015; (Jackson silk genus (Henon stealth silk own The nocturnal with by their are prey surrounded Sparassidae their in completely spiders family run-down are found huntsman the and stems been in Most stalk or have 2018). actively leaves (Rayor but Sparassidae living spiders’ prey debris, some ‘huntsman their However, called capture 2018). is to (Rayor webs that build group not a do family, Sparassidae the in of genus The opi rufioculis Boophis Olios Heterixalus ob otyatv tngt u eoddsm atm ciiyi gooet.Hwvr the However, agroforests. in activity daytime some recorded but night, at active mostly be to yfehae rb( crab freshwater by ) pdr sdsrbtdgoal ih26seis(J species 246 with globally distributed is spiders se 92 aaioooiiae l 03.Teseisof species The 2003). al. et Raharivololoniaina 1982; ¨ osser rg sabra n yial cusi pnaessc scerctfrs rrice or forest clear-cut as such areas open in occurs typically and arboreal is frogs Hydrothelphusa Olios 4 sp p)(oae l 2014). al. et (Rosa sp.) . a hsb that be thus may ° 254/18/MEEF/SG/DGF/DSAP/SCB.Re gr21;Ryr21)adi included is and 2018) Rayor 2012; ¨ ager .andrakata H. eeiau andrakata Heterixalus sdistributed is and Posted on Authorea 11 May 2020 — CC-BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158921510.01204219 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. eo,N 05 netiedsaagesd afrtdAbdraae essaetusMdgsa.83. alentours-Madagascar. ses de 529. et Madagasikara. d’Ambodiriana an’i foret Reptilia la ny de sy araignees Amphibia des ny Inventaire the momba 2015. Toro-hay in N. Ny Henon, biocellata 2007. Trechaleoides Vences. Predatory M. spider 5:67–68. and ? the Notes F., prey or Glaw, and Herpetol. Predator boraceiensis Brazil. 2012. Southeastern Cycloramphus Martins. of M. Forest frog and Atlantic Dias, the C.J. between Alencar, De interactions V. Rodrigues, L. M.P., orb-weaver Gaiarsa, and https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9079.vl6i2p269- wandering by DOI: predation lizard 16:269–277. and Phyllomedusa frog 277 of Rica. observations Costa 1891) New in 2017. (Keyserling, Giraffa spiders Lapinski. nigriventer carneval- giraffe W. Ololygon Phoneutria and on desert-dwelling B., by Folt, Predation 10:365–367. ) of 2017. Notes (Anura, Feio. Ecology Herpetol. R.N. 1989) Ctenidae). and in Kisteumacher, Neves, (Aranae, M.O. 126–159 and Gomes, (Caramaschi V.F. lii Arruda, Pp. De L.F. H., Folly, Sydney,Australia. ecology. Namibia. Behavioural 2019. northwestern Notes in Mangia. Herpetol. angolensis S. camelopardalis zone. 2004. and transitional Santana, Cerrado J. – D.J. Fennessy, Amazon Alves, an L. in Hoffmann, stages M. life Galvao, multiple 12:895–899. pp. across C. 549 Folly, anurans of H. 1986. Predation Thaler, Amphibians. R. of Biology R.M., Fadel, 1986. Trueb. Arach- 10:469–472. L. and and Neotrop. Mantodea Grande. W.E., Biota , C. Duellman, (Insecta and Brazil. arthropods Central Grande, by in C. taurinus) Araneae) Grande, (Osteocephalus , C. treefrog nida Brescovit, young A. on Sczesny-moraes, Predation E.A. Biotropica 2010. Martins, Moths. F.I. giant Neotropical R., on on Costa-pereira, Predation Predation Bird of Observations : https://doi.org/10.2307/2387999 Field giants DOI: Butterfly 1983. of 15:53. Herpetol. Watson. a A. Battle Belostomatidae). and in (Hemiptera: C.T., Agent 2017. bug Collins, water Selective giant Santana. a a by D.J. as Hylidae) 10:263–265. and (Anura: Notes Predation Tomas, platensis Bird Pseudis W.M. of Ferreira, tadpole V.L. 1985. K., 7:329–331. Wheye. Ceron, Notes 39:93–103. D. Y). Herpetol. : and (N. (Anura Brazil. Evolution Brown, southeastern species Population. , Dendropsophus I.L. two forest Atlantic M.D., on the Predation Bowers, in 2014. spider Bandeira. pisaurid L.N. a and by Oliveira, Hylidae) De E.G. R.P., Bovo, 32:1–11. Beaufortia idae). Foundation, Wildlife African ed.). pp. Blommers-Schl Grimsdell, 50 (J.J.R. Kenya. Nairobi, No.3. 2:137–139. 48177 2nd Notes Box predators. P.O. Herpetol. Studying Cameroon. 1979. in B.C.R. Ctenidae) Bertram, (Araneae: spider wandering a by B Arthroleptidae) W. and Wurstner, Ctenidae) J.A.M. (Araneae: M.F., Barej, ornatus 8:329–330. Ctenus Notes spider Herpetol. wandering Ade- Brazil. bullfrog the southeastern tropical by the in ) on Predation (Anura: 2015. Carvalho-e-silva. marmorata De nomera S.P. and on Castanheira, author P.D.S. L.C., corresponding Amaral, the from available are Otherwise study. study this this References in analyzed of or applicants created of were need data new the request. no on as depend article this data to specific applicable not is sharing Data se,RMA 92 bevtoso h aaayfo eeiau arn,14 (Hyperoli- 1944 Laurent, Heterixalus frog Malagasy the on Observations 1982. R.M.A. ¨ osser, he 09 rdto ntetefo etplsbeioti (Anura: brevirostris Leptopelis treefrog the on Predation 2009. ¨ ohme. 5 Posted on Authorea 11 May 2020 — CC-BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158921510.01204219 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. yee,M,adM n.21.BtPeainb pdr.Po n .DOI: Involved? are Birds Which Neotropics: the 8. in https://doi.org/10.18473/lepi.71i2.a5 DOI: Predators DOI: One Butterfly 71:109–114. butterfly 2017. Soc. PLoS 5. on Lepid. of Cintra. J. South-east R. One eyespots olfersii , and Forest PLoS C.E.G., Marginal on Atlantic Pinheiro, Predation in Spiders. 10:369–371. Ctenidae) 2017. Notes wavelengths. (Aranae: Santana. 2010. by Herpetol. nigriventer UV D.J. Phoneutria Brazil. and by with Predation Moroti, Leptodactylidae) M.D.T. Wiklund. intensities (Anura: Almeida, Bat light C. L.D.S. M., low and Pedrozo, under Jakobsson, attacks 2013. S. bird https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010798 Vallin, deflect A. wings Kno. M., by M. Olofsson, Hylidae) (Anura: and littoralis 7:169–170. Notes of https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0058120 M., Predation Herpetol. Brazil. 2014. Nyffeler, Southeastern in of Chagas. Araneidae) basis C.A. information (Arenae: and effective fuliginea an Rotenberg, Eriophora for E.L. priorities https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9221 E., Global DOI: Muscat, 2015. 6:1–8. Jetz. Commun. W. Nat. and Guralnick, distributions. (Arachnida, R. biodiversity spiders Kreft, by H. amphibians C., on 4:39–47. arthropods Meyer, Predation Phyllomedusa between 2005. region. interactions Neotropical Azevedo. 13:65–77. Ecological the De Conserv. C.S. in 2019. Reptile and Araneae) Rabosky. Amphib. Rodrigues, D.D.J. D.L. rainforest. M., Amazon Menin, . lowland . a . in Cardenas, vertebrates H. distribution small global Biggi, https://doi.org/10.1890/110154 and the E. DOI: in biases R., Am. May, : work Soc. von ecologists Ecol. where Cerrado. Mapping observations. Brazilian 2015. ecological the terrestrial in Ellis. (Araneae) E. of and spiders Blossey, by B. herps L.J., of Martin, Predation passerine 2010. Neotropical 3:167–170. Jim. by Notes J. vertebrates and Herpetol. on Ubaid, F.K. Predation F., Maffei, 2005. Marini. 6:57–66. M.A. Lundiana and the Fernandes, birds. by A.M. Tropiduridae) Herpetol. L.E., Brazil. (Squamata: Lopes, Southeastern Santo, torquatus Espirito Tropidurus of (Araneae: state on the Predation fuliginea in 8:35–37. Cuculiformes) Notes Eriophora 2015. (Aves: guira spider Guira Mercon. Cuckoo orb-weaver Guira L. Predation the and by 2017. D.A., Hylidae) Koski, Carvalho-e-silva. 16:113–116. Phyllomedusa De (Anura: S.P. Brazil. and similis southeastern in Cerqueira, Scinax Araneidae) R.L. treefrog Magaldi, ungulates. the A. in on structure Amaral, social L.C. and J., behavior on Kirchmeyer, 4:1–20. effects Data predation: (4):1114–1129. of Sci. 80 risk areas. Mammal. and foraging surface J. Optimal land earth’s 1999. J.G. the Kie, for resolution Linder, H.P. high Zimmermann, at N.E. Soria-Auza, Climatologies https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2017.122 R.W. DOI: 2017. Kreft, H. Kessler. Kawohl, T. M. 1758 Bohner, and LINNAEUS, J. agilis Conrad, Praying O. Lacerta D.N., : Lizard Karger, 9:157–159. arthropods Sand of Herpetozoa juvenile prey as Lacertidae). on Lizards feeds Sauria: 1996. 1758) (Squamata: Tunner. (LINNAEUS, H.G. and religiosa Schramm, Mantis H. Sparassinae) Mantis Kapfer, M. Sparassidae: Franz, A. (Araneae: R., 1837 https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3228.1.3 Jehle, Walckenaer, DOI: Olios genus 68:61–68. spider 7:133–136. Zootaxa the Queensland Bull.Br.arachnol.Soc of Laos. from spiders. species from Sparassidae) New social (Araneae, with 2012. spiders P. cohabitation huntsman Jager, and spp., behaviour Olios predatory of Lanka: biology Sri The and 1987. R.R. Jackson, 6 Posted on Authorea 11 May 2020 — CC-BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158921510.01204219 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. ie,G,adA aih 01 rdto fapiin ycrbdbelso h eu pmsfudin found Epomis genus the https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.100.1526 of DOI: beetles 100:181–191. carabid Zookeys by amphibians Hyperolius Israel. of frog, of Predation plain tree coastal 2011. African central the Gasith. the A. of and stages G., life Wizen, DOI: three https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-004-1806-x across DOI: 222:189–197. effects at 143:280–290. predator Oecologia look Conserv. Sequential to spinigularis. Biol. maps 2005. cover J.R. Madagascar. forest Vonesh, in national fragmentation historical F. with forest and data and Allnutt, loss deforestation https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.04.008 T.F. cover of Rakotoarijaona, tree decades J.R. global Ranaivosoa, six per- Combining R. and Rakotomalala, 2018. knowledge F.A. Current Achard. Grinand, apose- invertebrates: C. DOI: by of G., anurans discriminability Vieilledent, 69:2985–2994. adult Color 36:395–400. and Y). Rev. juvenile predators: (N. Herpetol. of of Evolution Predation spectives. eyes the 2005. perspective. L.F. from visual Toledo, Prey avian an 2015. from Kunte. butterflies https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.12800 K. mimetic and Grup and del Lim, matic Butlleti M. ru- butterfly. swallowtail S., Boophis a Su, of treefrog pupae the and larvae on cryptic 17:39–49. in on d’Anellament Predation predation Potamonautidae) Catala Bird (Decapoda, 2014. 2000. Sa- C. sp. Stefanescu, African https://doi.org/10.1163/15685403-00003331 Andreone. Hydrothelphusa West DOI: crab F. a 87:890–894. freshwater DOI: and Crustaceana the in Sabino-Pinto, Madagascar. by Ants 31:178. J. Mantellidae) (Anura, and Biotropica Noel, fioculis Anurans J. Formicidae). between G.M., Associations Rosa, Hymenoptera: and 1999. Hyperoliidae, Microhylidae, https://doi.org/10.2307/2663971 Braun. U. (Anura: 1–7. Husbandry. vanna and & M.-O., Reproduction Life-History, the Rodel, of Biology: measurements Spider morphological Huntsman Man- and 2018. by site L.S. predation Rayor, the Tadpole of 11:747–750. description 2018. Notes brief reptiles. Vences. Herpetol. with M. and specimen. 1895 and amphibians Mocquard, Raselimanana, bellyi Malagasy A.P. tidactylus Scherz, in M.D. events S.M., predation Rasolonjatovo, of observations 11:659–662. Field Notes distribution 21:59–65. Herpetol. and Alytes 2018. 1881). stages, A.P. Larval (Boettger, Raselimanana, rutenbergi 2003. Why Heterixalus Vences. frogs: frog M. freshwater hyperoliid and eating Glaw, the F. crabs of Vieites, Marine 6:195–199. D.R. Notes 2013. L., Raharivololoniaina, Herpetol. Callaghan. rare? S. so and observations Fuessel, such 1995. A. of assess are September Ahyong, Proceedings to Paris, S.T. ed.). and Madagascar”, G.H., Lourenco, distribution de Pyke, (W.R. its “Biogeography Madagascar map the de primary to on the Biogeographic GIS Symposium of in classification using International 205–218 refined the geology: a Pp. primary underlying the status. the of conservation classification on its refined based A Madagascar 1996. of vegetation Moat. J. and D.J., Puy, Du 7 Posted on Authorea 11 May 2020 — CC-BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158921510.01204219 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 8