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The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Editor-in-Chief: O. Hutzinger Volume 5 Water Pollution Part R Advisory Board: D. Barceló · P. Fabian · H. Fiedler · H. Frank · J. P. Giesy · R. A. Hites M. A. K. Khalil · D. Mackay · A. H. Neilson · J. Paasivirta · H. Parlar S. H. Safe · P.J. Wangersky The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Recently Published and Forthcoming Volumes Environmental Specimen Banking Emerging Contaminants from Industrial and Volume Editors: S. A. Wise and P.P.R. Becker Municipal Waste Vol. 3/S Volume Editors: D. Barceló and M. Petrovic Vol. 5/S Polymers: Chances and Risks Volume Editors: P. Eyerer, M. Weller Marine Organic Matter: Biomarkers, and C. Hübner Isotopes and DNA Vol. 3/V Volume Editor: J. K. Volkman Vol. 2/N, 2005 The Rhine Volume Editor: T.P. Knepper Environmental Photochemistry Part II Vol. 5/L, 03.2006 Volume Editors: P. Boule, D. Bahnemann and P. Robertson Persistent Organic Pollutants Vol. 2/M, 2005 in the Great Lakes Volume Editor: R. A. Hites Air Quality in Airplane Cabins Vol. 5/N, 2006 and Similar Enclosed Spaces VolumeEditor:M.B.Hocking Antifouling Paint Biocides Vol. 4/H, 2005 VolumeEditor:I.Konstantinou Vol. 5/O, 2006 Environmental Effects of Marine Finfish Aquaculture Estuaries VolumeEditor:B.T.Hargrave VolumeEditor:P.J.Wangersky Vol. 5/M, 2005 Vol. 5/H, 2006 The Mediterranean Sea The Caspian Sea Environment Volume Editor: A. Saliot Volume Editors: A. Kostianoy and A. Kosarev Vol. 5/K, 2005 Vol. 5/P, 2005 Environmental Impact Assessment of Recycled The Black Sea Environment Wastes on Surface and Ground Waters Volume Editors: A. Kostianoy and A. Kosarev Engineering Modeling and Sustainability Vol. 5/Q Volume Editor: T.A. Kassim Vol. 5/F (3 Vols.), 2005 Oxidants and Antioxidant Defense Systems Volume Editor : T. Gr une Vol. 2/O, 2005 Fuel Oxygenates Volume Editor: Damià Barceló With contributions by E.Arvin·A.Babé·D.Barceló·L.Bastiaens·C.Baus·H.-J.Brauch L. Debor · J. Fawell · F. Fayolle-Guichard · A. Fischer · C. W. Greer M.M.Häggblom·M.A.Jochmann·D.Labbé·S.Lacorte M. Martienssen · D. McGregor · F. Monot · M. Moran · C. Oehm H.-H.Richnow·M.Rosell·M.Schirmer·J.E.Schmidt T. C. Schmidt · C. Stefan · H. D. Stupp · P. Werner · C. K. Waul 123 Environmental chemistry is a rather young and interdisciplinary field of science. Its aim is a complete description of the environment and of transformations occurring on a local or global scale. Environ- mental chemistry also gives an account of the impact of man’s activities on the natural environment by describing observed changes. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry provides the compilation of today’s knowledge. Contribu- tions are written by leading experts with practical experience in their fields. The Handbook will grow with the increase in our scientific understanding and should provide a valuable source not only for scientists, but also for environmental managers and decision-makers. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry is published in a series of five volumes: Volume 1: The Natural Environment and the Biogeochemical Cycles Volume 2: Reactions and Processes Volume 3: Anthropogenic Compounds Volume 4: Air Pollution Volume 5: Water Pollution The series Volume 1 The Natural Environment and the Biogeochemical Cycles describes the natural environment and gives an account of the global cycles for elements and classes of natural compounds. The series Volume 2 Reactions and Processes is an account of physical transport, and chemical and biological transformations of chemicals in the environment. The series Volume 3 Anthropogenic Compounds describes synthetic compounds, and compound classes as well as elements and naturally occurring chemical entities which are mobilized by man’s activities. The series Volume 4 Air Pollution and Volume 5 Water Pollution deal with the description of civilization’s effects on the atmosphere and hydrosphere. Within the individual series articles do not appear in a predetermined sequence. Instead, we invite contributors as our knowledge matures enough to warrant a handbook article. Suggestions for new topics from the scientific community to members of the Advisory Board or to the Publisher are very welcome. Library of Congress Control Number: 2007927987 ISSN 1433-6863 ISBN 978-3-540-72640-1 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York DOI 10.1007/978-3-540-72641-8 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broad- casting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springer.com c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2007 The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: WMXDesign GmbH, Heidelberg Typesetting and Production: LE-TEXJelonek,Schmidt&VöcklerGbR,Leipzig Printed on acid-free paper 02/3180 YL – 5 4 3 2 1 0 Editor-in-Chief Prof. em. Dr. Otto Hutzinger Universität Bayreuth c/o Bad Ischl Office Grenzweg 22 5351 Aigen-Vogelhub, Austria [email protected] Volume Editor Prof. Dr. Damià Barceló Dept. of Environmental Chemistry IIQAB-CSIC JordiGirona, 18–26 08034 Barcelona, Spain [email protected] Advisory Board Prof. Dr. D. Barceló Prof. Dr. J. P. Giesy Dept. of Environmental Chemistry Department of Zoology IIQAB-CSIC Michigan State University JordiGirona, 18–26 East Lansing, MI 48824-1115, USA 08034 Barcelona, Spain [email protected] [email protected] Prof. Dr. R. A. Hites Prof. Dr. P. Fabian Indiana University Lehrstuhl für Bioklimatologie School of Public und Immissionsforschung and Environmental Affairs der Universität München Bloomington, IN 47405, USA Hohenbachernstraße 22 [email protected] 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany Prof. Dr. M. A. K. Khalil Dr.H.Fiedler Department of Physics Scientific Affairs Office Portland State University UNEP Chemicals Science Building II, Room 410 11–13, chemin des Anémones P.O. Box 751 1219 Châteleine (GE), Switzerland Portland, OR 97207-0751, USA hfi[email protected] [email protected] Prof. Dr. H. Frank Prof. Dr. D. Mackay Lehrstuhl für Umwelttechnik Department of Chemical Engineering und Ökotoxikologie and Applied Chemistry Universität Bayreuth University of Toronto Postfach 10 12 51 Toronto, ON, M5S 1A4, Canada 95440 Bayreuth, Germany VI Prof. Dr. A. H. Neilson Prof. Dr. S. H. Safe Swedish Environmental Research Institute Department of Veterinary P.O. Box 21060 Physiology and Pharmacology 10031 Stockholm, Sweden College of Veterinary Medicine [email protected] Texas A & M Universit y College Station, TX 77843-4466, USA Prof. Dr. J. Paasivirta [email protected] Department of Chemistry University of Jyväskylä Prof.P.J.Wangersky Survontie 9 University of Victoria P.O. Box 3 5 Centre for Earth and Ocean Research 40351 Jyväskylä, Finland P.O. Box 1700 Victoria, BC, V8W 3P6, Canada Prof.Dr.Dr.H.Parlar wangers@telus. net Institut für Lebensmitteltechnologie und Analytische Chemie Technische Universität München 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Also Available Electronically For all customers who have a standing order to The Handbook of Environmen- talChemistry,weoffertheelectronicversionviaSpringerLinkfreeofcharge. Please contact your librarian who can receive a password or free access to the full articles by registering at: springerlink.com If you do not have a subscription, you can still view the tables of contents of the volumes and the abstract of each article by going to the SpringerLink Home- page, clicking on “Browse by Online Libraries”, then “Chemical Sciences”, and finally choose The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. You will find information about the – Editorial Board –AimsandScope – Instructions for Authors –SampleContribution at springer.com using the search function. Preface Environmental Chemistry is a relatively young science. Interest in this subject, however, is growing very rapidly and, although no agreement has been reached as yet about the exact content and limits of this interdisciplinary discipline, there appears to be increasing interest in seeing environmental topics which are based on chemistry embodied in this subject. One of the first objectives of Environmental Chemistry must be the study of the environment and of natural chemical processes which occur in the environment. A major purpose of this series on Environmental Chemistry, therefore, is to present a reasonably uniform view of various aspects of the chemistry of the environment and chemical reactions occurring in the environment. The industrial activities of man have given a new dimension to Environ- mental Chemistry. We have now synthesized and described over five million chemical compounds and chemical industry produces about hundred and fifty million tons of synthetic chemicals annually. We ship billions of tons of oil per year and through mining operations and other geophysical modifications, large quantities of inorganic and organic materials are released from their natural deposits. Cities and metropolitan areas of up to
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