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bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.04.284042; this version posted September 6, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. 1 Soil characteristics constrain the response of bacterial and fungal communities and 2 hydrocarbon degradation genes to phenanthrene soil contamination and 3 phytoremediation with poplars. 4 5 Sara Correa-Garcíaa,b, Karelle Rheaultb, Julien Tremblayc, Armand Séguinb, and 6 Etienne Yergeaua# 7 8 a Centre Armand Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut national de la recherche 9 scientifique, Université du Québec, Laval, QC, Canada 10 b Laurentian Forest Center, Natural Resources Canada, Québec City, QC, Canada 11 c Energy, Mining and Environment, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, QC, 12 Canada 13 14 Running Head: effect of soil on microbial response to phenanthrene 15 16 # Address correspondence to prof. Etienne Yergeau: [email protected] 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.04.284042; this version posted September 6, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. 17 Abstract 18 19 Rhizodegradation is a promising cleanup technology where microorganisms degrade 20 soil contaminants in the rhizosphere. A symbiotic relationship is expected to occur 21 between plant roots and soil microorganisms in contaminated soils that enhance natural 22 microbial degradation in soils. However, little is known about how this initial microbiota 23 influences the rhizodegradation outcome in a context of different soil microbiotas. 24 Recent studies have hinted that soil initial diversity has a determining effect on the 25 outcome of contaminant degradation. To test this hypothesis, we planted (P) or not (NP) 26 balsam poplars (Populus balsamifera) in two soils of contrasting diversity (agricultural 27 and forest) that were contaminated or not with 50 mg kg-1 of phenanthrene (PHE). The 28 DNA from the rhizosphere of the P and the bulk soil of the NP pots was extracted and 29 the bacterial genes encoding for the 16S rRNA, the PAH ring-hydroxylating 30 dioxygenase alpha subunits (PAH-RHD⍺) of gram-positive (GP) and gram-negative 31 (GN) bacteria, and the fungal ITS region were sequenced to characterize the microbial 32 communities. and the abundance of the PAH-RHD⍺ genes were also quantified by real- 33 time quantitative PCR. Plant presence had a significant effect on PHE degradation only 34 in the forest soil, whereas both NP and P agricultural soils degraded the same amount 35 of PHE. Bacterial communities were principally affected by the soil type, and upon 36 contamination the dominant PAH degrading community was similarly constrained by soil 37 type. Our results highlight the crucial importance of soil microbial and physicochemical 38 characteristics in the outcome of rhizoremediation. 39 2 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.04.284042; this version posted September 6, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. 40 1. Introduction 41 The expansion of the human population coupled with a burst in industrialization has 42 led to a sensible increase in fossil fuel combustion (Jonsson 2012). As a result, there 43 has been an increase in all types of pollutant emissions, including polycyclic aromatic 44 hydrocarbons (PAH) (Jones et al. 1989; Ravindra, Sokhi et Van Grieken 2008). PAH 45 are organic compounds formed by a variable number of fused aromatic rings that 46 constitute a priority concern due to their adverse effects on environmental (Menzie, 47 Potocki et Joseph 1992) and human health (Kim et al. 2013). PAH are ubiquitous in the 48 environment and are often found polluting soils (Wilcke 2007). This is of special 49 concern, since soil is one of the most important resources upon which many key human 50 economic and social activities depend (Robinson et al. 2017). 51 To remediate soils, a wide range of clean up technologies have been developed, 52 ranging from relatively simple but expensive excavation, transportation, washing and 53 dumping of small affected soil areas (Kuppusamy et al. 2016) to more complex but 54 comparatively cheaper phytoremediation strategies where the soil is cleaned up by the 55 combined action of plant and microorganisms (Pilon-Smits 2005). Phytoremediation has 56 proven to be effective to decontaminate soils polluted by PAH (Kuppusamy et al. 2017; 57 Spriggs, Banks et Schwab 2005; Guo et al. 2018; Lu et Lu 2015). Among the many 58 types of phytoremediation approaches, rhizodegradation is a genuine plant-microbe co- 59 enterprise, with the potential to completely remove PAH from soils through the action of 60 bacterial, fungal and plant enzymes in the rhizospheric environment (Correa-Garcia 61 2018). 3 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.04.284042; this version posted September 6, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. 62 Phenanthrene (PHE) is a low molecular weight PAH. It is formed by three fused 63 rings and it is relatively easy to degrade by a wide range of microorganisms through 64 aerobic or anaerobic metabolic pathways (Cerniglia 1993). Most of microbial degraders 65 are bacteria or archaea, although PHE degradation has been described among fungi 66 (Haritash et Kaushik 2009; Agrawal, Verma et Shahi 2018). Typically, under aerobic 67 conditions the initial step of the bacterial catabolic pathways starts with the incorporation 68 of molecular oxygen into the aromatic nucleus by a ring hydroxylating dioxygenase 69 (RHD) enzyme system to yield cis dihydrodiol. Cis-dihydrodiol is then rearomatized to a 70 diol intermediate that is further transformed by ring-opening dioxygenases into 71 catechols and other intermediates. Finally, these catechols can be converted to TCA 72 cycle intermediates (Cerniglia 1993; Eaton et Chapman 1992; Mallick, Chakraborty et 73 Dutta 2011). RHD genes are often used as markers of PHE degradation, since they 74 catalyze the first step of the degradation process. They are multicomponent enzyme 75 systems composed of a large alpha subunit and a small beta subunit (Kauppi et al. 76 1998).The genes coding for the alpha subunit of PAH-RHD form a monophyletic group 77 (Habe et Omori 2003), and were consequently used to design PCR primers for both 78 Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria (Aurélie Cébron et al. 2008), providing a 79 useful way to track bacterial degraders in PAH contaminated environments. 80 Many microorganisms harbor RHD genes such as members of the genera 81 Enterobacter (A. Cébron et al. 2014; Gonzalez et al. 2018; Jha, Annapurna et Saraf 82 2012) Sphingomonas (Li et al. 2019; Ding, Heuer et Smalla 2012; Singha et Pandey 83 2020) , Burkholderia (Timm et al. 2016; Aurélie Cébron et al. 2008; Pagé, Yergeau et 84 Greer 2015; Andreolli et al. 2011), Pseudomonas (A. Cébron et al. 2014; Wang et al. 4 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.04.284042; this version posted September 6, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. 85 2014; Timm et al. 2016; Khan et Bano 2016), Mycobacterium (Li et al. 2019; Hormisch 86 et al. 2004; Chen et al. 2016; Guo et al. 2017) and Polaromonas (Eriksson, Dalhammar 87 et Mohn 2006; Ding, Heuer et Smalla 2012; Jeon et al. 2004), among others. Moreover, 88 many of these microorganisms have been found to thrive in the rhizosphere of many 89 plants (Thomas, Corre et Cébron 2019; Auffret et al. 2015), including trees, which 90 explains, in part, the success of phytoremediation approaches. 91 Unravelling the complex microbe-soil-plant relationships within the context of 92 rhizoremediation of PAH contaminated soils remains challenging but was suggested to 93 be key to optimizing phytoremediation to increase its use (Bell et al. 2014; Correa- 94 Garcia et al. 2018). Many recent studies have demonstrated that the diversity of 95 microbial communities has an important role in the degradation prospects in soils (Bell 96 et al. 2016; Bell et al. 2013) and in the rhizosphere of various Salicaceae tree species 97 used for phytoremediation (Yergeau et al. 2015; Bell et al. 2015). For instance, Bell et 98 al. (2016) showed that a soil with a high initial diversity was more efficient at degrading 99 complex hydrocarbon mixture than a soil inoculated with a consortium of confirmed 100 hydrocarbon degraders. Furthermore, under high levels of hydrocarbon contamination, 101 willows grew better when planted in a diverse bulk soil that was not previously planted 102 than in a less diverse rhizospheric soil of a willow that had previously grown well under 103 the same contamination conditions (Yergeau et al. 2015). Taken together these two 104 studies highlight the importance of a diverse initial microbial community over a less 105 diverse pre-selected community for the successful degradation of hydrocarbon in soils. 106 Other studies have shown that the initial community composition also had an 107 importance for the degradation of hydrocarbons in soils.
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  • Biosynthesis of 2-Hydroxyisobutyric Acid (2-HIBA) from Renewable Carbon Thore Rohwerder*, Roland H Müller

    Biosynthesis of 2-Hydroxyisobutyric Acid (2-HIBA) from Renewable Carbon Thore Rohwerder*, Roland H Müller

    Rohwerder and Müller Microbial Cell Factories 2010, 9:13 http://www.microbialcellfactories.com/content/9/1/13 RESEARCH Open Access Biosynthesis of 2-hydroxyisobutyric acid (2-HIBA) from renewable carbon Thore Rohwerder*, Roland H Müller Abstract Nowadays a growing demand for green chemicals and cleantech solutions is motivating the industry to strive for bio- based building blocks. We have identified the tertiary carbon atom-containing 2-hydroxyisobutyric acid (2-HIBA) as an interesting building block for polymer synthesis. Starting from this carboxylic acid, practically all compounds posses- sing the isobutane structure are accessible by simple chemical conversions, e. g. the commodity methacrylic acid as well as isobutylene glycol and oxide. During recent years, biotechnological routes to 2-HIBA acid have been proposed and significant progress in elucidating the underlying biochemistry has been made. Besides biohydrolysis and biooxi- dation, now a bioisomerization reaction can be employed, converting the common metabolite 3-hydroxybutyric acid to 2-HIBA by a novel cobalamin-dependent CoA-carbonyl mutase. The latter reaction has recently been discovered in the course of elucidating the degradation pathway of the groundwater pollutant methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) in the new bacterial species Aquincola tertiaricarbonis. This discovery opens the ground for developing a completely bio- technological process for producing 2-HIBA. The mutase enzyme has to be active in a suitable biological system pro- ducing 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA, which is the precursor of the well-known bacterial bioplastic polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB). This connection to the PHB metabolism is a great advantage as its underlying biochemistry and physiology is well understood and can easily be adopted towards producing 2-HIBA.