GAMBLING PREVALENCE OF THE RECIPIENTS OF OLD AGE SOCIAL GRANT FROM THE EASTERN CAPE PROVINCE
31 March 2015 1
RESEARCH REPORT ON GAMBLING PREVALENCE OF THE RECIPIENTS OF OLD AGE SOCIAL GRANT FROM THE EASTERN CAPE PROVINCE
Prepared for:
By
Solid Uloyiso Joint Venture (JV)
This research project was conducted under the leadership and guidance of the Eastern Cape Gambling and Betting Board (ECGBB) and its partners, i.e. South African Social Security Agency (SASSA) and Eastern Cape Department of Social Development (ECDSD). ECGBB as the leading entity was represented by:
Mr. Luvuyo Tshoko Head: Strategic Management Services Mrs. Pumeza George Communication, Marketing and Research Specialist
Solid Uloyiso JV team:
Mrs. Nomhle Gwanya Research Project Co-ordinator Mrs. Zoliswa Benya Research Specialist Dr. Noncedo Khewu (PhD) Educationist, Ethicist and Researcher
Specialised Services and Acknowledgements Specialised Services:
Prof. Emmanuel Olusola Adu (PhD) Data Analyst Mrs. Nothemba Ndawo Educationist and Social Facilitator Mr. Litha Mpiyakhe Graphic Designer Prof. N Duku (PhD) Validator Mr. B. Carlson Editor
1 Acknowledgements
South African Social Security Agency Eastern Cape Department of Social Development Gambling sector Licensees: Casinos, Bingos, Tabs, V slots, Pioneer Slots offices Older Persons Forums Youth Groups Community Leaders Community Based Organisations (CBO’s) Faith Based Organisations (FBO’s) Institutions of Higher Learning Gambling Participants Data Collectors
2 CONTENTS PAGE Pages
Research report on gambling prevalence of the recipients of Old age Social Grant from the Eastern Cape Province…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1 List of tables ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7 List of figures ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8 Acronyms ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9 Definition of terms ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10 Executive Summary ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 12 Foreword by the CEO …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 15
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
1.1 Introduction and Background ……………………………………………………………………………………… 18 1.2 Problem Statement ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 19 1.3 Purpose of the study …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 20 1.4 Significance of the study ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 21 1.5 Processes followed to conduct research …………………………………………………………………… 21 1.6. Chapter outline…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 22
CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY
2.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 24 2.2 Research Methodology ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 24 2.3 Population …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 24 2.4 Sample and Sampling Technique ………………………………………………………………………………… 25 2.5 Research Instruments ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 26 2.6 Piloting of Instruments (Survey and Interview Schedule) ………………………………………… 26 2.7 Data Collection …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 27 2.7.1 Recruitment and Appointment of Data Collectors……………………………………………………… 27 2.7.2 Training of Data Collectors ………………………………………………………………………………………… 27 2.7.3 The actual fieldwork …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 28 2.7.4 Highlights of the fieldwork ………………………………………………………………………………………… 29 2.7.5 Challenges and remedial measures …………………………………………………………………………… 29 2.8 Data Quality Control …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 30 2.9 Data Analysis ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 32 2.10 Delimitations of the study …………………………………………………………………………………………… 32 2.11 Limitations of the study ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 32 2.12 Ethical considerations ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 32 2.13 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 33
3 CHAPTER 3: LITERATURE REVIEW
3.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 36 3.1.1 Definition of prevalence ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 36 3.1.2 Legal framework ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 36 3.1.3 Gambling prevalence with regard to elderly people…………………………………………………… 37 3.1.4 Reasons for gambling by elderly people ……………………………………………………………………… 37 3.1.5 Impact of gambling on the elderly people ………………………………………………………………… 38 3.1.6 Problem gambling ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 39 3.1.7 Gambling stigmatisation and secrecy ………………………………………………………………………… 39 3.1.8 Online gambling …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 39 3.1.9 Intervention measures to address problem gambling ………………………………………………… 40 3.2 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 40
CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
4.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 42 4.1.1 Distribution of participants by Survey zones ……………………………………………………………… 42 4.2 Biographical data ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 43 4.2.1 Distribution of participants by Gender ……………………………………………………………………… 43 4.2.2 Distribution of participants by Marital Status …………………………………………………………… 44 4.2.3 Distribution of participants by Age Group …………………………………………………………………… 46 4.2.4 Distribution of participants by Nationality ………………………………………………………………… 47 4.2.5 Distribution of participants by Race …………………………………………………………………………… 47 4.2.6 Distribution of participants by Dependants ………………………………………………………………… 48 4.2.7 Distribution of participants by Income ……………………………………………………………………… 49 4.3 Extent and geographic spread of older persons in the Eastern Cape Province that actively participate in gambling sites that the ECGBB regulates or has licensed ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 50 4.3.1 Distribution of participants by District ……………………………………………………………………… 51 4.3.2 Distribution of participants by Area of Residence ……………………………………………………… 51 4.3.3 Distribution of participants by Reasons for Gambling ………………………………………………… 52 4.3.4 Distribution of participants by Mode of Transport ……………………………………………………… 53 4.3.5 Distribution of participants by Frequency of Visits to gambling sites ……………………… 54 4.3.6 Distribution of participants by Preferred Gambling Site …………………………………………… 55 4.3.7 Distribution of participants by Reasons for choosing the preferred Gambling Site …… 56 4.3.8 Distribution of participants by Time taken to get to gambling site ………………………… 56 4.3.9 Distribution of participants by Amount of Money spent on gambling activities ……… 57 4.3.10 Distribution of participants by Source of Income Used for Gambling ……………………… 58 4.3.11 Distribution of participants by gambling Activities when visiting a gambling site …… 59 4.3.12 Distribution of participants by Other Activities engaged in whilst in a gambling site ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 61
4 4.4 Exploring and establishing the older person’s attitudes, knowledge and skills towards legal gambling participation and activities …………………………………………………… 62 4.4.1 Distribution of participants by Attitude ……………………………………………………………………… 62 4.4.2 Distribution of participants by Knowledge about Legal Gambling……………………………… 64 4.4.3 Distribution of participants by Knowledge about how most slot machines operate and function ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 65 4.4.4 Distribution of participants by Amount of money usually won after a good play……… 66 4.4.5 Distribution of participants by Frequency of Winning ………………………………………………… 66 4.4.6 Distribution of participants by Highest Amount ever lost in a gambling site …………… 67 4.4.7 Distribution of participants by Effect of Excessive gambling on someone who participates in gambling activities ……………………………………………………………………………… 68 4.4.8 Distribution of participants by Mechanisms available to assist someone who happens to participate excessively in gambling activities ………………………………………… 69 4.4.9 Distribution of participants by Awareness of ECGBB …………………………………………………… 71 4.5 Determination of Positive or Negative Socio-economic impact of gambling participation by older persons in the Eastern Cape Province …………………………………… 71 4.5.1 Distribution of participants by Effect of losing on participants’ health …………………… 71 4.5.2 Distribution of participants by Effect of losing on family relations……………………………… 72 4.5.3 Distribution of participants by Need of Support when gambling at the gambling site 74 4.6 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 74
CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 76 5.1.1 The extent of gambling by persons who are 60 years of age and above, and are recipients of Old Age Social Grant……………………………………………………………………………… 76 5.1.2 The skills, level of knowledge and attitude towards gambling of persons who are 60 years of age and above, and are recipients of Old Age Social Grant………………………………………………………………………………………………… 78 5.1.3 The positive and/or negative socio-economic impact of gambling participation by older persons who are 60 years of age and above and are recipients of Old Age Social Grant ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 80 5.2 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 83
5 CHAPTER 6: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
6.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 86 6.1.1 The extent and the geographic spread of older persons in the Eastern Cape Province………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 86 6.1.2 Older persons’ attitudes, knowledge and skills towards legal gambling participation and activities…………………………………………………………………………………………… 87 6.1.3 The positive or negative socio economic impact of gambling participation by older persons in the Eastern Cape Province…………………………………………………………………………… 87 6.2 Concluding remarks and field of further research……………………………………………………… 87
7 REFERENCES
References …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 92
8 ANNEXURES
Annexure A: Survey Questionnaire ……………………………………………………………………………… 99 Annexure B: Interview Schedule ………………………………………………………………………………… 117
6 LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Sampling guide …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 24 Table 2: Gambling sites per research site ………………………………………………………………………………… 25 Table 3: Focus group participants per research site ………………………………………………………………… 28 Table 4: Survey Zones of the participants ………………………………………………………………………………… 42 Table 5: No. of participants per Gender …………………………………………………………………………………… 43 Table 6: Marital Status of the participants ……………………………………………………………………………… 45 Table 7: No. of participants per Age Group ……………………………………………………………………………… 46 Table 8: Nationality of participants …………………………………………………………………………………………… 47 Table 9: No. of participants according to Race ………………………………………………………………………… 48 Table 10: Number of Dependants per participant …………………………………………………………………… 49 Table 11: Monthly Source of Income of participants ………………………………………………………………… 50 Table 12: No. of participants per District …………………………………………………………………………………… 51 Table 13: Participants’ Area of Residence ………………………………………………………………………………… 52 Table 14: Reasons for Participating in Gambling Activities ……………………………………………………… 53 Table 15: Mode of transport to Gambling Sites ………………………………………………………………………… 54 Table 16: Frequency of Visits to Gambling Sites ………………………………………………………………………… 55 Table 17: Preference of site for undertaking gambling activities ……………………………………………… 55 Table 18: Reasons for choosing the preferred gambling site …………………………………………………… 56 Table 19: Time taken to get to gambling site …………………………………………………………………………… 57 Table 20: Amount of money spent on gambling activities ………………………………………………………… 58 Table 21: Source of Income Used for Gambling ………………………………………………………………………… 59 Table 22: Gambling Activities undertaken when visiting a gambling site ………………………………… 60 Table 23: Activities engaged in whilst at a gambling site (apart from gambling) …………………… 61 Table 24: Older Persons’ Attitude to Gambling ………………………………………………………………………… 63 Table 25: Older Persons’ Knowledge about Legal Gambling ……………………………………………………… 64 Table 26: Knowledge about how most slot machines operate and function……………………………… 65 Table 27: Amount of money usually won after a good play ……………………………………………………… 66 Table 28: Frequency of Winning ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 67 Table 29: Highest amount ever lost in a gambling site ……………………………………………………………… 68 Table 30: Effect of excessive gambling on gambling participants ……………………………………………… 69 Table 31: Mechanisms to assist participants who gamble excessively ……………………………………… 70 Table 32: Awareness of an organization called ECGBB ……………………………………………………………… 71 Table 33: Effect of losing on participants’ health ……………………………………………………………………… 72 Table 34: Effect of losing on family relations …………………………………………………………………………… 73 Table 35: Need for Support when gambling at the gambling site……………………………………………… 74 Table 36: Summary of Extent and Geographic spread responses ……………………………………………… 76 Table 37: Summary of Skills, level of Knowledge and Attitude towards gambling ……………………… 78 Table 38: Summary of participants’ Attitudes towards gambling ……………………………………………… 79 Table 39: Summary of level of Positive or Negative Socio-economic impact of gambling………… 81
7 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Survey Zones of the participants ………………………………………………………………………………… 43 Figure 2: No. of participants per Gender …………………………………………………………………………………… 44 Figure 3: Gender by Zones ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 44 Figure 4: Marital Status of the participants ……………………………………………………………………………… 45 Figure 5: No. of participants per Age Group ……………………………………………………………………………… 47 Figure 6: No. of participants according to Race ………………………………………………………………………… 48 Figure 7: Monthly source of Income of participants by Zone …………………………………………………… 50 Figure 8: Reasons for Participating in Gambling Activities ………………………………………………………… 53 Figure 9: Reasons for choosing the preferred gambling site ……………………………………………………… 56 Figure 10: Time taken to get to gambling site …………………………………………………………………………… 57 Figure 11: Amount of money spent on gambling activities ………………………………………………………… 58 Figure 12: Source of Income Used for Gambling ………………………………………………………………………… 59 Figure 13: Gambling activities undertaken when visiting a gambling site ………………………………… 60 Figure 14: Activities engaged in whilst at a gambling site (apart from gambling) …………………… 61 Figure 15: Older Persons’ Attitude to Gambling ………………………………………………………………………… 63 Figure 16: Older Persons’ Knowledge about Legal Gambling ……………………………………………………… 65 Figure 17: Knowledge about how slot machines operate and function ……………………………………… 65 Figure 18: Average Return after a good play ……………………………………………………………………………… 66 Figure 19: Frequency of winning ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 67 Figure 20: Highest amount ever lost in a gambling site ……………………………………………………………… 68 Figure 21: Effect of excessive gambling on gambling participants ……………………………………………… 69 Figure 22: Mechanisms to assist participants who gamble excessively ……………………………………… 70 Figure 23: Awareness of an organization called ECGBB ……………………………………………………………… 71 Figure 24: Effect of losing on participants’ health ……………………………………………………………………… 72 Figure 25: Effect of losing on family relations …………………………………………………………………………… 73 Figure 26: Need for Support when gambling at the gambling site……………………………………………… 74
8 ACRONYMS
BCMM: Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality CBO’s: Community Based Organisations CEO: Chief Executive Officer CSI: Corporate Social Investment COSATU: Congress of South African Trade Unions ECDSD: Eastern Cape Department of Social Development DoW: Department of Women in the Presidency ECSECC: Eastern Cape Socio-Economic Consultative Council ECGBB: Eastern Cape Gambling & Betting Board FBO’s: Faith Based Organisations GEPF: Government Employees’ Pension Fund JV: Joint Venture MEC: Member of the Executive Committee MMR: Mixed Methods Research NGB: National Gambling Board NMMM: Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality NRGP: National Responsible Gambling Programme SLA: Service Level Agreement SARGF: South African Responsible Gambling Foundation SASSA: South African Social Security Agency Soc Dev EC: Eastern Cape Department of Social Development ToR: Terms of Reference USA: United States of America
9 DEFINITION OF TERMS AND CONCEPTS
Betting: is to stake any money or thing of value on behalf of any person, or expressly or implied, to undertake, promise or agree to stake on behalf of any person, any money or thing of value on any event or contingency other than the contingency involved in a gambling game (ECGBB Research Report, March 2014).
Bingo: means the gambling game known as bingo and any similar gaming game which is played with cards (including electronic screens) on which appear sets of numbers or symbols and in the course of which each player attempts to match for money, property, cheques or anything of value, all or a specified set of numbers or symbols on his or her cards to calls made by the operator and includes any similar gambling game operated in whole or in part by electronic means (ECGBB Research Report, March 2014).
Casino: means any premises in or on which gambling is conducted under casino licence (ECGBB Research Report, March 2014).
Fixed-odds bet: means a bet on one or more contingencies in which odds are agreed at the time the bet is placed ( National Gambling Act No. 7 of 2004).
Gambling: is the betting or staking of something of value, with consciousness of risk and hope of gain, on the outcome of a game, a contest, or an uncertain event whose result may be determined by chance or accident or have an unexpected result by reason of the bettor’s miscalculation (Gauteng Gambling Board Research Study, 2010).
Grant recipient: refers to an adult who receives a grant in respect of him or herself or on behalf of a beneficiary.
Non-gamblers: are those who don’t gamble at all on any form of gambling.
Problem/irresponsible gambling: a gambling behaviour that creates negative consequences for those who gamble and for others in their circle of friends and family, or for the community.
Old Age Social Grant: refers to a social grant paid to an aged person in terms of Section 10 of the Social Assistance Act of 2004 (Act No 13 of 2004).
Older Person: refers to any person who has, according to the Social Assistance Act of 2004 (Act No 13 of 2004) attained the prescribed age (60 years) in accordance to Sections 10 (a) or (b).
Pay point: Is a place where SASSA Old Age Social Grant recipients receive their grants.
Recreational gambling: is a harmless recreation where those who gamble do not spend more time or money on gambling than they can comfortably afford - their gambling activities cause little or no harm to themselves or their loved ones and their behaviour is associated with minimal guilt.
10 Responsible gambling: Responsible gambling is knowing your limits and gambling within your means, as well as gambling in a way whereby the potential for harm associated with gambling is minimised (Jonkheid & Mango : 2008).
Site A or Type A site: is a gambling site that has 3 - 5 slot machines. (The Straight Bet: Vol. 1, 2012/13).
Site B or Type site: is a gambling site that has 20 - 40 slot machines. (The Straight Bet: Vol. 1, 2012/13).
11 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Eastern Cape Gambling and Betting Board (ECGBB), in partnership with South African Social Security Agency (SASSA) and the Eastern Cape Department of Social Development (ECDSD), undertook an assigment to investigate the gambling prevalence of the recipients of Old Age Social Grant from the Eastern Cape Province. ECGBB commissioned Solid Uloyiso Joint Venture to undertake a research study in this regard. The purpose of the research study was to:
• Investigate the extent and geographic spread of older persons in the Eastern Cape Province that actively participate in gambling sites that the ECGBB regulates or has licensed.
• Explore and establish their attitudes, knowledge and skills towards legal gambling participation and activities.
• Determine positive or negative socio-economic impact of gambling participation by older persons in the Eastern Cape Province.
The research designs used were survey and case studies (focus groups), and this approach allowed for triangulation. When triangulating, quantitative statistical results were compared and contrasted against the qualitative findings to validate or expand quantitative results with the qualitative data.
Document analysis was done in order to interrogate related studies, policies and any relevant information in order to identify trends and patterns; and propose new questions or corroborate qualitative data.
The population of this study, comprised of Old Age Social Grant recipients in the Eastern Cape, a total of 330 000 as per information received from SASSA. Stratified, Convenience and Snowballing sampling methods were used to sample participants. Due to financial and time constraints, the 5% of 330 000 was a very big sample, therefore it was agreed that 1000 Old Age Social Grant Recipients comprising of 250 from each of the Zones where the 4 casinos in the Eastern Cape are located (East London, Mbizana Queenstown and Port Elizabeth) be sampled.
This sample size (0.3%) was considered not compromising representation of the population as it is acceptable as per sample guide according to Stoker (1985) quoted by Leboea (2014).
Research instruments (survey questionnaire and focus groups interview schedules) were designed and piloted in East London (conveniently) and validated for reliability (see Annexure A and B).
A questionnaire was used to collect data in a survey that was conducted in the following municipalities: Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality [BCMM] (East London); Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality [NMMM] (Port Elizabeth); Alfred Nzo District Municipality (Mbizana); Chris Hani (Queenstown); Sara Baartman District Municipality formally called Cacadu (Jeffrey’s Bay) and OR Tambo District Municipality (Mthatha). Research sites comprised of Casinos, Bingos, Site A’s, Site B’s, Tabs, house visits and pay points.
12 An Interview Schedule was used to collect qualitative data from focus group discussions which were conducted at Amathole District Municipality (Fort Beaufort); Joe Gqabi District Municipality (Aliwal North); Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality (Port Elizabeth) and OR Tambo (Mthatha).
The quantitative data was captured and analysed on the Statistical Programme for Social Sciences (SPSS) by experienced analysts. Content analysis was used to analyse qualitative data.
As far as the key research question is concerned: ‘Gambling prevalence of the recipients of Old Age Social grants from the Eastern Cape Province’, it is clear from these research findings that gambling is prevalent at 76.1% amongst older persons who are Old Age Social Grant recipients. The three key research questions also revealed the following, with regard to:
The extent and the geographic spread of older persons in the Eastern Cape Province
Gambling prevalence is evident in all the Zones with East London showing the highest rate. BCMM as a district shows most prevalence of gambling compared to other districts. Gambling is actually more prevalent amongst males than females, and this is true across all Zones except for Port Elizabeth. The major source of income for gambling seems to be other income (selling, extra jobs, etc.), yet there is also evidence of pension pay funds and borrowed funds being used. The main source of transport used is taxis and other gambling participants drive themselves. Most participants spend between R100 and R500 and there is a preference for casino games. Therefore, the discovery that elderly people on Old Age Social Grant who: borrow money to gamble, gamble every day and are spending about 37% of their grants necessitates a study to determine if these groups are gambling irresponsibly or not and if so, what help can they be provided with to address the problem.
Older persons’ attitudes, knowledge and skills towards legal gambling participation and activities
Most gambling participants know how slot machines function and are operated. There is a balancing view between those who say there is a need to support participants at the gambling sites and those who say there is no need for such. In terms of knowledge and attitude, firstly, gambling participants are aware that excessive gambling can have negative impact leading to addiction. Most gambling participants do not know ECGBB and they however, do know about the legalities in the gambling sector through ECGBB. Most Gambling participants reported that they have self-control yet they claimed that at times they gambled longer than planned and some felt they had to come back to win their losses.
The positive or negative socio economic impact of gambling participation by older persons in the Eastern Cape Province
Most participants indicated that losing money whilst gambling has no negative effect on their health and family relations. More in-depth research studies would help to determine if Old Age Social Grant recipients of the Eastern Cape are gambling responsibly/irresponsibly and the impact thereof, and if problems are discovered they can be addressed by using strategies that would directly talk to the contextual issues in the Eastern Cape Province.
13 There are challenges around the image issue of ECGBB, secrecy and stigma around gambling. Further research is therefore needed in the area of improving the image of ECGBB, social responsibility projects and their impact. The issue of secrecy and stigma needs further investigation, to establish/investigate the reasons for the stigma and secrecy around gambling and the lessons learnt from that study could inform the programmes designed to address this challenge. The research study processes, data analysis and interpretation as well as findings and recommendations have been explored in the ensuing chapters.
14 FOREWORD BY THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER
The Eastern Cape Gambling and Betting Board has made significant leaps in going over and above its mandate which is primarily anchored in regulating the gaming industry in the Province. This is no more evident than the efforts it has made in the generation of reliable and valid research that assists executive management and the Board to make informed decisions in an ever evolving gaming industry. This research study strives to gauge the prevalence of gambling among old age social grant recipients in the Province.
Having conducted the Prevalence of Gambling amongst Government Employees in the Eastern Cape in the previous financial year, the ECGBB partnered with the Eastern Cape Department of Social Development and the South African Social Security Agency “SASSA” to investigate a different cohort on prevalence of gambling.
The ECGBB aimed to investigate the extent and the geographic spread of older persons on social grant in the Province that actively participate in gambling sites that the ECGBB regulates or has licensed.
Secondly, the ECGBB wanted to explore and establish older person’s attitudes, knowledge and skills towards legal gambling participation and activities.
Lastly, the aim of the regulator was to determine the positive or negative socio-economic impact of gambling participation by older persons in the Eastern Cape Province.
While some of our observations were verified, it is concerning to note that of the sampled respondents, old age people receiving social grants have a high gambling prevalence at (76.1%).
With that said, we did find that some of our observations were less close to the facts, for instance, we had initially adjudged women as higher attendees of gambling establishments, however, males edged the women in the four District Municipalities except for Port Elizabeth.
There were more interesting or more worrisome findings that were not in our initial peripheral. For example, we had close to two-thirds (66%) of participants using money from other financial sources to gamble, in some cases pension pay funds were used and scarier is that money lenders were also sources of funding.
While preference to gambling establishments was primarily (53.3%) due to proximity, it was interesting to also find out that many (78.5%) of the participants insisted they have self-control and some of them (65%) remained the same whether they lose or win.
It was brought to our attention, through this study and previous studies, namely Licensee Satisfaction Survey (2013/14) and the Prevalence of Gambling amongst Government Employees in the Eastern Cape (2013/14), that the ECGBB needs to destigmatize gambling and its negative associations. Moreover, the ECGBB needs to profile its role and mandate and act as an agent that is there to protect and serve its constituencies.
This research report uproots several key issues pertaining to social responsibility on behalf of our licensees as well as key role players in supporting designated and vulnerable groups and more importantly, the gaming regulator.
15 While the latter is of significance, we are all also faced with another force of constitutional accessibility where people are not discriminated on basis of the race, gender, ethnicity, religion, sexual preference, and I dare say their age.
This research report should ignite robust discussions on how we need to work together to promote responsible gambling in the Eastern Cape.
With that I thank everyone that contributed to the outcome of this Gambling Prevalence study.
……………………………….. Mr. Reuben Mabutho Zwane CEO, ECGBB
16 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
17 CHAPTER 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
The National Gambling Act of 1996, repealed and replaced by the National Gambling Act (Act No. 7 of 2004) emphasises the criticality of co-ordination with regard to concurrent national and provincial legislative competence on gambling and betting. Consequent to that, uniform norms and standards are established to safeguard people participating in gambling and their communities against the adverse effects of gambling. More importantly, the South African National Responsible Gambling Programme (NRGP), supervised by national and provincial governments through South African Responsible Gambling Trust (SARGT) carries out extensive campaigns to make people aware of the dangers of gambling and how to avoid those dangers.
In line with the Gambling and Betting Act (Act No. 5 of 1997 as amended), the Eastern Cape Gambling and Betting Board (ECGBB) was established to oversee all gambling activities in the Eastern Cape Province. ECGBB is also responsible for advising the Member of the Executive Council (MEC) for Economic Affairs in the Eastern Cape Province with regard to gambling matters and to exercise certain further powers contemplated in the Act. In addition, included in its mandate, the ECGBB is responsible for issuing and revocation of gambling licences, exclusion of problem gamblers, and protection of the public against unscrupulous gambling practices and control of illegal gambling activities in the province (National Gambling Act (No. 7 of 2004).
A research study by the Eastern Cape Socio-Economic Consultative Council (ECSSEC, 2011) reports that 79.5% of people 60 years and older, in the Eastern Cape Province receive an Old Age Social Grant compared to 66.2% country wide. There is an observation that a certain percentage of elderly people (as explained above) are involved in gambling activities. Research indicates that about 89% of people who participate in other formal types of gambling earned between R801 to R12 800 per month, with the majority of the same earning group engaging in sports betting gambling (Van Vuuren, Standish, Boting, Swing, Powell & Larsen, 2009); therefore Old Age Social Grant recipients may also be part of the latter percentage as their grants fall within the mentioned earning bracket.
Due to the above mentioned observations and findings, one can justifiably assume that gambling may be prevalent among the recipients of Old Age Social Grant in the Eastern Cape Province. This is a cause for concern for ECGBB as it acknowledges that as much as gambling and betting can yield positive results, gambling can also produce negative results that can impact negatively on families and the broader communities (Van Vuuren et al., 2009). To respond to the latter problem and other related problems, ECGBB has prioritised research as one of the tools for intervention. Kothari (2009) defines research as a process of arriving at dependable solutions to problems through systematic investigation, i.e. planned and systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of data. ECGBB’s proactive approach is its Research and Development Strategy that is aimed at conducting evidence-based researches. The research findings are then used to inform gambling policies, practices and programmes (ECGBB Annual Report, 2013/2014). The realization that gambling may be prevalent amongst Old Age Social Grant recipients is the reason why ECGBB has commissioned a research study to validate or reject this opinion/observation.
18 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
ECGBB as a responsible regulator acknowledges that gambling can be an evasive act that requires utmost care and awareness of the harms of problem gambling. As ECGBB does not have sufficient or appropriate knowledge about certain issues related to gambling, it also does not have information and data about the extent and prevalence of gambling among the recipients of Old Age Social Grant in the Eastern Cape Province. Interest in this study was also triggered by the following observations:
• A number of older persons, particularly women attend and actively participate in gambling across gambling sites which the ECGBB regulates or has licensed in the Eastern Cape Province.
• Older persons, especially women that gamble do so in groups than as individuals.
• Older persons, especially women are assumed to be in receipt of social grants frequent and participate in gambling activities throughout the Province.
• Older persons that gamble are retired and some are dependent on social grants as a primary source of income.
• Older persons and the number of women that gamble are attempting to improve their finances, perhaps to sustain their livelihood.
• Older persons that gamble appear not to be gambling for entertainment or leisure.
• Older persons that gamble do so more as a monthly attempt to make a fortune.
No research has been conducted in the Eastern Cape to determine gambling prevalence of the recipients of Old Age Social Grant from the Eastern Cape Province – therefore, there is a need to give this issue the attention it deserves. It is on this premise that ECGBB, in partnership with SASSA and ECDSD, undertook this assignment to investigate the gambling prevalence of Old Age Social Grant recipients from the Eastern Cape Province.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The purpose of the research study was to:
1.3.1 Investigate the extent and geographic spread of older persons in the Eastern Cape Province that actively participate in gambling sites that the ECGBB regulates or has licensed.
• Whether older persons who gamble are social grant recipients, and if so why do they gamble or participate in gambling activities.
19 • How do they get to gambling sites in order to participate in gambling activities.
• How often do they visit gambling sites and reasons that they prefer to participate and gamble in those sites and the distance that they travel to those gambling sites.
• How much money do they spend at those gambling sites in terms of rands and cents and the source of income that they utilise to spend for their gambling activities.
• The kind or types of gambling activities that they prefer or participate at the gambling sites, whether football pools (Sports Stake), Bingo, Slot Machines, Fixed Odds Betting Terminals, Horse Races, Sports Betting, Betting on non-sports events, Casino Games, Poker at a pub/club, online slot machine style; and apart from gambling what other activities do they engage in whilst at those gambling sites.
1.3.2 Explore and establish their attitudes, knowledge and skills towards legal gambling participation and activities. In other words their understanding of:
• How slot machines operate and function
• Average return per player
• Harm associated with excessive and irresponsible gambling
• Mechanisms available to deal or overcome excessive and irresponsible gambling
• The Eastern Cape Gambling and Betting Board as Regulator of Gambling activities in the Eastern Cape Province.
1.3.3 Determine positive or negative socio-economic impact of gambling participation by older persons in the Eastern Cape Province.
• How gambling participation affects the health of older persons.
• How the dependents, especially the grand children of the older persons are affected when they go and participate in gambling activities.
• Interpersonal relations both at household and community level as a result of attending and participating in gambling sites as older persons.
• Financial management responsibilities of the older persons in the household as a result of gambling participation.
• Incidence of winning money in gambling participation and how many times and how the money is spent or utilized. Similarly with losing money, how many times has money been lost.
20 • Additional source of income except the Old Age Social Grant or pension fund.
• Any support that is provided to older people when they participate in gambling activities at the gambling sites.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The study will provide a theoretical background of what is entailed in gambling, especially in relation to older persons. It will also enable ECGBB and partners to reflect on their experiences as well as to share advice with regard to the phenomenon under study. As the findings will also outline issues about or linked to the extent of gambling prevalence amongst Old Age Social Grant recipients, including their attitudes, understanding and skills as well as its socio-economic impact, the findings can also be used, as aforementioned, to inform government policies, practices and programmes.
1.5 PROCESSES FOLLOWED TO CONDUCT RESEARCH
Solid Uloyiso Joint Venture (JV) was appointed by ECGBB to conduct a study on the gambling prevalence of the recipients of Old Age Social Grant from the Eastern Cape Province. Following this appointment:
1.5.1 An Inception Meeting was held where the Service Provider submitted a Project Implementation Plan aligned to the study’s Terms of References (ToRs). The research methodology, research instruments and plans were also presented. Further matters attended also included: the finalisation of the Service Level Agreement (SLA); payment process; access letters to gambling sites; list of the OlderPersons’ Forums and logistics with regard to field work.
1.5.2 The Service Provider submitted an amended Project Implementation Plan; other research plans (piloting, communication & popularisation and field work) and revised research tools as per the recommendations of the Inception Meeting. ECGBB reviewed and approved the plans and tools, and the SLA was signed.
1.5.3 ECGBB informed the Site Operators about the research study and requested their support and participation.
1.5.4 The research instruments were piloted. Both instruments (questionnaire and interview schedule) were piloted in East London. The survey questionnaire was piloted in three different gambling sites and overall 11 gambling participants contributed. The focus group interview schedule was piloted to 6 people (3 elderly people and 3 youths).
1.5.5 Final revisions were made to the research instruments and they were approved by the ECGBB.
1.5.6 The ECGBB provided letters to Site Operators, details of Older Persons’ Forums and pay points schedules to the Service Provider.
21 1.5.7 The Service Provider recruited, trained and orientated Data Collectors and afterwards fieldwork commenced.
1.5.8 Gambling sites, pension pay points and houses visits were targeted data collection points. Different data control measures were administered to ensure that the data collected was the quality expected.
1.5.9 Data was captured, analysed and interpreted by qualified and experienced statistician and analysts.
1.5.10 As the research report was expected to be presented to three committees, for their comments, the following emanated:
• Firstly, it was presented to the Management (ECGBB and partner departments)
• Secondly, it was presented to the Compliance and Licensing Committee
• Suggested amendments of both committees were addressed
• An external validator and an editor were contracted by the Service Provider to validate the findings of the report as well as editing it. Recommended changes/recommendations were addressed.
• Lastly, the research report was presented to the entire Board of Directors and likewise recommendations made were addressed.
• The final report, a graphic designed hard copy document, utilising the brand colours of the ECGBB and the research partners was submitted to ECGBB Management.
1.6 CHAPTER OUTLINE
This research report has five chapters, including Chapter 1 that outlines the background and introduction of the research study. Chapter 2 provides the details of the research methodology used to conduct the study. Chapter 3 presents the analysis and interpretation of collected data. Chapter 4 presents the findings of the study as well as recommendations to address negative findings. Chapter 5 concludes the study for ease of understanding, it also compares the findings to the global trends as well as highlighting lessons that can be learnt from other countries and lastly areas that need further investigation are listed.
22 CHAPTER 2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
23 CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter outlines the methodology used in the study and it begins with philosophical foundations (post positivist or Mixed Methods Research: MMR) that guided the research study and goes on to cover issues of research design; instruments used to collect data; piloting of the instruments; sampling strategy; methods of data collection; data quality control; data analysis; delimitations and limitations of the study as well as the ethical considerations.
2.2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The post-positivist or MMR paradigm combines and integrates both quantitative (positivist, i.e. survey) and qualitative (interpretivist, i.e. focus groups) research approaches. The MMR was deemed the most suitable for the study. The quantitative approach relies on tangible evidence to validate data and relationships between these phenomena which are investigated in terms of generalizable causal effects which in turn allows for prediction; whilst the qualitative approach considers reality as psychologically and socially constructed (Gelo et al., 2008:268). The research designs used were survey and case studies, and this approach allowed for triangulation. When triangulating quantitative statistical results were compared and contrasted against the qualitative findings to validate or expand quantitative results with the qualitative data.
2.3 POPULATION
The population of this study comprised of all the recipients of Old Age Social Grant in the Eastern Cape, a total of 330 000 as per SASSA advice. Due to financial and time constraints, the 5% sample that was initially targeted (as per SLA) was not attainable; therefore 1000 participants (0.3%) were sampled. The latter decision did not compromise sample representation as per the research guide below.
Table 1: Sampling guide
Population Percentage suggested Number of participants
20 100% 20 30 80% 24 50 64% 32 100 45% 45 200 32% 64 500 20% 100 1 000 14% 140 10 000 4.5% 450 100 000 2% 2 000 200 000 1% 2 000
(Stoker, 1985 cited by Leboea, 2014)
24 The quantitative sample of 1000 was supplemented by four focus group participants that were 64 in number, therefore the overall sample was 1064.
2.4 SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
A combination of sampling methods was used, i.e. stratified (districts, different gambling sites, age, pension recipients, gender, etc.); convenience (East London was chosen as a pilot site) and snowballing (referrals).
The survey was conducted in the following municipalities: Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality [BCMM] (East London); Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality [NMMM] (Port Elizabeth); Alfred Nzo District Municipality (Mbizana); Chris Hani District Municipality (Queenstown); Sara Baartman District Municipality formally called Cacadu District Municipality (Jeffrey’s Bay) and OR Tambo District Municipality (Mthatha).
Table 2: Gambling sites per research sites
Research site Gambling site
BCMM (East London) Casino, Bingo, Site A, Tabs, house visits and pay points NMMM (Port Elizabeth) Casino, Bingo, Site A, Site B, house visits and Tabs Sara Bartman DM (Jeffrey’s Bay) Site B and Tab Alfred Nzo DM (Mbizana) Casino, house visits and pay points OR Tambo DM (Mthatha) Bingo, Tabs and house visits Chris Hani DM (Queenstown) Casino, Site A, Site B, house visits and Tab
Above: One of ECGBB’s Betting sites.
25 The focus group discussions were undertaken at Amathole District Municipality (Fort Beaufort); Joe Gqabi District Municipality (Aliwal North); Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality (Port Elizabeth) and OR Tambo District Municipality (Mthatha).
The sampling of the above mentioned research sites was influenced by the following factors: the SLA Terms of Reference (ToR) (recommended number of municipalities and gambling sites to be targeted, i.e. 7 municipalities and 4 casinos, 5 Site A’s (3-5 machines) and 2 Site B’s (20-40 machines); incorporation of municipalities with casinos and contextual issues, e.g. Mbizana and Jeffery’s Bay case.
2.5 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
A questionnaire with dichotomous and open format questions was used as a data collection instrument for the survey (see Appendix A). The questionnaire enabled the researcher to get quantifiable and comparable data. Dichotomous and open format questions enabled the participants to choose from a number of options and provided space to mention “other” things that were relevant to the phenomenon under study but not featured in the questionnaire (Research Services, 2009).
For the qualitative phase, focus group interviews were used as a data collection instrument. The focus groups interviews were aimed at understanding feelings, thoughts, intentions, past experiences as well as the meanings participants attach to the topic under investigation. The interview would also enable researchers to pick up nonverbal cues, through frowns, nervous tapping and other body language that participants would unconsciously exhibit. Focus group interviews also enabled the researchers to access a good number of people who could be engaged in one interview.
An interview schedule with standardised and open ended questions was designed (see Appendix B). Open -ended questions allowed researchers to probe: adapt questions, clarify doubt, ensure responses are properly understood and repeat or rephrase questions so that the interviews could produce a high response rate. Open- ended questions also develop trust, are perceived as less threatening, allow an unrestrained or free response, and may be more useful with articulate participants (Welman & Kruger, 2006:174). Document analysis was done in order to interrogate related studies, policies and any relevant information in order to identify trends and patterns, propose new questions or corroborate qualitative data.
2.6 PILOTING OF INSTRUMENTS (SURVEY AND INTERVIEW SCHEDULE)
A pilot study meant to confirm the simplicity, clarity or comprehensiveness of the questionnaire was conducted in East London. Welman et al (2005:148) note that a pilot assists with detecting possible flaws in the measurement, identifies unclear or ambiguously formulated items and also affords researchers an opportunity to notice non-verbal behaviour. Ten people from different gambling sites (casino, bingo, Tab and Site A) were targeted to participate; however, due to a positive response, eleven people were seen. Issues linked to the structure, writing style, use of relevant concepts and language appropriateness were picked up. After engagements with participants, necessary changes were effected on the questionnaire and it was then deemed to be a reliable instrument to be used to investigate the phenomenon under study.
26 The following observations were made during the pilot: elderly people took time to respond to questions and were easily side-tracked from issues under discussion; participants tended to be tense whenconversations were initiated but would loosen up as the conversations were progressing and some participants were very passionate about gambling. Participants also shared a lot of pertinent issues related to the study, e.g. myths and socio-economic impact etc.
The above mentioned observations as well as the information shared were used to inform the training document that was used when Data Collectors were trained and some were kept to be used in the data analysis chapter. To ensure validity, the interview schedule was also piloted in East London. Six participants were conveniently sampled, i.e. three elderly persons and three youths. The involvement of youth in the piloting of the interview schedule was deliberate and meant to resemble the actual focus groups interviews (elderly people and their significant others: triangulation) which are to take place during data collection. It is also envisaged that as part of unfolding socio economic impact of gambling, the views of those affected by excessive gambling would cut across all ages and include those of the youth. All the questions were deemed comprehensive and not much changes were made to the schedule because although the exact wording and sequence of questions were predetermined, when probing, researchers were allowed to rephrase the questions to ensure their comprehensiveness.
2.7 DATA COLLECTION
2.7.1 Recruitment and appointment of Data Collectors
In preparation for fieldwork, Data Collectors who were to administer the questionnaire (survey) were recruited. Recruitment was done through local institutions of higher learning, community and faith based eaders and through word of mouth and preference was given to local people. One of the most critical selection requirements was language competency in both English and Xhosa as it was expected for the incumbent to be able to translate from English to Xhosa and vice versa. Prospective Data Collectors were interviewed and the following skills were tested: self-management, interpersonal, communication, team/group work principles, conflict management, translation and interpretation as pertaining to the questionnaire itself. Five Data Collectors were appointed to work on each research site, except in the case of Mbizana -Mthatha where two additional Data Collectors were appointed to administer the questionnaire in Mthatha. Because of distance, it would have not been practical neither would it be cost effective to use the five Data Collectors from the Mbizana team, hence the extra two Data Collectors for the Mthatha OR Tambo site. The overall number of Data Collectors was therefore twenty-two.
2.7.2 Training of Data Collectors
Appointed Data Collectors were trained. As much as it was a one day training, Data Collectors were trained on the background and purpose of the workshop; research concepts; questionnaire administration; research ethics; interpersonal skills; different gambling activities and relevant acts. Because some Data Collectors were graduates and some at tertiary institutions, they were trainable and showed a lot of enthusiasm for the study and they also understood it’s sensitivity and the challenges it could pose.
27 2.7.3 The actual fieldwork
• Survey
The data collection processes ran concurrently, i.e. whilst the Data Collectors were busy with the survey phase, research coordinators were busy with focus group interviews. Fuller, Rawlinson and Bevan (2000) note that the strength of fieldwork is that it provides opportunities to learn through direct, concrete experiences, enhancing the understanding that comes from observing ‘real world’ manifestations and it develops skills like observation, synthesis, evaluation, reasoning, instrumentation skills, practical problem solving and adaptability to new demands that call for creative solutions.
250 questionnaires were supposed to be administered in each research site and each Data Collector had to administer 50 questionnaires each over a period of five days. In the case of Mbizana-Mthatha and Port Elizabeth- Jeffrey’s Bay, the 250 was shared between those towns. Both solo and group approaches were undertaken as the Data Collectors sometimes worked alone or in groups. As mentioned in sub section 2.7.1, Data Collectors translated the questionnaire whenever it was necessary. Initially, the duration of the fieldwork was planned for five days but due to the nature of the study and the dynamics involved (i.e. its sensitivity that led to reluctance of people to participate and the Mbizana -Mthatha case where the coordinator had to move to Mthatha and continue with data collection), the data collection process took eight days to complete. At the end of the fieldwork 1000 questionnaires were returned to research coordinators(see paragraph 2 of the Data Quality Control section [2.8] for specifics).
• Focus groups
Focus groups were conducted by research coordinators and the participants were mainly elderly people and the youth. Platforms used to invite participants were community leaders; forums for the elderly people and people living with disabilities; youth groups and faith based organisations. Initially, the maximum number targeted for focus group participants was ten; however, when people came in large numbers they were not turned away as that was seen as an opportunity to enhance the quality of the engagements.
The following table outlines participants per research site:
Table 3: Focus group participants per research site
Research site Number of participants
Amathole District Municipality (Fort Beaufort) 12 Joe Gqabi District Municipality (Aliwal North) 19 Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality (Port Elizabeth) 28 OR Tambo (Mthatha) 23
28 The coordinators were also able to mediate the issue of language during the interviews, e.g. in the case of Joe Gqabi (Aliwal North) where some participants were Sotho speaking, the researcher was also able to speak both Xhosa and South Sotho. The interviews were captured through audio-taping and notes were also taken by the Coordinator/researchers’ assistants. In most groups, participants were enthusiastic and some noted that they were gambling whilst others used to gamble.
2.7.4 Highlights of the fieldwork
• Reception, support and co-operation from the gambling site officials were favourable in most research sites.
• Officials from Route Operators Licensees were also very supportive and helpful.
• After the purpose of the study was explained, most participants showed appreciation for the study as they believed that it would bring value to the gambling participants, the gambling authorities and the community at large.
2.7.5 Challenges and remedial measures
• Fear, suspicion and mistrust
There was fear, suspicion and mistrust around the purpose of the study as a result of which:
• some people would promise to organise elderly people who do gamble but on follow up they would ignore calls or the phones would be switched off
• at pay points, elderly people were reluctant to speak about the issue under study due to fear of losing their Old Age Social Grant.
Remedial measure: The purpose of the study was explained; however, research ethics were also honoured - people not willing to participate were not forced to do so.
• Pay dates in conflict with the research time
Some dates for the payment of the Old Age Social Grant were either before or after fieldwork, therefore in other research sites pay points could not be visited.
Remedial measure: Pay points that presented no clashes were visited by Data Collectors and researchers. Snowballing was also used as some Data Collectors knew some Old Age Social Grant recipients who were gam- bling participants and in such cases house visits would be conducted.
29 • Non-use of certain gambling sites by elderly people
It was shared by site managers that elderly people do not use certain gambling sites, especially Site A’s because of the nature of their operations, i.e. most are taverns so elderly people do not feel safe in them.
Remedial measure: Gambling sites that were frequented by elderly people were targeted.
• Racism
In one research site a coordinator and Data Collectors experienced racism as they were told to use a certain door and a sitting area that was reserved for black people. In some research sites gambling participants complained that they received racist treatment as they were expected to use reserved lounges. Gambling participants also noted that in some gambling sites it was obvious that equity prescripts were ignored as in some sites staff members were mainly white especially in management positions.
Remedial measure: The coordinator had to assert herself and on mentioning that the team was from/linked to ECGBB, the manager involved became very apologetic.
• Time constraints
Because of time constraints Data Collectors worked long hours and the planned period (5 days) was exceeded.
Remedial measure: Data Collectors worked on weekends and coordinators risked their lives by transporting Data Collectors to their places of residence very late in the evening.
• Negotiation of participation with gambling participants
Gambling sites were one of the targeted places for data collection, however it was not always easy to approach a gambling participant that had just finished playing or had just taken a break as other gambling participants looked agitated whenever they were approached. The agitation could be linked to a feeling of being disturbed at one’s leisure time or a person has just lost and therefore still wants to contain him/herself.
Remedial measure: Floor managers in various sites volunteered to be the ones approaching the gambling participants to introduce the Data Collectors. Because the site staff was familiar with the gambling participants, some of them showed willingness to participate.
2.8. DATA QUALITY CONTROL
Before fieldwork was undertaken a research proposal and process was presented to ECGBB and all other relevant partners. It was interrogated to ensure that the envisaged aim was realised. Research instruments were also piloted and Data Collectors were trained.
30 Prior to the actual fieldwork the coordinator and Data Collectors visited the gambling sites in order to familiarise themselves with their new work environment and to give them an understanding of what the sites are about, e.g. the machines used and any other information that could be useful during their stay on the site.
During fieldwork research coordinators were continuously monitoring Data Collectors by being there in the field with them, paying unannounced visits and at times they would even transport (drop and collect) the Data Collectors. Being there with the Data Collectors also afforded coordinators a chance to give support and advice whenever they deemed it necessary. For the purpose of control, all questionnaires were numbered. At the end of each day the coordinators would check if the submitted questionnaires were thoroughly completed. At the end of fieldwork 1000 questionnaires were returned, and on capturing the data the following emanated: 22 questionnaires from the self-completed batches were declared spoilt due to the following reasons:
• other participants gave conflicting responses, e.g. they would note that they were gamblers but would respond to some questions on the non-gamblers section
• other participants only completed the biographical part and would refuse to continue
• others gave multiple responses in many questions that required only one answer
At the end of the capturing stage, 987 questionnaires were entered on SPSS, i.e. 767 gamblers and 211 non-gamblers. It should be noted that 22 spoilt questionnaires constitute a 2.2% margin of error for the sample and it is therefore within the 5% margin of error with a 97.8% confidence level, which is acceptable as per the SLA requirements.
For the focus group the interviews were recorded and transcribed; the recorded data and transcripts are available. In terms of validity, researchers checked if the findings could be substantiated by evidence that does not waiver (Niemann et al, 2002:283).
Therefore, the researchers are confident that the results of the study are dependable because if the research study can be repeated, in the same context, with the same methods and with the same participants, similar results would be obtained. To ensure validity, data capturing was performed by qualified and experienced data analysts, in addition an independent validator was contracted to validate the findings of the research report. The research was also edited to ensure that it meets the standard of a professional report, however, statements taken from the Terms of Reference were quoted verbatim and thus not edited. To confirm trustworthiness and reliability, i.e. that the study results are a product of an enquiry and are not tainted by the biases of the researchers, records of focus group interviews, filled survey questionnaires, drafts, field notes, pilots material, preliminary schedules, observation sheets, recorded data and data analysis products will be forwarded to the ECGBB as advised.
31 2.9 DATA ANALYSIS
This study had two sets of data, quantitative and qualitative. In MMR, the data is interpreted after it has been collected and analysed and it involves a cyclical combination between quantitative deductive inference (theory driven hypothesis testing, verification oriented) and qualitative inductive inference (data driven hypothesis and theory development, exploratory orientated) (Gelo et al, 2008:286). Therefore, even though this study had two sets of data, the quantitative data was captured and analysed on the Statistical Programme for Social Sciences (SPSS) by experienced analysts. Tables and charts were used to present the results and using the SPSS programme the data collected was cross tabulated and correlation exercises were also undertaken.
The qualitative data was analysed by a team of researchers using Content Analysis where data was coded and categorised. Observed similarities and differences between the labelled text units were grouped into themes. Emergent themes were relabelled using the language closer to the researcher and to the theory of reference and, finally, the themes were interrelated into each other and abstracted into a set of themes which received new labels and the obtained data was then presented and this involved a discussion of the evidence for the emerged themes and perspectives.
At the end of the second analysis the data was merged by comparing the data with the results of the quantitative and qualitative datasets through a discussion.
The quantitative results were displayed and then discussed with reference to the obtained qualitative results and literature.
2.10 DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
For the survey part the study is limited only to pension recipients, i.e. elderly people over the age of 60 from the Eastern Cape Province and is meant to investigate gambling prevalence of Old Age Social Grant recipients.
2.11 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
As aforementioned on the fieldwork challenges (Section 2.6.5), the reluctance of elderly people to participate due to fear that their Old Age Social Grant may be taken away, time constraints, pension pay dates that clashed with the fieldwork schedule, non-preference of certain sites by elderly people, racism and the emotional state of the gambling participants were limitations.
2.12 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
The overall approach of the study was guided by the recognition of the following ethical principles: respect, beneficence and justice. The researchers respected the dignity and autonomy of all participants.
Before fieldwork was undertaken coordinators visited the gambling sites with Data Collectors and the purpose was to formally introduce the Data Collectors to Site Managers and staff and to discuss the mode of operation to be adopted.
32 It was clearly articulated to participants that they were under no obligation to participate and their identities were to be kept confidential.
2.13 CONCLUSION
This chapter outlined the methodology of the study, starting with the post positivist paradigm, the chosen mixed methods, the sampling process, piloting and fieldwork. Data collection instruments outlined include questionnaires, an interview schedule and documents analysis. The study also outlined the steps undertaken to ensure validity and reliability. The next chapter proceeds with reviewed literature.
33
CHAPTER 3 LITERATURE REVIEW
35 CHAPTER 3: LITERATURE REVIEW
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.1.1 Definition of prevalence
The Oxford Advance Dictionary (2014) notes that the word prevalence comes from the Latin word “praevalere”, meaning a “condition of being widespread or general”. It further expounds that the word is often used to describe a phenomenon that is widespread in a community and it is another word for commonness. For the purpose of this study, the area of focus is gambling prevalence amongst elderly people.
3.1.2 Legal Framework
The advent of democratic dispensation and the incorporation of the homelands into the provinces necessitated regulation of gambling in South Africa. The National Gambling Act passed in 1996 repealed and replaced by the National Gambling Act (Act No. 7 of 2004) among other things addressed the following:
• legal provisions for regulation of gambling activities;
• promotion of uniform norms and standards in relation to gambling throughout the country;
• definition of different gambling notions, i.e. how many gambling licenses were to be distributed among the provinces;
• provision of information on liability;
• introduction of a National Lottery etc.
These legal processes also resulted in the establishment of the National Responsible Gambling Programme (NRGP) which began operating in 1999 (Rule, and Sibanyoni, 2000 & Seggie, 2011).
The principle of responsible gambling as defined by Jonkheid and Mango (2008) emphasises knowing your limits, gambling within your means as well as gambling in a way which minimises the potential for harm. ECGBB pro- motes responsible gambling through a number of initiatives e.g. campaigns and information sharing sessions. It is however, noted that a research report (undated) by ECGBB showed that some elderly people displayed little or no understanding of responsible gambling initiatives.
This assertion is confirmed in a study by Ligthelm and Jonkheid (2009) which revealed that in SouthAfrica pensioners reported the lowest incidence of budgeting for gambling which shows lack of understanding responsible gambling principles.
36 3.1.3 Gambling prevalence with regard to elderly people
Ensor and Esterhuizen (2013) note that in comparison to other African countries, e.g. Nigeria and Kenya, South Africa has by far the largest overall gambling market, as well as the largest land-based casino gambling market. When compared to western countries, gambling in the United States of America (USA) is one of the fastest growing industries and it is estimated that in the USA, 125 million people are gamblers (Vig, 2014). Countries like Canada, Australia, North America, Britain and Austria are also reporting high gambling prevalence (Eades, 2003 & Griffiths, 2003).
With specific reference to the elderly, Community Links (2010) shares that globally there is general agreement in research and popular media that elderly people are one of the fastest growing groups of gamblers. Vig (2014) notes that gambling addiction is also on the rise among older adults in Canada and the United States as a result of this growth in the number of gamblers. The United States individuals over the age of 65 represent about 7.2% of gamblers.
In South Africa, the National Gambling Board Research Study (2013) reveals that with regard to licensed casino use, the 55+ year age group showed high incidence of gambling. The National Gambling Board Research Study (2013) also states that regulators often raise concerns that pensions and social grants are misspent, and that recipients allocate disproportionate amounts of their available income to gambling. There was also a concern that pensioners or grant recipients were systematically targeted by unscrupulous (illegal) gambling operators, however, no evidence was encountered that pensioners or grant recipients were targeted (Department of Trade and Industry Gambling Review, 2013). Furthermore, the National Gambling Board Research Study (2013) reveals that that there is likelihood that grant recipients gamble on the day that they receive their grant than they were during the rest of the month.
With regard to elderly people who are Old Age Social Grant recipients, Ligthelm and Jonkheid (2009) reveal that some elderly people gamble the little money they get from the social grant. However, a research study conducted in Soweto reveals that, as much as there was a question meant to establish if the Old Age Social Grant was used to gamble, no participant shared stories of grant recipients spending too much money or diverting grant money from household necessities in order to gamble (National Gambling Board Research Study, 2013).
3.1.4 Reasons for gambling by elderly people
Community Link (2010) and Vig (2014) mention different reasons why elderly people gamble and when compared to the South African context, a number of similarities are recognized and these are;
• Elderly people socialise due to social isolation and seek to be entertained or have fun
Van der Vilt (2004) notes that elderly people are attracted to the comfortable safe atmosphere of the bingo hall/casino as well as the exciting atmosphere and ‘glitter’ of the casino.
37 • They seek to relieve boredom and to escape loneliness and loss
National Gambling Board Research Study conducted in 2013 found that in rural KwaZulu-Natal pensioners face a tedious situation, a mixture of boredom and frustration which produces hordes of men and women who gamble as a natural facet of daily existence.
• They want to make money or hope to make money
The National Gambling Board Research Study (2010) established that in Gauteng the high incidence of poverty in the province motivates a significant number of pensioners to see gambling as a route to better circumstances thus almost two-thirds of pension-age gamblers, gamble in a desperate bid to boost their income.
• They seek to support charitable causes
It is reported that gambling operators aggressively advertise their charities and elderly people are constantly invited by being offered a meal, promised cinema visits, etc. that entice them to go to the casino floor (Gambling Review Commission Report, 2013).
However, the report highlights that the gambling Act prohibits advertising of a gambling activity as being available for free.
It must however be noted that as much as certain causes of gambling are shared by different countries, it was evident that in countries like Australia, elderly people mainly gamble because they are bored or lonely because they have lost family members through death, marriages, relocation, etc.; whilst in South Africa elderly people mainly gamble for extra income (Rule and Sibanyoni, 2000 & National Gambling Board Research Study, 2010).
3.1.5 Impact of gambling on the elderly people
According to the National Gambling Board Research Study (2010) the Positive Impact of gambling for low-income older gamblers, includes among others:
• means of being able to afford food and basic necessities
• cultivates friendships with other gamblers and
• a relaxing and enjoyable hobby
Negative Impact includes:
• gambling might constitute irresponsible spending and can lead to dishonesty between family members
• emotional stress and family tensions
38 • violence due to excessive gambling
• financial devastation
• selling of assets such as vehicles and houses
• as well as suicide
3.1.6 Problem gambling
Ferris (2015) notes that the following are signs indicative of problem gambling by elderly people: not having enough money for groceries, medication or other bills; defensiveness about the way they spend money on gambling; preoccupation about gambling; juggling bills to have more money for gambling; health problems; borrowing money; increased isolation from friends, family and community gatherings; growing agitation; change in appearance (sloppier); loss of a house or car; spending all their money before their pension cheque arrives, etc. To confirm the negative impact of addiction/problem gambling on family relations, an article published in Daily Dispatch (March, 10 2015) shares a story of a family feud that was a result of a family member who lost her salary in gambling then stole money from a family business which she also gambled with the hope of winning more money.
In explaining the situation an attorney said, “Intending to pay back the money with gambling winnings her situation became uncontrolled and she was trapped in a vicious cycle as she lost more and more money”
3.1.7 Gambling stigmatisation and secrecy
In comparison to other countries, Azmier and Roach (2000) report that in Canada gambling is a ‘hidden problem’ for elderly people. A research study conducted in the Eastern Cape Province in 2009 reveals that gambling becomes less acceptable as people get older and 38% of participants who were 50 years or older supported that notion (Van Vuuren et al, 2009), therefore, that could be a reason why older people hide that they are involved in gambling. Nonetheless, De Vries (2014) believes that gambling is becoming normalised and few people are raising serious moral concerns about it in South Africa.
3.1.8 Online gambling
It should be noted that, although there are people involved in online gambling in South Africa, it is still illegal (Price Waterhouse Coopers, 2013). The National Responsible Gambling Programme (2013) reveals that with relation to the elderly people (65 + year olds), in both 2012 and 2013 an average of 7% was using online gambling in South Africa. The Gambling Review conducted by DTI in 2013 warned that, even if online gambling can be regulated in South Africa the activity will not necessarily inhibit the use of unlicensed foreign sites that could still be accessed by the very individuals that the legislation seeks to protect, such as minors and problem gamblers. In comparison to the African continent, online gambling is permitted in Kenya but prohibited in Nigeria, except for lotteries.
39 3.1.9. Intervention measures to address problem gambling
Seggie (2011) notes that NRGP has three main divisions that work closely together to address problem gambling challenges and these are:
• Treatment
Treatment begins with the provision of a free 24/7 confidential help and counselling (helpline 0800 006 008) funded by NRGP through which problem gamblers and those close to them can get expert assistance.
• Prevention
Prevention consists mainly of educating actual and potential problem gamblers about the dangers of gambling and how to avoid them through awareness campaigns targeted both at the population at large and at vulnerable communities including the young, the poor and grant recipients. These are conducted by print, television and radio advertising; distribution of promotional and informational leaflets, brochures and newsletters; participation in community outreach initiatives and integration of gambling educational programmes in schools and in special events.
• Research
The NRGP Research Division makes use of academics from local universities as well as collaborators from other countries to undertake research aimed at understanding the nature, causes and prevalence of problem gambling, to facilitate the development of good public policy, and to enhance the effectiveness of prevention and treatment strategies.
MacIntyre (2008) explains that the University of Windsor’s prevention and treatment programme for elderly people entails peer support (seniors helping other seniors) and the active involvement of gambling operators as they are expected to address the unique nature and impact of problem gambling within the elderly by recognizing their needs, views and concerns and receive input from them for the development of support programs.
3.2 CONCLUSION
The latter literature discussion reveals that gambling and its associated problems is not a unique South African problem, many countries in the world are experiencing similar problems – therefore that presents an opportunity for an exchange of ideas. Nonetheless, it is also important to note that each country has its unique dynamics, therefore in exchanging of ideas, contextual issues need to be given serious consideration.
40 CHAPTER 4 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
41 CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
4.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the analysis and the interpretation of the data collected by way of questionnaires, focus group schedules and document analysis. For ease of reference, the towns where the survey was undertaken are referred to as survey zones, namely, East London Zone: representing Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality (BCMM); Port Elizabeth Zone: representing Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality (NMMM) and Cacadu (Jeffrey’s Bay), Queenstown Zone: representing Chris Hani; and Mbizana-Mthatha Zone: representing Alfred Nzo and OR Tambo. Table 4 shows different survey zones and the number of instruments administered at each zone (see below: Figure 1).
4.1.1 Distribution of participants by Survey Zones
Each Survey Zone was expected to administer 250 questionnaires and the table presents the outcome of the survey.
The following table shows that in all the Zones the prevalence of gambling is evident as depicted by Gambler percentages, East London (21.5%); Port Elizabeth (21%); Queenstown (18.2%); and Mthatha/Mbizana (17.7%). Gambling prevalence is evident, with East London showing the highest rate. The overall gambling prevalence rate is 78.4 %.
Table 4: Survey Zones of the participants
Survey Zones Gamblers Non-Gamblers Total
Frequency Percent Frequency Percent Frequency Percent
East London 210 21.5 35 3.6 245 25.1
Port Elizabeth 208 21 36 3.7 244 24.9
Queenstown 176 18.2 70 7.2 246 25.2
Mthatha/Mbizana 173 17.7 70 7.1 243 24.8
Total 767 78.4 211 21.6 978 100
42 Figure 1: Survey Zones of the participants
4.2 BIOGRAPHICAL DATA
4.2.1 Distribution of participants by Gender
Gambling is more prevalent amongst males (55.4%) whilst females are at 44.6%; and this is true across all zones except for Port Elizabeth (see Figures 2 & 3 below). This contradicts ECGBB’s observation that a number of older persons, particularly women attend and actively participate in gambling.
From focus group interviews the most prominent view was that both men and women are involved in gambling, because both groups have the same intention, i.e. to make more money.
Table 5: No. of participants per Gender
Gender Gambler Non-Gambler Total (Observed)
Frequency Percent Frequency Percent Frequency Percent
Male 423 55.4 83 39.7 506 52.0
Female 341 44.6 126 60.3 467 48.0
Total 764 100 209 100 973 100
43 Figure 2: No. of participants per Gender
Figure 3: Gender by Zones
4.2.2 Distribution of participants by Marital Status
The following table shows that Gambling and non-gambling participants’ distribution seem to be evenly spread across all categories of status. However, it does show that the ‘married’ category has the highest percentage of gambling participants.
44 Table 6: Marital Status of the participants
Marital Status Gambler Non-Gambler Total (Observed)
Frequency Percent Frequency Percent Frequency Percent
Married 438 57.6 117 56.0 555 57.2
Single 127 16.7 37 17.7 164 16.9
Divorced 41 5.4 11 5.3 52 5.4
Cohabitating 25 3.3 6 2.9 31 3.2
Widowed 130 17.0 38 18.1 168 17.3
Total 761 100 209 100 970 100
Figure 4: Marital Status of the participants
45 4.2.3 Distribution of participants by Age Group
As it is known that the qualifying age for the Old Age Social Grant is 60, a provision of 55 was made to accommodate participants that were on “other pensions” and had taken early pension, e.g. GEPF, Provident Fund, etc. The overall number of participants that were receiving “other pensioners” was 26, i.e. 23 gambling participants and 3 non gambling participants, which only reflects 3% participation. Therefore, it should be noted that most respondents were Old Age Social Grant recipients (60 and above). This issue was also covered in Section A Question 2 of the questionnaire where data collectors had to establish the participants’ source of income and the finding was that: of the 962 that responded to the question 743 (77.2%) noted that they were Old Age Social Grant recipients; and out of the overall 77.2%, 60.5% were gambling participants (see Table 8).
The following table shows that for the old age grant recipients in the 61 to 69 and the 70 and above age group brackets, the gambling participants are 37% + 16.2% = 53.2%. Thus, indicating an above 50% gambling prevalence rate. The stated fact argued, thus suggests that the 53.2% prevalence rate is actually higher considering the fact that the 55-60 age group bracket includes pension/grant recipients (the 60 year olds), this refers to the 25.9%, out of which only 3% is not Old Age Social Grant recipients, the Old Age Social Grant recipients who gamble in that bracket is therefore 22.9% (25.9% – 3%). Therefore, the study at 97.8% confidence level indicates an overall 76.1% (37% + 16.2% + 22.9%) gambling prevalence amongst Old Age Social Grant recipients.
The latter findings also confirm ECGBB’s observation that older persons that gamble are retired (3%) and some are dependent on social grants as a primary source of income (53.2%).
Table 7: No. of participants per Age Group
Age Gambler Non-Gambler Total (Observed)
Frequency Percent Frequency Percent Frequency Percent
55-60 249 25.9 49 5.1 298 30.9
61-69 356 37.0 102 10.6 458 47.6
70 and above 156 16.2 51 21.5 207 21.5
Total 761 79.1 202 37.2 963 100
46 Figure 5: No. of participants per Age Group
4.2.4 Distribution of participants by Nationality
Out of the total respondents as indicated below, 12 did not state their nationality. It is however, obvious that virtually all the participants are citizens of South Africa at 99.1% whilst others are 0.9%.
Table 8: Nationality of participants
Nationality Gamblers Non-Gamblers Total (Observed)
Frequency Percent Frequency Percent Frequency Percent
South African 750 77.6 207 21.4 957 99.1
Others 7 0.7 2 0.2 9 0.9
Total 757 78.3 209 21.6 966 100
4.2.5 Distribution of participants by Race
The table below shows that the majority of the respondents were black (72.7%) followed by Whites (14.5%). The Coloureds and Indians were 11.3% and 1.4% respectively. However, 7 participants did not state their racial status.
47 Table 9: No. of participants according to Race
Race Gamblers Non-Gamblers Total (Observed)
Frequency Percent Frequency Percent Frequency Percent
Black 523 53.9 183 18.8 706 72.7
Coloured 93 9.6 17 1.7 110 11.3
Indian 14 1.4 0 0 14 1.4
White 133 13.7 8 0.8 141 14.5
Others 1 0.1 0 0 1 0.1
Total 764 78.7 208 21.3 971 100
Figure 6: No. of participants according to Race
4.2.6 Distribution of participants by Dependants
The following table reveals that the percentage of those who gamble and have dependants is 80% (8.7% + 18.6% + 16.5% + 14.0% + 22.2%). Most of the gambling participants (22.2%), have five dependants and above. The latter confirms what was noted by most focus group participants that most elderly people who take care of their grandchildren, gamble because they need to supplement their old age grant income.
48 Table 10: No. of Dependants per participants
Dependants Gamblers Non-Gamblers Total (Observed)
Frequency Percent Frequency Percent Frequency Percent
One 66 8.7 24 11.6 90 9.3
Two 142 18.6 41 19.8 183 18.9
Three 126 16.5 43 20.8 169 17.4
Four 107 14.0 19 9.2 126 13.0
Five and Above 169 22.2 47 22.7 216 22.3
None 152 20 33 15.9 185 19.1
Total 762 100 207 100 969 100
4.2.7 Distribution of participants by Income
The following table shows that the source of income of most gambling participants is the Old Age Social Grant (77.2%). There are a few (11.9%) who seem to have other sources of income, therefore, it is evident that the grant money might not be sufficient to meet all the grant recipients’ needs. The focus group discussions also confirmed that the grant money is not sufficient and need to be augmented by selling vegetables, cleaning homes, etc.
49 Table 11: Monthly Source of Income of participants
Source Gamblers Non-Gamblers Total (Observed)
Frequency Percent Frequency Percent Frequency Percent
Older Persons Grant 582 77.2 161 77.4 743 77.2
From own Children 11 1.5 6 2.9 17 1.8 and Relatives
Salary 90 11.9 26 12.5 116 12.1
Own business 48 6.4 12 5.8 60 6.2
Other (GEPF, 23 3.0 3 1.4 26 2.7 Provident Fund ect.)
Total 754 100 208 100 962 100
Figure 7: Monthly Source of Income of participants
4.3. EXTENT AND GEOGRAPHIC SPREAD OF OLDER PERSONS IN EASTERN CAPE PROVINCE THAT ACTIVELY PARTICIPATE IN GAMBLING SITES THAT THE ECGBB REGULATES OR HAS LICENSE AND FURTHER ESTABLISHED
This section explains the location in terms of geographical spread of the participants in the Eastern Cape Province according to district municipality, area of residence of the participants, the mode of transport to the site, the frequency of their visit to the gambling sites, reasons for participating in gambling activities, and reasons for using the preferred gambling site. The time taken to get to the gambling sites, the amount of money spent and sources of income of the participants were also explained.
50 4.3.1. Distribution of participants by District
The following table shows gambling prevalence per district: BCMM (19.7%), NMMM (18.4%), Chris Hani (18.2%), OR Tambo (10.9%), Alfred Nzo (7%), Cacadu (3.1%) and Amathole (1.7%). Joe Gqabi conducted a focus group. BCMM shows most prevalence of gambling among old age social grant recipients compared to other districts.
Table 12: No. of participants per District
District Gambler Non-Gambler Total (Observed)
Frequency Percent Frequency Percent Frequency Percent
OR Tambo 105 13.8 32 15.8 137 14.2
BCMM 190 24.9 35 17.2 225 23.3
Amathole 16 2.1 0 0 16 1.6
Nelson Mandela Metro 178 23.3 29 14.3 207 21.5 Cacadu/Sara Baartman 30 3.9 7 3.4 37 3.8
Joe Gqabi 0 0 0 0 0 0
Alfred Nzo 68 8.9 30 14.8 98 10.1
Chris Hani 176 23.1 70 34.5 246 25.5
Total 763 100 203 100 966 100
4.3.2. Distribution of participants by Area of Residence
The following table shows that 47.0% of the respondents reside in township, 28.8% reside in suburb/town while 23.6% of the respondents stay in rural area and 0.6% reside in the farm. The table also shows that 18 respondents did not state their area of residence and that gambling activities are spread across three major areas (township, suburb and rural).
51 Table 13: Participants’ Area of Residence
Residence Gamblers Non-Gamblers Total (Observed)
Frequency Percent Frequency Percent Frequency Percent
Suburb/Town 220 28.8 25 12.8 245 25.5
Township 359 47.0 114 58.2 473 49.3
Rural 180 23.6 52 26.5 232 24.2
Farm 5 0.6 5 2.5 10 1.0
Total 764 100 196 100 960 100
4.3.3 Distribution of participants by Reasons for Gambling
The following table shows that most participants (74.1%) cited need for extra income as the reason for participating in gambling activities.
Most focus group participants reiterated the same reason as they noted that the key reason for gambling is related to addressing a financial need, the following reasons were mentioned: increase income, financial problems, need for money to support dreams, need for quick money and high rate of unemployment. This finding also confirmed ECGBB’s observation that older persons that gamble appear not to be gambling solely for entertainment or leisure but they gamble to improve their finances, perhaps to sustain their livelihood.
In support of this finding, the NGB Research Bulletin (2014) also notes that the lure of potentially winning large sums of money is the economic motivation and the main reason why most gamblers participate in gambling activities.
52 Table 14: Reasons for Participating in Gambling Activities
Reason Yes No Total
Frequency Percent Frequency Percent
For Pleasure 334 51.7 312 48.3 646
For extra Income 520 74.2 181 25.8 701
To De-stress 210 34.8 393 65.2 603
Cannot stop gambling 75 12.8 510 87.1 585
Figure 8: Reasons for participating in Gambling Activities
4.3.4 Distribution of participants by Mode of Transport
The following table shows that most participants use taxis (35.1%) and others drive themselves (34.7%) and this contradicts ECGBB view that older persons travel in busloads to gambling sites or gamble in groups.
53 Table 15: Mode of transport to Gambling Sites
Mode of transport Frequency Percent
I drive myself 266 34.7
I walk to gambling site 69 9.0
I hitch-hike 39 5.1
I hire a car 7 0.9
We travel as a group with friends/ as elders 36 4.7
Bus 78 10.2
Taxi 269 35.1
Not stated 3 0.3
Total 767 100
4.3.5 Distribution of participants by Frequency of Visits to gambling sites
The following table shows that most respondents (24%) visit gambling sites once a month, followed by those who visit every day (21.1%) and three times a week (21%). Weekend gambling sites visitors were recorded at 19.8% and 14.1% visit the sites on any other day like paydays, holidays, etc. 14 respondents were observed not to have stated the frequency of their visit to gambling sites. It is clear from the table that most gambling participants visit the gambling sites once a month. Some of the gambling participants that have indicated to be visiting a gambling site once a month could be Old Age Social Grant recipients as they get their grants once a month. This finding confirms ECGBB’s observation that older persons that gamble do so more as a monthly attempt to make a fortune.
54 Table 16: Frequency of Visits to Gambling Sites
Visits Frequency Percent
Everyday 159 21.1
3 times a week 158 21.0
Every weekend 149 19.8
Once a month 181 24.0
Any other time (paydays, holidays etc.) 106 14.1
Total 753 100
4.3.6 Distribution of participants by Preferred Gambling Site
It can be seen from the following table and figure that the majority of the respondents have ahigh preference of participating in gambling activities at the casino (58.4%), tab/tote (22.1%) and bingo (13.8%) sites in that order respectively. This confirms a view shared by focus group participants as they noted that chances to win in a casino are high compared to other gambling activities.
Table 17: Preference of site for undertaking gambling activities
Prefered Site Frequency Percent
Casino 433 58.4
Bingo 102 13.8
Bar/Tavern/Pub and Braai 19 2.6
Tab/Tote 164 22.1
Bookmarker 23 3.1
Total 741 100
55 4.3.7 Distribution of participants by Reasons for choosing the preferred Gambling Site
In relation to the following table (as well as figure 9), 53.3% chose gambling sites that are closer to their homes, 31.6% chose gambling sites where they know how to play gambling activities that are there, 11.5% chose gambling sites they can afford to go to. The dominating reason for choosing a gambling site seems to be proximity to their homes. The reason, “closer to home”, may also be influenced by safety issues because focus group participants noted that some people get mugged on their way home.
Table 18: Reasons for choosing the preferred gambling site
Reasons Frequency Percent
It’s closer to my home 381 53.3
I know how to play it 226 31.6
82 11.5
I don’t know about others 26 3.6
Total 715 100
Figure 9: Reasons for choosing the preferred gambling site
4.3.8 Distribution of participants by Time taken to get to gambling site
Most gambling participants (52.3%) take less than 30 minutes to get to gambling sites. The finding below confirms what is in Table 16 that gambling participants prefer gambling sites closer to their homes.
56 Table 19: Time taken to get to gambling site
Travel time Frequency Percent
Less than 30 minutes 398 52.3
30 - 60 minutes 263 34.6
More than one hour 100 13.1
Total 761 100
Figure 10: Time taken to get to gambling site
4.3.9 Distribution of participants by Amount of Money spent on gambling activities
Most gambling participants (45%) spend R100-R500. The finding reveals that there is a possibility that some grant recipients spend half of their grant money on gambling, this is a cause for concern when taking into account that grant recipients get R1 350.00 (revised to R1 410.00 in the latest National Budget Speech-March 2015). This may be indicative of problem gambling.
57 Table 20: Amount of money spent on gambling activities
Amount of money spent Frequency Percent
Less than R100 167 22.9
R100-R500 329 45.0
R500-R1000 99 13.5
More than R1000 136 18.6
Total 731 100
Figure 11: Amount of money spent on gambling activities
4.3.10 Distribution of participants by Source of Income Used for Gambling
Although most participants (66%) are reporting to be using money from other financial sources to gamble, the fact that a considerable number of participants claimed to be using their pension (61.6%) and borrow (57.6%) is a cause for concern. To confirm the latter, focus group participants mentioned that debt and dependence on money lenders or ‘loan sharks’ is one of the negative consequences of gambling.
58 Table 21: Source of Income Used for Gambling
Statement Yes No Unsure Not stated Total
1. I do use money from pension pay 458 (61.6) 250 (33.7) 35 (4.7) 24 767
490 (66.0) 244 (32.9) 8 (1.1) 25 767
3. I do borrow money to gamble 430 (57.6) 308 (41.2) 9(1.2) 20 767
4. I do sell anything to get money to gamble 140 (18.8) 605 (81.1) 1(0.1) 21 767
5. I sometimes use money meant for other 57 (7.6) 691 (92.3) 1(0.1) 18 767 responsibilities to gamble
Figure 12: Source of Income Used for Gambling
4.3.11 Distribution of participants by Gambling Activities when visiting a gambling site
The most popular gambling activities undertaken are gambling games at the casinos (49.2%) followed by fixed odd betting terminals (24%) and slot machines gambling games at the Bingos (19.3). There are some who engage in Sports betting (6.3%) with very minimal numbers engaged in other gambling activities like Horse races (0.6%), Betting (non-sports events) at (0.3) and Online slot machines (0.3).
It is a cause for concern to note that there are people involved in online gambling, since it is illegal in South Africa (Price Waterhouse Coopers, 2013).
59 Table 22: Gambling Activities undertaken when visiting a gambling site
Activities Frequency Percent
Sports betting 48 6.3
Bingo (electronic) 147 19.3
Casino games (slot machines, tables, poker 375 49.2 roulette wheels, etc)
Fixed odds betting terminals (operated by tellers e.g. coupons) 183 24.0
Horse races 5 0.6
Betting (non-sports events) 2 0.3
Online slot machines 2 0.3
Total 762 100
Figure 13: Gambling activities undertaken when visiting a gambling site
60 4.3.12 Distribution of participants by Other Activities engaged in, apart from gambling, whilst at a gambling site
The following table shows that most gambling participants (43.6%) engage in drinking non- alcoholic beverages at gambling site, followed by those who drink alcoholic beverages (28.4%). The percentage of those who eat at the gambling site stands at 26% while 1.4% visit the nearest movie place and 0.3% participate in dancing and sleeping over.
Though few of the respondents mentioned that they only go to gambling sites to gamble and not engage in other activities, however, about 120 respondents did not indicate what other activities they engage in while at the gambling sites
Table 23: Activities engaged in whilst at a gambling site (apart from gambling)
Other Activities Frequency Percent
I drink non-alcoholic beverages 282 43.6
I drink alcoholic beverages 184 28.4
I eat 168 26.0
I dance 2 0.3
I go to the nearest movie place 9 1.4
I sleep over (Hotel services) 2 0.3
Total 647 100
Figure 14: Activities engaged in whilst at a gambling site (apart from gambling)
61 4.4 EXPLORING AND ESTABLISHING THE OLDER PERSONS’ ATTITUDES, KNOWLEDGE, AND SKILLS TOWARDS LEGAL GAMBLING PARTICIPATION AND ACTIVITIES.
This section deals with the attitudes, knowledge and skills of the older persons towards gambling participation. It explains the knowledge of the participants about the slot machines and function, the amount of money they have won (incidence of winning), the effect of excessive gambling activities on the participants, the mechanism to cushion the effect of excessive gambling activities and their awareness about the ECGBB.
4.4.1 Distribution of participants by Attitude
The following table reveals that:
• the majority of the respondents (86.3%) love the excitement that comes with gambling,
• 78.5% have self-control,
• 65% remain the same whether they lose or win
However, significant percentages reveal that:
• some participants feel they must continue after a good win so as to win more (56.3%)
• some gamble longer than planned (55%),
• some feel they have to come back to win their losses (54.4%) and 47.9% says most of the gambling is what preoccupies their minds.
A contradiction was established between what the participants said and what they did, the majority of participants reported to be having self-control and a significant number claiming that they remained the same whether they lost or won, however, significant percentages also reported behaviours that were indicative of irresponsible gambling where they noted that they felt they must continue after a good win so as to win more, some gambled longer than planned, some felt they had to come back to win their losses and some said gambling is what preoccupied their minds.
The latter realisation confirms what the NGB Research Report (2012/2013) found, that initially gambling starts as a hobby/fun and progresses to be more financially driven and ultimately becomes an escapade from different stressors.
62 Table 24: Older Persons Attitude to Gambling.
Agree Disgaree Frequency Frequency Unsure Not Stated Total Statement (%) (%) (%)
Gambling brings value to my life 368 (48.5) 317 (41.8) 74 (9.7) 8 767
I love excitement that comes with gambling 654 (86.3) 86 (11.3) 18 (2.4) 9 767
Most of the time, gambling is what preoccupies my mind 363 (47.9) 338 (44.6) 57 (7.5) 9 767
I have self-control in gambling 595 (78.5) 135 (17.8) 28 (3.7) 9 767
Whether I lose or win I am still the same 487 (65.0) 241 (32.2) 21 (2.8) 18 767
After a good win I must conitinues so as 9 to win 427 (56.3) 305 (40.2) 26 (3.4) 767
When I loose I feel I have to come back 411 (54.4) 320 (42.4) 24 (3.2) 767 so as to more 12
Gambling allows me to pay me creditors 400 (52.7) 334 (44.0) 25 (3.3) 8 767
Gambling removes my worries 299 (42.1) 360 (50.7) 50 (7.0) 57 767
I feel that I gamble longer than I planned 413 (55.0) 285 (38) 53 (7.1) 16 767
384 (51.6) 310 (41.7) 50 (6.7) 23 767
Figure 15: Older Persons Attitude to Gambling
63 4.4.2 Distribution of participants by Knowledge about legal regulation of gambling
Regarding knowledge about legal regulation of the gambling industry, the following was revealed:
• 95. 9% of the participants said that they are well informed about gambling from ECGBB,
• 76. 6% are aware that there are illegal gambling sites,
• 74. 4% are aware that gambling can be addictive,
• 72.7% are aware about the laws regulating gambling in South Africa.
As much as most gambling participants noted that they were well informed about gambling through ECGBB campaigns, radio, newspapers, TV, etc., the latter contradicts the previous finding on knowledge/awareness about ECGBB where 78.2% noted that they did not know anything about ECGBB. In the focus group discussions participants also reported not to know about ECGBB.
Table 25: Older Persons’ Knowledge about Legal Gambling
Statement Yes (%) No (%) Unsure (%) Not Stated Total
1. I am aware about the laws regulating gambling in South Africa 542 (72.7) 184 (24.7) 20 (2.7) 21 767
2. I am aware that there are legal gambling sites 470 (62.2) 259 (34.3) 28 (3.7) 11 767
3. I am aware that there are illegal gambling sites 580 (76.6) 157 (20.7) 19 (2.5) 10 767
4. I am aware that illegal gambling is 512 (68.0) 22 (2.9) not acceptable in this country 219 (29.1) 14 767
5. I am aware that gambling can be 767 addictive? 564 (74.4) 148 (19.5) 46 (6.1) 9
6. I am well informed about gambling (e.g. from ECGBB campaigns, radio, 727 (95.9) 12 (1.6) 9 767 newspaers, TV, etc.) 19 (2.5)
7. I need more information about 294 (38.9) 425 (56.3) 36 (4.8) 12 767 gambling and its implications
64 Figure 16: Older Persons’ Knowledge about Legal Gambling
4.4.3 Distribution of participants by Knowledge about how most slot machines operate and function
The majority of the respondents (75.8%) indicated that they understand how most slot machines operate and function (operational know-how/skill) whilst 24.2% do not understand. 25 respondents did not indicate if they have good knowledge of how to operate most slot machines or not.
Table 26: Knowledge about how most slot machines operate and function
Frequency Percent
Yes 562 75.8
No 179 24.2
Total 741 100
FIgure 17: Knowledge about how slot machines operate and function
65 4.4.4 Distribution of participants by Amount of money usually won after a good play
There were 25 respondents who did not state how much they usually win. Most gambling participants (40.1%) reported to have won more than R1000, followed by the R100-R500 bracket (28.2%), between R500-R1000 bracket (22.9%) and lastly less than R100 (8.8%).
Table 27: Amount of money usually won after a good play (Average Return)
Frequency Percent
Less than R100 65 8.8
Between R100-R500 209 28.2
Between R500-R1000 170 22.9
More than R1000 298 40.1
Total 742 100
Figure 18: Average Return after a good play
4.4.5 Distribution of participants by Frequency of Winning
Most participants (58.6%) indicated that they win once in a month and this could be linked to the fact that most participants indicated that they visit gambling sites once a month (Sub- section E), whilst 19.2% win once a week and 15.8% win once a year. There were 63 participants who did not state how often they win.
66 Table 28: Frequency of Winning
Frequency Percent
I always win 30 4.3
I win every day 15 2.1
I win once a week 135 19.2
I win once a month 413 58.6
I win once a year 111 15.8
Total 704 100
Figure 19: Frequency of winning
4.4.6 Distribution of participants by Highest amount ever lost in a gambling site
Most participants (48.5%) indicated that the highest amount of money they ever lost at the gambling site was more than R1000. Those who lost between R100-R500 were 22.5% whilst 20.3% lost between R500-R1000. This indicates that Old Age Social Grant Recipients might be losing more money than they can afford, which may lead to borrowing (money lenders), which may be indicative of problem gambling. Some focus group members who also gamble or were once involved in gambling noted that they would sometimes be stuck in gambling sites because they would not have money (fare) to go home. Others would sell possessions to get money to gamble or go home, some would be chased away from the gambling sites because they are caught loitering with no money to gamble and others would change clothes in the bathroom so that the site officials would not be able to recognise that they are not playing due to not having money.
67 Table 29: Highest amount ever lost in a gambling site
Frequency Percent
Less than R100 65 8.7
Between R100-R500 168 22.5
Between R500-R1000 151 20.3
More than R1000 362 48.5
Total 746 100
Figure 20: Highest amount ever lost in a gambling site
4.4.7 Distribution of participants by Effect of Excessive gambling on someone who participates in gambling activities
Most participants believe that excessive gambling can lead to addiction (74%), 14.6% say one can lose possessions and 8.6% say it can strain family relationships – leading to negative socio- economic problems. This confirms what focus group participants also shared that gambling can be addictive and the following were mentioned as other results that had a detrimental effect on a gambling participant’s life:
• selling and loss of possessions to recover money lost or to gamble again,
• money meant to provide for family wellbeing used in gambling,
68 • being declared insolvent,
• irresponsible financial spending, e.g. when a person even spends a bus fare; and fraud.
The ECGBB Research Report (2009) also notes that, “gambling can be addictive, thus the term irresponsible gambling”.
Table 30: Effect of Excessive Gambling on gambling participants
Frequency Percent
One can be addicted 541 74.0
One can lose possessions 107 14.7
One can be banned from gambling site 20 2.7
One can have strained family relations 63 8.6
Total 731 100
Figure 21: Effect of Excessive Gambling on gambling participants
4.4.8 Distribution of participants by Mechanism available to assist someone who happens to participate excessively in gambling activities
The most preferred mechanism available to assist someone who happens to participate excessively in gambling activities was counselling (55.4%). To be excluded from gambling (21.1%) whilst 11.5% respondents are of the opinion that such participants should be referred to professionals for treatment.
69 However, respondents gave suggestion on barring of excessive participants from gambling sites and placing a limit on amount spent on gambling activities per month.
Table 31: Mechanisms to assist participants who gamble excessively
Frequency % of Total
To be excluded from gambling 139 21.1
Get counselling from anonymous gambling 365 55.4 hotlines
Be referred to a professional for treatment 76 11.5
Community education campaigns 36 5.5
Pamphlet, brochures, and nesletters 33 5.0
School based programmes 10 1.5
Total 659 100
Figure 22: Mechanisms to assist participants who gamble excessively
70 4.4.9 Distribution of participants by Awareness of an organization called Eastern Cape Gambling and Betting Board (ECGBB)
Most participants (78.4%) are not aware of an organisation called ECGBB and only 21.6% know about it. This was also very evident during the focus group interviews where most participants did not know about ECGBB
Table 32: Awareness of an organization called ECGBB
Frequency % of Total
Yes 158 21.6
No 575 78.4
Total 733 100
Figure 23: Awareness of an organization called ECGBB
4.5. DETERMINATION OF POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT OF GAMBLING PARTICIPATION BY OLDER PERSONS IN THE EASTERN CAPE PROVINCE
4.5.1 Distribution of participants by Effect of losing on gamblers’ health
Most participants (54.2%) indicated that losing has no negative effect on their health, 25.1% said they suffer from stress as a result of losing, 12% suffer from headaches and 6% have high blood pressure. The above men- tioned finding contradicts what the focus group participants shared, i.e. gambling has serious negative effects on health.
The following points were mentioned as health related effects: exposure to harm (mugging) that may even lead to death, suicide, stress, eating disorders and irrational reasoning.
71 Table 33: Effect of losing on gamblers’ health
Frequency Percentage
399 54.2
88 12.0
My diabetes becomes uncontrollable 20 2.7
44 6.0
185 25.1
Total 736 100
Figure 24: Effect of losing on gamblers’ health
4.5.2 Distribution of participants by Effect of losing on family relations
Most participants indicated that losing has no effect on their family relations (77.4%), 9.7% said they experience problems with their children whilst 8.4% said they experience problems with their spouses and 3.4% said they experience problems with their extended family.
72 The latter finding contradicts what was shared by focus group participants who noted that losing can lead to irresponsible gambling and other family related problems like parents not spending time with their families; harm to marriages, frustrations that may lead to family neglect including child neglect due to the fact that other participants linger in gambling sites for days begging for money and food from fellow patrons. This links up with how the ECGBB Research Report (2009) describes irresponsible gambling as neglect of responsibilities (such as work or family) and/or gambling with money needed to pay for important necessities.
Whilst COSATU (2003) did not speak to excessive gambling, they raised a concern that gambling contributes negatively to the socio-economic wellbeing of the country in that it increases poverty by encouraging poor people to, “sink their hard-earned money into gambling operations and gambling machines in the hope that they will win”
Table 34: Effect of losing on family relations
Statement Frequency Percent
587 77.4
I experience problems with my children 73 9.6
I experience problems with my grand children 9 1.2
I experience problems with my extended family 26 3.4
I experience problems with my spouse 64 8.4
Total 759 100
Figure 25: Effect of losing on family relations
73 4.5.3 Distribution of participants by Need of Support when gambling at the gambling site
Most participants indicated that there is a need to support older persons when gambling at the gambling site (47.9%) whilst 42.6% said there is no need for support. 9.5% of the participants did not indicate whether they need support or not.
Table 35: Need for Support when gambling at the gambling site
Frequency % of Total
Yes 367 47.9
No 327 42.6
Unanswered 73 9.5
Total 767 100
Figure 26: Need for Support when gambling at the gambling site
4.6. CONCLUSION
The analysis and interpretation of data in this study revealed that:
• Gambling is prevalent amongst the Old Age Social Grant recipients in the Eastern Cape Province.
• Older Persons in the Eastern Cape Province who actively participate in gambling sites that the ECGBB regulates are spread out more or less evenly in all the District Municipalities.
• Gambling participants have operational know-how/skill of how the gambling machines function.
• Gambling participants are aware about gambling through ECGBB awareness campaigns. They are also aware about illegal gambling and the fact that it is not acceptable in South Africa.
• Most gambling participants’ health and family relations are not negatively affected by losing.
74 CHAPTER 5 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
75 CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter gives a summary of the whole study by highlighting the main ideas, main findings and recommendations to assist ECGBB to address issues of concern as well as areas that need further research.
5.1.1 The extent and geographic spread of older persons in the Eastern Cape Province that actively participate in gambling sites that the ECGBB regulates or has licence.
The following table summarises the findings regarding the key research area stated above. The questions dealing with each of the sub areas are listed and findings are presented as follows for each sub area: highest percent- ages to highlight majority findings; multiple percentages where there is remarkable closeness between findings and the extent to which the response to the issue under study is significant.
Table 36: Summary of the Extent and Geographic spread responses
Statement/Question Response % Response % Response %
Whether Older Persons who gamble 76.1 are Old Age Social Grant rcipients
Gambling participation according to Overall gambling 78.4 East London Zone 21.5 Survey Zones (geographical spread) participation
Why do they gamble or participate For extra income 74.1 in gambling activities?
How do they get to the gambling sites? Taxi 35.1 Drive themselves 34.7
How often do they visit gambling sites? Once a month 24.0 Daily 21.1
Reasons for choosing Preferred Closer to home 53.3 I know how to 31.6 gambling sites play it
How long does it take to get to the Less than 30 52.3 gmabling site? minutes
How much money do they spend at R 100-500 45.0 the gambling sites?
Source of income utilised for gambling Money from other 66.0 Use money 61.6 Borrow money 57.6 activities income from pension
Types of gambling activities preferred Casino games 49.2 (slot machines, tables, poker, How much money do they spent a roulette wheels, the gambling sites? etc.)
76 FINDINGS: The study shows that:
• Prevalence of gambling amongst Old Age Social Grant recipients in the Eastern Cape Province is evident at 76.1%.
• The overall gambling participation rate according to Survey Zones (geographical spread) is 78.4% with East London leading at 21.5%.
• Most participants (74.1%) gamble with the main aim of making extra income.
• Most participants either use taxis (35.1%) or drive (34.7%)
• Most participants often visit once a month (24.0%) and others visit daily (21.1%).
• Most participants prefer gambling sites that are closer home (53.3%) or those that the participants know how to play (31.6%).
• Most participants (52.3%) take less than 30 minutes to get to the gambling site.
• Most participants (45.0%) spend between R100-R500.
• The major source of income utilised for gambling by most participants is income from other sources (66.6%) e.g. money generated from selling vegetables; pension money (61.6%) and borrowed money (57.6%). This is a cause for concern because Brewer, Grant and Potenza (2008) caution that borrowing money and financial misuse are symptoms of problem gambling.
• Most participants prefer engaging in casino games (49.2%).
RECOMMENDATIONS
In light of the above, the researchers are making the following recommendations:
• To address the problem of participants borrowing money to gamble and those that may be excessively using their pension money to gamble (e.g. those earning R1350.00 but using R500.00, i.e. about 37% to gamble), there is a need for ECGBB and its partners to strengthen awareness and educational programmes on responsible gambling to equip the older persons. There is also a need to train older persons on financial management, with a strong emphasis on budgeting.
• As the Department of Social Development is already having a programme meant to organise and support elderly people to initiate and implement income generating projects, to address the problem of older persons gambling mainly to make extra income, ECGBB and its partners should popularise this service through platforms like service centres, elderly people’s forums, SASSA pay points and other community based organisations.
77 • As much as the latter findings have unearthed some elements of problem gambling (borrowing and possible excessive use of pension money), there is a need for ECGBB to conduct an in-depth study to investigate if older persons are gambling responsibly or not and if there are traces of problem gambling, what assistance can they be provided with to address the problem.
5.1.2 The skills, level of knowledge and attitude towards gambling of persons who are 60 years of age and above, and are recipients of Old Age Social Grant
The following table summarises findings regarding the key research area stated above. The questions dealing with each of the sub areas are listed and findings are presented according to highest percentages for each sub area, to highlight majority findings.
Table 37: Summary of the skills, level of knowledge and attitude towards gambling
Statement/Question Response Percentage
How slot machines operate and function Operational know how/skill 75.8
Average return per player More than R1000 40.1 (Amount won after a good play)
Harm associated with excessive and irresponsible One can be addicted 74.0 gambling Mechanisms to deal/overcome excessive and Get counselling from anonymous 55.4 irresponsible gambling gambling hotline
Awareness of an organisation called ECGBB as Not aware 78.4 a regulator of gambling activities in the Eastern Cape Province
FINDINGS: The study shows that:
• Most participants have operational knowledge of how slot machines work (75.8%)
• Most participants (40.1%) win more than R1000 after a good play (average return per player)
• Most participants (74.0%) know that excessive gambling can lead to addiction
• Most participants (55.4%) know about counselling from anonymous gambling hotline as one of the mechanisms to deal or overcome excessive and irresponsible gambling
• Most participants (78.4%) are not aware of an organisation called ECGBB as a regulator of gambling activities in the Eastern Cape Province
The following table presents findings on questions which were meant to investigate the participants’ attitudes
78 towards gambling.
Table 38: Summary of participants’ Attitudes towards gambling
Statement Agree Disagree Unsure Frequency Frequency (%) (%) (%)
Most of the time, gambling is what preoccupies 47.9 44.6 7.5 my mind
I have self control in gambling 78.5 17.8 3.7
After a good win I feel I must continue so as 56.3 40.2 3.4 to win more
When I lose I feel I have to come back to win my loss 54.4 42.4 3.2
I feel that I gamble longer than I planned 55.0 38 7.1
FINDINGS: The study also shows that:
• Most participants agreed that gambling was what preoccupied their minds (47.9%)
• Most participants agreed that they have self-control (78.5%)
• Most participants agreed that after a good win they feel they wanted to continue so as to win more (56.3%).
• Most participants agreed that they return to play so as to win their losses (54.4%).
• Most participants claimed to gamble longer than planned (55.0%)
In addition, with regard to the level of knowledge and attitudes towards gambling of both gambling participants and non-gamblers, it was also established from the survey and focus group discussions that:
• Projects implemented by the gambling sector are not known - study participants mentioned organisations like Lotto and the Liquor Board as organisations that are visible and contributing positively to community upliftment.
• The “gambling sector”, meaning the casinos and other gambling sites were perceived as institutions that are only taking people’s money and are not giving/ploughing back, therefore, it became evident that there might be a possibility that the gambling sector is having an image problem in the communities it is supposed to serve.
79 • Some people would not want to be associated with gambling, for fear that they would be deemed as reckless people who waste money.
RECOMMENDATIONS
As it is clear from the above findings that with regard to their attitudes, gambling participants are presenting symptoms of problem gambling, i.e. gambling forever preoccupying one’s mind, continuing to play to win more or to win back losses and gambling longer than planned, researchers feel that there is a need to address the issue of problem gambling. Makarchuk, Hodgins and Peden (2002) also confirm that spending more time in the gambling site and chasing losses is indicative of problem gambling. Therefore, the researchers are making the following recommendations:
• EGBB and its partners need to enhance and increase awareness and educational programmes on responsible gambling and the different mechanisms that can be used to address problem gambling. The impact of the latter programmes also need to be evaluated.
• ECGBB need to expand the support offered to gambling participants with gambling problem symptoms; and monitor the effectiveness of these support programmes.
As much as it is acknowledged that ECGBB achievements in the area of social responsibility are documented in literature, e.g. winning of the Ubuntu award which was in recognition of good work in the area of social re- sponsibility (ECGBB Annual Report, 2013/2014), however, it is recommended that ECGBB should popularise the organisation and address the image related issues by:
• Creating awareness about the social responsibility projects that the gambling sector is involved in and package these programmes/projects in such a manner that their beneficiaries get the messages intended for them.
• Monitoring if licensees are complying with social responsibility requirements as this will promote visibility of the gambling sector at the community level.
• Establishing why the social responsibility projects are not known by communities.
• Tracking the effectiveness and impact of the social responsibility projects.
5.1.3 Positive or negative socio-economic impact of gambling participation by older persons in the Eastern Cape Province
The following table summarises findings regarding the key research area stated above. The questions dealing with each of the sub areas are listed and findings are presented as follows for each sub area: highest percent- ages to highlight majority findings and multiple percentages to present the extent of variation with regard to each question.
80 Table 39: Summary of level of Positive or Negative Socio-economic impact of gambling participation
Statement/Question Response % Response % Response %
Losing has no 54.2 the health of older persons
I experience 9.6 I experience 1.2 persons ’ participation in gambling problems with problems with activities my children my grand children
77.4 I experience 8.4 I experience 3.4 interpersonal relations both at family relations problems with problems with household and community level my spouse my extended family
Financial Management responsibilties I do use money 61.6 I use between 45.0 I sometimes use 7.6 of older persons in the household from pension to R100-R500 to money meant for as a result of gambling participation gambl e gamble whenever other I visit a gambling responsibilities site to gamble Incidents of winning money in I win once a month 58.6 I win once a week 19.2 I win once a year 15.8 gambling activities and how many times Highest amount won More than R1000 40.1
How are the wins spent? I spend my 56.3 Gambling allows 52.7 winnings to me to pay my gamble for more creditors winnings
Incidence of losing: More than R1000 48.5 Highest amount lost Additional source of income except Income/wages 11.9 Own business 6.4 From own children 1.5 the Old Age Social Grant or pension from odd jobs (e.g. selling food, and relatives fund clothes, etc.)
Support provided to older people Support needed 47.9 Support not 42.6 when they participate in gambling at the gambling needed at the activities site when gambling site gambling when gambling
FINDINGS: The study shows that for most participants:
• Losing has no effect in their health (54.2%).
• Only 9.6% experience problems with their children, 1.2% experience problems with grandchildren.
• Losing has no effect on family relations (77.4%), 8.4% experience problems with their spouses and 3.4% experience problems with their extended family.
• They do use money from pension to gamble (61.6%).
• They use between R100-R500 for gambling whenever they visit a gambling site (45.0%).
• They use money meant for other responsibilities to gamble (7.6%).
81 • They win once a month (58.6%), once a week (19.2%) and once a year (15.8%).
• The highest amount won was more than R1 000 (40.1%).
• They spend money from winnings to gamble for more winnings (56.3%) and to pay their creditors (52.7%).
• Incidence of losing: lost more than R1 000 (48.5%).
• Some participants have additional source of income from odd jobs (11.9%), from own business e.g. selling food, clothes etc. (6.4%) and from own children and relatives (1.5%).
• Support is needed at the gambling site when gambling (47.9%), whilst 42.6% say support is not needed.
• With regard to the latter finding, i.e. “support is needed at the gambling site”, during focus group discussions it came out clearly that there is a need to educate gambling participants on how the slot machines operate and function to avoid being ‘robbed’ by other gambling participants who know how the slot machines operate. During the survey, it was observed by the researchers and also reported by Site A operators that elderly people seldom visited their sites because they struggled to play slot machines.
Contrary to the above survey finding that losing has no negative effect on the participants’ health and families, the following was established:
• Focus group discussions revealed that losing has a negative effect on the gambling participants’ health and families, and they noted gambling addiction, divorce; child neglect; debt and criminal acts like robbery as some of the ills linked to the negative effects of losing when gambling.
• Literature also notes that losing has the following negative effects on the participant, his/her children as well as the extended family: isolation; physical, mental and emotional problems; burnout; neglect; abuse and financial problems (Rickwood et al., 2010 & Neal, Delfabbro and O’Neil, 2005).
• Conflicting responses may be indicative of a contrast between responsible and problem gambling as well as a manifestation of secrecy and uneasiness about disclosing if one is gambling responsibly or has problem gambling. This could possibly be linked to stigma associated with gambling as Makarchuk, Hodgins and Peden (2002) also confirms that there is a stigma associated with gambling.
82 RECOMMENDATIONS
In light of the above findings, the researchers are making the following recommendations:
• Since there are elderly people who use their pension money to gamble, ECGBB and SASSA need to conduct an in-depth study and establish if the elderly people who use their pension money are gambling responsibly, i.e. how much do they take from their pension to gamble. Since there are elderly people who use about R500 and some even more to gamble, where is the money coming from.
• Regarding the need for support when gambling at the gambling site, EGBB needs to liaise with gambling site operators to identify the support needs of the gambling participants so that appropriate support can be given.
• ECGBB should also consult gambling participants so that they can identify areas where they need support, as well as how and when can they be provided with this support.
• As it was noted that there is an element of stigma around gambling, ECGBB needs to establish/ investigate the reasons for the stigma and secrecy around gambling and the lessons learnt from the studies could inform programmes designed to address stigmatisation of the gambling sector. The following key topics can be investigated: origin of stigma/reasons for the stigma and secrecy around gambling; the processes of stigma creation; the dimensions of stigma in regard to problem gambling; the characteristics of public and felt stigma; effects of stigma on people experiencing gambling problems and coping strategies used to manage stigma.
5.2 CONCLUSION
The researchers are 97.8% confident that the majority of Old Age Social Grant Recipients are involved in gam- bling activities. With 2.2% margin of error applied to the total population (330 000 less 2.2%), this leaves us with the prevalence of about 200 000 recipients of Old Age Social Grant who are involved in gambling. However, prevalence of gambling is not necessarily indicative of problem gambling.
As it already has been noted, one of the limitations of this study is the sensitivity and the complexity of the phenomenon under study. The nature of the study resulted in participants presenting and communicating a number of reactions towards the invitation to participate in the study, i.e. reluctance to participate due to fear, mistrust and suspicion. The contradicting responses could/may also be a result of that, as it was also observed that as much as other participants were in the gambling sites they were not comfortable to disclose that they actively participated in gambling, some even hid the fact that they were gambling.
Korn, Gibbons and Azmier (2003) note that people who have gambling problems generally try to hide it from the people around them. The complexity of the study and its sensitivity may trigger secrecy and it may also have contributed to people giving conflicting answers.
83 Hing, Holdsworth, Tiyce and Breen (2014) share that stigma has been identified as a major barrier to help- seeking, treatment and recovery from gambling problems and very little research has attempted to conduct an in-depth study of the causes, characteristics and consequences of stigma in relation to people experiencing gambling problems. Therefore, issues related to secrecy around gambling or its stigmatisation need to be given priority because it can be assumed that if people are not open about their gambling activities, all the programmes meant to support them will be futile as people will be reluctant to come forward to seek any support relevant to their challenges.
84 CHAPTER 6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
85 CHAPTER 6: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
6.1 INTRODUCTION
As far as the key research question is concerned: ‘Gambling prevalence of the recipients of Old Age Social grants from the Eastern Cape Province’, it is clear from the research findings of this study that there is gambling prevalence amongst Older Persons who are recipients of the old age social grant in the Eastern Cape Province. The three key research questions also revealed the following, with regard to:
6.1.1 The extent and the geographic spread of older persons in the Eastern Cape Province
It is clear that gambling prevalence is evident in all the Zones with East London showing the highest rate. BCMM as a district shows most prevalence of gambling compared to other districts. Contrary to ECGBB observation that gambling is more prevalent amongst females than males, it was found that in fact gambling is actually more prevalent among males than females, and this is true across all Zones except for Port Elizabeth. With regard to age (60-70 and above), the researchers are 97.8% confident with an overall 76.1% gambling prevalence amongst Old Age Social Grant recipients.
Most of the gambling participants have five dependants and above and this could justify the reason given by most gambling participants that they gamble to make extra income. It was also revealed that the major source of income for gambling seems to be other income (selling, extra jobs, etc.), yet there is also evidence of sig- nificant number of participants who use pension pay funds and borrowed funds. Contrary to ECGBB observation that gambling participants travel in busloads to the gambling sites, the study revealed that most gambling participants visit the gambling sites once a month and their main mode of transport used is taxis and others drive themselves. Preference for gambling is mainly influenced by how close gambling sites are from participants’ homes; and to some extent knowledge of how to play the gambling games has an influence as well. Lastly, most participants spend between R100 and R500 and there is a preference for casino games.
As much as the main focus of the study was to investigate gambling prevalence amongst Old Age Social Grant recipients of the Eastern Cape Province, a number of issues that were indicative of problem gambling also emerged, i.e.
• Some gambling participants borrow money to gamble
• Some gambling participants visit gambling sites daily
• Some gambling participants spend about R500 to gamble
Therefore, the finding that some older persons on Old Age Social Grant: borrow money to gamble, gamble every day and are spending about 37% of their grants, necessitates a study to determine if these groups are gambling irresponsibly or not and if so, what help can they be provided with to address the problem.
86 6.1.2 Older persons’ attitudes, knowledge and skills towards legal gambling participation and activities
With regard to gambling skill the study reveals that most gambling participants know how slot machines func- tion and are operated. However, support is needed at the gambling sites when participants are gambling. In terms of knowledge and attitude, firstly, gambling participants are aware that excessive gambling can have negative impact leading to addiction. Secondly, most gambling participants do not know about ECGBB and they however, know about the legalities in the gambling sector through ECGBB. Not knowing about ECGBB but knowing about its services through the organisation (ECGBB) is a knowledge gap, and raises questions whether the re- sponses given by participants are dependable or not. With relation to attitude, gambling participants also gave contradicting answers. Gambling participants reported that they have self-control yet they claimed that at times they gambled longer than planned and some felt they had to come back to win their losses.
It is therefore recommended that ECGBB should enhance and increase awareness and educational programmes and counselling services to promote responsible gambling; and evaluate the impact of these programmes. It is also necessary to expand the support offered to gambling participants with gambling problem symptoms; and monitor the effectiveness of these support programmes.
6.1.3 The positive or negative socio economic impact of gambling participation by older persons in the Eastern Cape Province
Most participants indicated that losing money whilst gambling has no negative effect on their health and family relations. Their inconsistencies in answering questions which may reveal responsible/irresponsible gambling behaviour and its impact (having self-control vs. coming back to regain losses etc.), is a worrying factor. Further research study is needed to investigate reasons for the stigma and secrecy around gambling.
The study also established that there is a need to give support to gambling participants, in terms of training them on how gambling machines work, therefore there is a need to have a consultative process where training needs will be identified. The consultation of gambling participants will ensure that whatever is recommended as a support measure is accepted by the gambling participants.
6.2 Concluding remarks and Field of further research
It is important to note that that the research findings as outlined above managed to confirm or question some of the observations shared by ECGBB (as listed in the SLA). The study confirmed that the following could be true:
• Older persons that gamble are retired and some are dependent on social grants as a primary source of income.
• Older persons that gamble appear not to be gambling for entertainment or leisure but to improve their finances, perhaps to sustain their livelihood. The study unearthed that the majority of participants reported that they gambled to make extra income, and lastly;
87 • Older persons that gamble do so more as a monthly attempt to make a fortune.
Contrary to observations, the study findings gave different results with regard to the following: a number of older persons, particularly women attend and actively participate in gambling across gambling sites which the ECGBB regulates or has licensed in the Eastern Cape Province. The study revealed that gambling is more prevalent amongst males (55.4%) whilst females are at 44.6%; and this is true across all zones except for Port Elizabeth, where females are the most prevalent. In comparison to other countries, as much as the Eastern Cape is reporting high prevalence of gambling amongst Old Age Social Grant recipients, prevalence of gambling amongst elderly persons is not a unique South African problem as it is also evident in countries like North America and Australia (Agnew, 2013).
However, it needs to be noted that in both countries (North America and Australia) Agnew (2013) notes that the high prevalence of gambling by elderly people is not necessarily by social/welfare grant beneficiaries – age is the only shared trait - as a result some differences were noted. Contrary to the Eastern Cape finding that the main cause of gambling by Old Age Social Grant recipients is a need for extra income, a study conducted in Australia revealed that the main cause of gambling by elderly persons in that country is loss and boredom.
Although the need for extra income was identified as the primary cause for gambling prevalence among Old Age Social Grant recipients in the Eastern Cape, causes related to loss and boredom were also shared in the Eastern Cape Province, i.e. in Jeffrey’s Bay and Gonubie in East London. What was distinct about these areas (Jeffrey’s Bay and Gonubie) is that most of the gambling participants that mentioned loss and boredom as the main cause were mainly white.
Therefore, as much as the Australian case can provide a learning platform for the Eastern Cape Province however, it can only partially assist to address the gambling prevalence in this Province. Thus, there is a need to intensify strategies that will talk to the Eastern Cape Province and its contextual dynamics.
Therefore, all things being equal, this study is dependable, if it can be repeated, it can yield the same results. The researchers are 97.8% confident that gambling is prevalent amongst Old Age Social Grant recipients in the Eastern Cape Province, and therefore, the sample results can thus be generalised to the population of the Eastern Cape Old Age Social Grant recipients.
In summary, as suggested above, more in-depth research studies would help to determine if Old Age Social Grant recipients from the Eastern Cape are gambling responsibly/irresponsibly and the impact thereof; and if problems are discovered they can be addressed by using strategies that would directly talk to the contextual issues in the Eastern Cape Province. In the light of the above, the following issues emerged from the study, and they need to be investigated/researched:
• Extent of awareness about the concept ‘responsible gambling’ and its meaning by recipients of Old Age Social Grant and other social groups.
• Extent of awareness about ECGBB and its services in the Eastern Cape Province.
88 • Extent to which older persons or any other groups of persons are actually gambling extensively or irresponsibly.
• Reasons for the stigma and secrecy around gambling.
• Effects of stigma on people experiencing gambling problems.
• Origin of stigma.
• Processes of stigma creation.
• Dimensions of stigma in regard to problem gambling.
• Characteristics of public and felt stigma.
• Coping strategies used to manage stigma.
• Whether licensees are complying with the licensing conditions with relation to social responsibility. (delete the after whether)
• Extent to which licensees are complying with the licensing conditions with relation to their social responsibility.
• Why are social responsibility programmes not known by community members.
As much as other participants emphasised that gambling can have negative consequences, it also became clear during the research study engagements with survey and focus group participants that the gambling sector is needed both as a job creator and for leisure activities, therefore it cannot be done away with, as one participant said, “gambling is a problem that we need”.
89
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ANNEXURES Annexure A: Survey Questionnaire Annexure B: Interview Schedule
97 98 Annexure A: Survey Questionnaire
GAMBLING PREVALENCE OF THE RECIPIENTS OF OLD AGE SOCIAL GRANTS FROM THE EASTERN CAPE PROVINCE
YEAR: 2015
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
99 STUDY OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF WORK
The mandate of the Eastern Cape Gambling and Betting Board (ECGBB) is to regulate and control all gambling activities in the province. As a responsible regulator the ECGBB has a key responsibility to promote responsible gambling and thereby preventing harms of problem gambling. In pursuit of the latter objective it has been noted that currently the ECGBB doesn’t have appropriate knowledge, information and data about the extent and prevalence of gambling among the recipients of Old Age Social Grant. In partnership with other state agencies like the South African Social Security Agency (SASSA), Eastern Cape Department of Social Development and the National Department of Women in the Presidency, the ECGBB has undertaken to:
1. Contract Solid Uloyiso Joint Venture to undertake a research study in 7 district municipalities of the Eastern Cape Province
2. The survey is supposed to investigate gambling prevalence of the recipients of Old Age Social Grant in the Eastern Cape Province and the study must focus on the following:
2.1.1. Investigate the extent and geographical spread of older persons in the Eastern Cape Province that actively participate in gambling sites that the ECGBB regulates or has licensed
2.1.2. Explore and establish the older persons attitudes, knowledge and skills towards legal gambling participation and activities, and,
2.1.3. Determine the positive and negative socio economic impact of gambling participation by older persons in the Eastern Cape Province.
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Dear participant, please note the following:
• This activity will take 30 minutes of your time therefore I am requesting permission to interview you
• If you agree to be interviewed, I am also requesting your patience and undivided attention
• This survey instrument consists of 5 sections (A, B, C, D and E) and has 10 pages including the cover page)
• I request that you respond clearly and honestly to all questions that will be posed to you I will also appreciate if you will duly share any information that you deem relevant and is not necessary covered in the questionnaire
100 • Your participation is voluntary and you may choose not to respond to some questions. Your responses with be treated with confidentiality and your name or any information related to you will not be disclosed
• Your participation is highly appreciated and I will ensure that the dignity and respect you deserve is honoured
• Therefore, do you agree to be interviewed?
INSTRUCTIONS
• Please read each question carefully
• Use a black pen to mark your responses – a black pen will be provided
• Write neatly and legibly
SECTION A: BIOGRAPHICAL DATA
This section covers the basic biographic information of the participant.
(Tick the appropriate box) 1. Gender
2. Monthly source of income
101 3. Marital Status
4. Your age group in years
5. Your nationality
6. Your race (This question is asked solely for statistical purposes)
7. Number of dependants (not necessarily own children)
102 SECTION B: GEOGRAPHICAL SPREAD OF OLDER PERSONS THAT ACTIVELY PARTICIPATE IN GAMBLING SITES THAT THE ECGBB REGULATES OR HAS LICENSED
This section investigates the extent and geographical spread of older persons that actively participate in gambling sites that the ECGBB regulates or has licensed in the Eastern Cape Province.
1. Your district (Tick the appropriate box)
2. Your area of residence (Tick appropriate box)
1 Suburb/Town 2 Township 3 Rural 4 Farm
NB: If the participant is not a gambler go to Section D and E, otherwise, continue.
103 3. How do you get to a gambling site? like a Casino, Bingo Hall, Horse Betting, etc. (Tick the appropriate box)
4. How long does it take to travel to the gambling site? like a Casino, Bingo Hall, Horse Betting, etc. (Tick the appropriate box)
5. Why do you participate in gambling activities? (Please circle Yes or No on the option below which corresponds with your situation)
Any other reason:
104 6. How long have you been participating in gambling activities? (Tick the appropriate box)
7. Please tell me, if you still remember, when did you start gambling? Was it before or after receiving your pension?
8. How often do you visit a gambling site in a month? like a Casino, Bingo Hall, Horse Betting, etc. (Tick the appropriate box)
9. How much time do you spend in a gambling site? like a Casino, Bingo Hall, Horse Betting, etc. (Tick the appropriate box)
105 10. Where do you prefer to undertake gambling activities? like a Casino, Bingo Hall, Horse Betting, etc. (Tick the appropriate box)
11. What are your reasons for choosing your preferred gambling site? (Tick the appropriate box)
Any other reason:
12. Which gambling activities do you undertake whenever you visit a gambling site? (Tick the appropriate box)
106 13. Do you know how most slot machines operate and function? (Tick the appropriate box)
14. Do you think there is a need to educate gambling participants on how slot machines operate and function? (Tick the appropriate box )
15. Apart from gambling which other activities do you engage in whilst you are in a gambling site? Tick the appropriate box)
Any other activity:
16. How much money do you spend in gambling activities whenever you visit a gambling site? (Tick the appropriate box)
107 17. How much do you usually win after a good play? (Tick the appropriate box)
18. How often do you win?
19. What is the highest amount you have ever lost in a gambling site? (Tick the appropriate box)
20. Does losing negatively affect your health? (Tick the appropriate box)
108 21. How does losing affect your health? (Tick the appropriate box)
Any other health risk:
22. How does losing affect family relations? (Tick the appropriate box)
23. How can excessive gambling negatively affect someone who participates in gambling activities? (Tick the appropriate box)
109 Any other negative effect:
24. What mechanisms are you aware of, which are available to assist someone who happens to participate excessively in gambling activities? (Tick the appropriate)
Any other mechanisms:
25. Are you aware of an organisation called Eastern Cape Gambling and Betting Board? (Tick appropriate)
What does it do?
110 SECTION C: OLDER PERSON’S ATTITUDES, UNDERSTANDING (KNOWLEDGE) AND SOURCE OF INCOME FOR GAMBLING PARTICIPATION AND ACTIVITIES
This section aims to explore and establish the older person’s attitudes, understanding (knowledge) and source of income for gambling participation and activities. C1: Please indicate whether you agree (A) or disagree (D) with the statements below (Circle the one that is applicable to you)
C2: Please indicate yes or no in the statements below (Circle the one that is applicable to you)
111 C3: Please indicate Yes (Y) or No (N) in the statement below (Circle the one that is applicable to you)
Please tick an appropriate option and give further comments when needed.
1. Are you aware of an organisation called the Eastern Cape Gambling and Betting Board?
What does it do?
2. Do you know any elderly person that participates in gambling activities?
112 3. In your observation, what impact does gambling have on an elderly person’s life?
Any other observed impact:
4. When last did you visit a gambling site? like a Casino, Bingo Hall, Horse Betting, etc.
5. When you were there, which gambling activity did you attempt to play?
113 6. Did you win or lose?
7. After your win/loss did you play again to get more money or to win back your money?
8. Generally, what do you think are the positive benefits of gambling?
Any other positive benefit:
9. What are your greatest fears with regard to gambling?
Any other fears:
114 10. In your observation, of the elderly persons, who are the most participants in gambling activities between men and women?
11. What are your reasons for the answer given in Number 10?
115 SECTION E: GENERAL COMMENTS
This section enables the participant to make comments, share suggestions, criticisms or compliments with regards to the issue under investigation.
1. What can ECGBB do to improve regulating the gambling industry?
2. What can ECGBB do to encourage responsible gambling?
3. How can ECGBB assist excessive gamblers?
Any other comments/suggestions/criticisms and/or compliments
THANK YOU FOR YOUR PARTICIPATION
116 Annexure B: Interview Questions
GAMBLING PREVALENCE OF THE RECIPIENTS OF OLD AGE SOCIAL GRANTS FROM THE EASTERN CAPE PROVINCE
YEAR: 2015
FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION SCHEDULE
117 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
1. According to your understanding, who is a gambler?
2. What causes people to gamble?
3. Considering the elderly people especially pensioners, between men and women, who are the most gamblers?
4. What is the impact of gambling on people’s livelihoods and relationships?
5. What does one do to enhance ones chances of winning when gambling?
6. What can be the effects if gambling can be abolished?
7. How much do you understand about Responsible Gambling?
118 8. Do you know of any mechanisms available to deal or to overcome excessive and irresponsible gambling?
9. What kind of assistance do you think gambling authorities need to give to gambling participants?
10. Are there any benefits in well-regulated gambling?
THANK YOU FOR YOUR PARTICIPATION
119
For any comments, suggestions, please do not hesitate to engage the Research and Communications Specialists of the ECGBB
Tel: +27 (0) 43 702 8300 Fax: +27 (0) 43 748 2218 email: [email protected] www.ecgbb.co.za
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