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Evolution Isolierter Teilpopulationen Der Laubholz-Säbelschrecke Laubholz-Säbelschrecke Der Teilpopulationen Isolierter Evolution

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Evolution Isolierter Teilpopulationen Der Laubholz-Säbelschrecke Laubholz-Säbelschrecke Der Teilpopulationen Isolierter Evolution Göttingen Centre for Biodiversity eographisch isolierte Populationen mit geringer Individuendichte sind in der and Ecology GEvolutionsbiologie von zentraler Bedeutung. Während solche Populationen in neuerer Zeit meist nur mit anthropogen induzierten Aussterbeprozessen in Zu- Biodiversity and Ecology Series, A sammenhang gebracht werden, sind sie andererseits auch der Ausgangspunkt allopatrischer Speziation. Band 3 Durch die wahrscheinlich anthropogen begünstigte Ansiedlung der Rotbuche in Mitteleuropa wurde der Lebensraum der flugunfähigen Laubholz-Säbelschrecke Barbitistes serricauda (Fabricius 1798) fragmentiert. Die Rotbuche kann von Christian Richter dieser baumbewohnenden Laubheuschrecke nicht als Nahrungspflanze verwertet werden. Evolution isolierter B. serricauda kommt überwiegend in lokal abgrenzbaren Subpopulationen mit Teilpopulationen der einer geringen Individuenzahl vor. Tiere dieser Art weisen eine geringe Tendenz zur Dispersion auf; Individuen verteilen sich in der Regel auf ein bis zwei als Laubholz-Säbelschrecke Nahrungsquellen geeignete Pflanzen. Die Fragmentierung ihres Habitats führ- Barbitistes serricauda te zu einer drastischen Einschränkung des genetischen Austausches zwischen Populationen dieser Heuschreckenart. (FABRICIUS 1798) Durch diese Isolation lokaler Vorkommen kam es, wie biometrische und autöko- logische Untersuchungen zeigen konnten, zu Diversifizierungsprozessen, woraus eine große genetische Vielfalt innerhalb der Art resultiert. Habitatfragmentierung kann so langfristig einen Beitrag zur Biodiversität liefern, selbst wenn einige Po- pulationen lokal aussterben. Evolution isolierter Teilpopulationen der Laubholz-Säbelschrecke Laubholz-Säbelschrecke der Teilpopulationen isolierter Evolution Christian Richter Richter Christian ISSN: 1863-3935 ISBN: 978-3-940344-57-1 Universitätsverlag Göttingen Universitätsverlag Göttingen Editorial Board for Biodiversity and Ecology Series: Prof. Dr. Hermann Behling, Dept. of Palynology and Climate Dynamics Prof. Dr. Erwin Bergmeier, Dept. of Vegetation Analysis and Phytodiversity Prof. Dr. Susanne Bögeholz, Dept. of Didactics of Biology Prof. Dr. Norbert Elsner, Dept. of Neurobiology Prof. Dr. Thomas Friedl, Dept. of Experimental Phycology Prof. Dr. Gerhard Gerold, Dept. of Landscape Ecology Prof. Dr. S. Robbert Gradstein, Dept. of Systematic Botany Coloured cover images by Göttingen Centre for Biodiversity and Ecology Prof. Dr. Bernd Herrmann, Dept. of Historical Anthropology and Human Ecology Prof. Dr. Peter Kappeler, Dept. of Sociobiology (legend top to bottom) Prof. Dr. Christoph Leuschner, Dept. of Plant Ecology and Ecosystems Research Prof. Dr. Michael Mühlenberg, Dept. of Conservation Biology 1 Mixed deciduous forest in the Hainich region (Central Germany) Prof. Dr. Joachim Reitner, Dept. of Geobiology 2 Different insect taxa on the flowers of a thistleCirsium ( sp.) Prof. Dr. Matthias Schaefer, Dept. of Animal Ecology 3 Glomeris sp., a member of the decomposing soil fauna in forest ecosystems Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Schmidt, Dept. of Silviculture of the Temperate Zones and Forest Ecology 4 Pleodorina californica (Chlorophyceae), colony-forming freshwater phytoplankton species Prof. Dr. Henner Simianer, Dept. of Animal Breeding Prof. Dr. Teja Tscharntke, Dept. of Agroecology 5 Grasshopper , distributed from the Pyrenees to Northeastern China Tettigonia cantans Prof. Dr. Stefan Vidal, Dept. of Agroentomology 6 Microcebus berthae (Cheirogaleidae), the smallest extant Primate species (Madagascar) Prof. Dr. Rainer Willmann, Dept. of Animal Morphology, Systematics and Evolutionary Biology 7 Tropical rain forest (Greater Daintree, Australia) Prof. Dr. Gert Wörheide, Dept. of Geobiology 8 Lethocolea glossophylla (Acrobolbaceae), a liverwort of alpine mountain ranges in South America 9 Part of a coral reef in the Red Sea Members of the Göttingen Centre for Biodiversity and Ecology Christian Richter Evolution isolierter Teilpopulationen der Laubholz-Säbelschrecke Barbitistes serricauda (FABRICIUS 1798) This work is licensed under the Creative Commons License 2.0 “by-nd”, allowing you to download, distribute and print the document in a few copies for private or educational use, given that the document stays unchanged and the creator is mentioned. You are not allowed to sell copies of the free version. erschienen als Band 3 in der Reihe „Biodiversity and Ecology Series, Series A“ des Göttingen Centre for Biodiversity and Ecology im Universitätsverlag Göttingen 2008 Christian Richter Evolution isolierter Teilpopulationen der Laubholz-Säbelschrecke Barbitistes serricauda (FABRICIUS 1798) Biodiversity and Ecology Series Series A Band 3 Universitätsverlag Göttingen 2008 Bibliographische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliographie; detaillierte bibliographische Daten sind im Internet über <http://dnb.ddb.de> abrufbar. Series Editor Dr. rer.nat. Dirk Gansert Göttingen Centre for Biodiversity and Ecology, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, www.biodiversitaet.gwdg.de Anschrift des Autors Christian Richter e-mail: [email protected] Dieses Buch ist auch als freie Onlineversion über die Homepage des Verlags sowie über den OPAC der Niedersächsischen Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek (http://www.sub.uni-goettingen.de) erreichbar und darf gelesen, heruntergeladen sowie als Privatkopie ausgedruckt werden. Es gelten die Lizenzbestimmungen der Onlineversion. Es ist nicht gestattet, Kopien oder gedruckte Fassungen der freien Onlineversion zu veräußern. Satz und Layout: Christian Richter Umschlaggestaltung: Jutta Pabst Titelabbildung: privat © 2008 Universitätsverlag Göttingen http://univerlag.uni-goettingen.de ISBN: 978-3-940344-57-1 ISSN: 1863-3935 Jedes legt noch schnell ein Ei, Und dann kommt der Tod herbei. Wilhelm Busch Inhalt Zusammenfassung .......................................................................................................... IX 1 Einleitung ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Stand der Forschung................................................................................................... 4 1.2 Arten, Populationen und Individuen als Untersuchungsobjekte kausaler Evolutionsforschung............................................................................................................... 8 2 Material und Methoden ..................................................................................................... 10 2. 1 Einrichtung der Zucht; Erfassen der Populationsgröße und des Populationsareals. 10 2.1.1 Entnahme der Populationen aus dem Freiland..................................................... 10 2.1.2 Erfassung der Populationsgröße............................................................................... 10 2.1.3 Einrichtung der Zucht............................................................................................... 11 2.1.4 Reproduktion............................................................................................................ 13 2.2 Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeit ................................................................................. 15 2.2.1 Embryonalentwicklung ........................................................................................ 15 2.2.2 Postembryonale Entwicklung................................................................................... 16 2.3 Morphologische und biometrische Untersuchungen ...................................................... 17 2.4 Zeitintervalle des Werbegesangs .................................................................................... 18 2.5 Partnerwahlversuche....................................................................................................... 19 2.6 Molekulargenetische Untersuchungen..................................................................... 21 2.6.1 Wahl der Analysemethoden................................................................................. 21 2.6.2 Chemikalien und Geräte........................................................................................... 21 2.6.3 Untersuchte Tiere ..................................................................................................... 24 2.6.4 DNA-Isolation...................................................................................................... 25 2.6.5 RAPD-Analyse .................................................................................................... 27 2.6.5.1RAPD-PCR ......................................................................................................... 27 2.6.5.2 Gelelektrophorese .............................................................................................. 28 2.6.5.3 Reproduzierbarkeit............................................................................................. 29 2.6.6 AFLP-Analyse.......................................................................................................... 29 2.6.6.1 Adapterherstellung............................................................................................. 29 2.6.6.2 Restriktionsverdau ............................................................................................. 30 2.6.6.3 Ligation .............................................................................................................. 30 2.6.6.4 Präamplifikation................................................................................................
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