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Ancient Egyptian Literature: History and Forms, Edited by — (Probleme Der Ägyptologie 10), E.J 39 BIBLIOTHECA ORIENTALIS LIX N° 1-2, januari-april 2002 40 FARAONISCH EGYPTE LOPRIENO, Antonio — Ancient Egyptian Literature: History and Forms, edited by — (Probleme der Ägyptologie 10), E.J. Brill, Leiden/New York/Köln 1996 (24 cm, XVI+726), ISSN 0169-9601; ISBN 90-04-09925-5.1) 1. This rich and copious tome is not easy to review. I shall limit myself to one aspect only: that of “literaricity” which has considerably influenced the outlay of the entire volume as well as individual contributions. As the editor's Preface has it: “Rather than being an encyclopaedic introduction to Egyptian literature, (the book) mainly discusses the condi- tions and the criteria for the existence of a literary, as opposed to a non-literary sphere” (x, editor's emphasis). That this is indeed so, is evident from an overview of the content: Introduction. H.U. Gumbrecht, Does Egyptology need a “theory of literature”? (3-18). Part One. The Search for Egyptian Literature. Includes: W. Schenkel, Ägyptische Literatur und ägyptologische Forschung: eine wissenschaftsgeschichtliche Einleitung (21-38); A. Loprieno, Defining Egyptian literature: Ancient texts and modern theories (39-58); J. Assmann, Kulturelle 1) I thank Ms. Judith Seeligmann for going over my article and much improving my English. 41 BOEKBESPREKINGEN — FARAONISCH EGYPTE 42 und literarische Texte (59-82); P. Derchain, Auteur et autobiography (Gebrauchsliteratur) / Sinuhe (innerliterarische société (83-94). Gattungen) Part Two. The Historical Setting. Includes: J. Assmann, cultic hymns hymn to Hapy Der literarische Aspekt des ägyptischen Grabes und seine funerary texts CT 1130, BD 175 historical inscriptions Qadesh Poem Funktion im Rahmen des “monumentalen Diskurses” (97- other texts poems of Personal Piety 104); E. Blumenthal, Die literarische Verarbeitung der Über- expedition report Shipwrecked Sailor. gangszeit zwischen Altem und Mittlerem Reich (105-135); R.B. Parkinson, Individual and society in Middle Kingdom According to Assmann a criterion of “Gebrauchsliteratur” is literature“(137-155); J. Baines, Classicism and modernism that it has a function; whereas “innerliterarische Gattungen” in the literature of the New Kingdom (157-174); W.J. Tait, have none. I believe this to be a slight misinterpretation of Demotic literature: forms and genres” (175-187). the Formalist's view of the evolution of genres. With Tyn- Part Three. Phenomenology of Egyptian Literature. janov3) both literary and non-literary genres can “evolve”. Includes: A. Gnirs, Die ägyptische Autobiographie (191- As shown in the above scheme the (functional but already 241); M. Lichtheim, Didactic literature (243-262); S.G. highly literary) autobiography4) can evolve into Sinuhe, and Quirke, Narrative Literature (263-276); A. Loprieno, The the (functional and non-literary) expedition report into the “King's Novel” (277-295); R.B. Parkinson, Types of litera- Shipwrecked Sailor. To my mind, “function” as “Sitz im ture in the Middle Kingdom (297-312); J. Assmann, Verkün- Leben” does not necessarily imply non-literaricity; while den und Verklären. Grundformen hymnischer Rede im Alten “function” with the Formalists means a poetic quality.5) In Ägypten (313-334); W. Guglielmi, Die ägyptische Liebe- the present volume (59-81), Assmann has somewhat modi- spoesie (335-347). fied his position. “Kulturelle Texte” as e.g. wisdom are no Part Four. The Limits of Egyptian Literature. Includes: P. longer “situationsabstrakt” (rather their place is in the Derchain, Théologie et littérature (351-360); J. Baines, Myth school). However, “funktionale Unfestgelegtheit” is still a and literature (361-377); S.G. Quirke, Archive (379-401); A. literary criterion (71), which is why funerary texts are not Loprieno, Loyalistic instructions (403-414); C.J. Eyre, Is considered literature. “Poetic diction” is not a criterion, and Egyptian historical literature “historical” or “literary”? (415- that is why the Poetical Stela is out, while the Two Brothers 433); W.K. Simpson, Belles lettres and propaganda (435- are in (61). 443). For Loprieno (39-58) “poetic function” is a valued liter- Part Five. The Language of Egyptian Literature. Includes: ary criterion; he defines it in the Structuralist (Jakobsonian) G. Burkard, Metrik, Prosodie und formaler Aufbau ägypti- sense: “What makes literary texts deserving of a discrete scher literarischer Texte (447-463); W. Guglielmi, Der treatment is their primary function, which can be described Gebrauch rhetorischer Stilmittel in der ägyptischen Literatur as ‘poetic,' i.e. self-referentially oriented towards the mes- (465-497); H.-W. Fischer-Elfert, Die Arbeit am Text: altä- sage itself” (42). Then, in an argument about theology, he gyptische Literaturwerke aus philologischer Perspektive (499- equates “self-referentiality” with “fictionality” and with 513); A. Loprieno, Linguistic variety and Egyptian literature “personal experience” in Ramesside piety (48). For (515-529); M. Collier, The language of literature: on gram- Loprieno, then, it follows that poetic function or self-refer- mar and texture (531-553); P. Vernus, Langue littéraire et entiality is no longer the turning-inward-on-itself of the text diglossie (555-564). by means of stylistic devices. Funerary texts, though abound- Part Six. Ancient Egypt and Later Literary Reception. ing in such devices, are again out, except for the “creator's Includes: H. Behlmer, Ancient Egyptian survivals in Coptic apology” in CT 1130 and some “literary solar hymns” in the literature: an overview (567-590); S.M. Burstein, Images of Book of the Dead (43, 49). Egypt in Greek historiography (591-604); U. Haarmann, The “narrow” definition of literature as non-practical Medieval Muslim perceptions of pharaonic Egypt (605-627). obtains also in several of the individual contributions. E.g. There is an extensive general bibliography, and indices the extremely valuable list of literary manuscripts in Quirke's (Authors, unfortunately only rudimentary, as well as Names, article on “Archive” (379-401), which excludes hymns Passages, Places and Peoples, Texts, Topics, Egyptian “composed for an occasion” as well as the account of the Words). Battle of Qadesh, since it may have been copied from the 2. As can be seen, cultic hymns and funerary literature temple wall (and not vice versa). Here the attenuation of the (Pyramid Texts, Coffin Texts, Book of the Dead) are not material, on what seems hypothetical grounds, may be too included, and myth and historiography are relegated to the strict. Limits (Part Four). Such asceticism goes back to Assmann's Other authors widen the theoretical approach. So does Der- review of a volume on Egyptian literature in Spuler's Hand- chain (83-94) who, in what strikes one as a Poststructuralist buch,2) which included most things written (inter alia math- ematical, astronomical, medical, and ritual texts). There Assmann attempted at giving a tighter definition for “liter- 3) J. Tynjanov, Das literarische Faktum, in: J. Striedter (ed.), Russis- ature”, distinguishing — going back to the Formalists — cher Formalismus, 3rd.ed., München 1981, 393-431. between “Gebrauchsliteratur” and “innerliterarische Gat- 4) See Assmann (97-104) and Gnirs (191-241) in this volume; further tungen”, e.g. J. Assmann, Schrift, Tod und Identität: Das Grab als Vorschule der Liter- atur im alten Ägypten, in: A. Assmann et al. (eds.), Schrift und Gedächt- nis. Archäologie der der literarischen Kommunikation I, München 1983, 64-93 [= A. Assmann, Stein und Zeit. Mensch und Gesellschaft im alten 2) J. Assmann, Der literarische Text im alten Ägypten. Versuch einer Ägypten, München 1991, 169-199]. Begriffsbestimmung, in: OLZ 69, 1974, 117-126. Review of B. Spuler (ed.), 5) J. Striedter, ibid., xviii: “Das heißt, die Literatur muß als besondere Handbuch der Orientalistik, Erste Abteilung, Der Nahe und der Mittlere Form der Sprache von anderen Formen und Funktionen der Sprache abge- Osten, Erster Band: Ägyptologie, Zweiter Abschnitt: Literatur, 2nd ed., grenzt werden.” On the use of “function” as poetic energy by Tynjanov and Leiden/Köln 1970. others see J.M. Lotman, Die Struktur literarischer Texte, München 1972, 277. 43 BIBLIOTHECA ORIENTALIS LIX N° 1-2, januari-april 2002 44 attitude, discusses not definitions of literature, but the “epis- Guglielmi (465-497) provides a monumental article on temological necessity” of the existence of an author behind stylistic figures. People like myself who have endlessly strug- the text (84). He dwells inter alia on the stylistical differ- gled with “Wortanklang” and the like in defining “poetic ences and finesses of the Königsnovelle on the Megiddo bat- diction” will be grateful for her exact nomenclature and large tle, the Gebel Barkal Stela, and the Poetical Stela respectively body of examples. Praiseworthily these are taken also from as varied expressions by distinct authors, or New Kingdom the Pyramid Texts, with quotations from the (in this book oth- sun hymns as individual creations. The use of citations and erwise sadly neglected) pioneering study by Firchow.6) the discussion with the past is not to be regarded as collage, Collier (531-553) deals with grammar above sentence- rather as personal actualisation of tradition, with reference to level, especially emplotment (extension and elaboration). Montaigne (93). The scope of “literature” is thus broadened This will be most helpful in dealing with the finesses of to include historiographical and funerary texts. poetry and (literary) prose in the future. Perhaps, in review- In Part Four (the Limits)
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