Index

Aamu 90 agriculture 21–3, 33, 35, 50, 60, Aauserra (king) 132, 143 65, 66, 76, 84, 86, 96, 101, Abaton 323, 324 108, 115, 136, 164, 205, 228, Abnormal 284 234, 249, 265, 275, 286, 316, Abrahamic religions 39, 344 332, 336–7 Abu Ghalib 105 A-Group 30, 49, 89 Abu Ghurab 55, 65 Aha (king) 33, 36, 37 Abu Rawash 55, 68 Ahhotep II (queen) 171 217, 223, 224, 225, 230, (king) 94, 97, 136, 144–5, 147, 232, 299, 300 151, 152, 158, 160–1, 171, 176, 183, Abusir 55, 61, 305 229, 275 54, 62–4 Ahmose (queen) 171 Abydos 14–16, 24, 25, 30, 31, 33, 35, Ahmose II (king) 289, 297, 299, 300, 36, 37, 40, 41, 43, 51, 54, 55, 56, 66, 304, 305, 308 84, 95, 98, 105, 106, 120, 126, 140, Ahmose- (queen) 171, 177, 233, 146, 152, 158, 176, 215–16, 217, 270, 275 271, 360 Ahmose Pennekhbet 161, 164 Achemenes 305 Ahmose, son of Ibana 136, 144, 160, Achoris, see 161, 164 Actium 328 Ahuramazda 313 Admonitions of Ipuwer 94–6 (king) 124, 148, 151, 154, Aegean 10, 117, 154,COPYRIGHTED 166–9, 178, 186–7, 156, 184,MATERIAL 185, 186, 187, 191–2, 198– 227, 325 211, 215, 217, 219, 230, 237, 250, Aegyptiaca 16, 333, 359 344, 358, 361 Aegyptos 3 Akhetaten 25, 186, 187, 199, 200, 202–7, Afghanistan 24, 51, 118, 336 209, 210, 217, 265 Africanus 147, 333–4 Aksha 224 Afrocentricity 5, 344 Alara 278 Against Apio 147 Alashiya 188, 251, 252, 253 Agilkiya 323 Aleppo 186, 220, 222 388 INDEX

Alexander of Macedon (king) 2, 16, 20, - (god) 17, 121, 145–6, 182, 46, 112, 260, 283, 288, 290, 309, 217, 236, 266, 271 316, 317, 318, 319, 325, 329, 340, Amurru 189, 191, 219, 221–2, 251 342 Amyrtaios (king) 290, 309–10, 313 318–22, 323, 324, 326, 328, Anat (goddess) 226–7 330, 336, 337, 338, 342 112, 117, 135, 149, 154, 167, Al-Idrisi 345 188, 191, 197, 219, 288, 296, 297, alphabet 44, 46, 305, 334 298, 307, 358, 359 al-Uqsur 25 Ankhesenpaaten 185, 207, 211 Amanitore 339 Ankhetkheperura 207, 211 Amara West 224 Ankhkheperura 207 Amasis, see Ahmose II Ankh-tawy 25, 41 (king) 27, 74, 99, 100–1, Ankhti 90 102, 103, 116, 122, 124, 128 Ankhtify 86–8, 92, 93, 96 Amenemhat II (king) 98, 99, 112, 117 Ankhu 107 Amenemhat III (king) 98, 99, 102, Anlamani 301 113 annals 16, 31, 38–9, 41, 79, 99, 112, Amenemhat IV (king) 103 155, 162, 165–6, 167 Amenemnisu (king) 261 Antef 124 (king) 269 Antinoopolis 329 Amenhotep (high priest) 256 Antinous 329 (king) 152, 156, 171, 173, Antiochus III 318 176, 177, 233, 237 Antiochus IV Epiphanes 326 Amenhotep II (king) 62, 152, 166, 168, anti-Semitism 210 171, 178, 183 (god) 179, 358 Amenhotep III (king) 37, 124, 154, 162, Apedemak (god) 338–9 171, 184, 185–8, 191–201, 207, 209, (king) 127, 132, 133–4, 135, 210, 211, 217, 219 142–3, 145 Amenhotep IV (king), see Akhenaten (goddess) 297, 335 Amenhotep, son of Hapu 197–8, 210, Apis 62, 310–12, 313–14, 321, 330, 232 336 Amenirdis 264, 275–6, 278 Apollo (god) 297, 342 Amenmessu (king) 241, 242–4 Apollonia 342 15 , see Haaibra Amennakhte 242 Apu 189 Ameny (king) 122 Apuleius 336 Amun (god) 1, 99, 105, 121, 145, 146, Arabia 337 165, 166, 167, 172, 173, 176, 182, Aramaic language 284–5, 305, 308 183, 194, 195–6, 200, 201, 202, 203, Archon 299–300 207, 208, 209, 213, 215, 217–18, Arensnuphis (god) 324 220–1, 222, 224, 228, 230, 236, 241, Armant 87 247, 248, 249, 250, 253, 256, 260, Arrian 319 261, 262, 264, 265, 266, 268, 270, Arsinoe 337 271, 272, 274–6, 278, 279, 281, 282, Arsinoe II (queen) 326, 337 292, 295, 300, 306, 310, 325, 338, (king) 308 360 Artaxerxes II (king) 290, 309 Amunenshi 116 Artaxerxes III Ochus (king) 290, 308, Amunhirwenemef 214, 232 309, 313, 314 Amun-panufer 246 Artemis (goddess) 335 INDEX 389

Ary 278 Babylonian language 156, 187, 189, 222, Aryan 149–50 223, 227 Arzawa 186, 188, 197, 220, 251 Badarian 22 Asasif 295–6, 302 Bahriya oasis 338 Ash (god) 145 Bak 203 Ashdod 291 Bakenrenef (king) 291 Ashkelon 254 Balat 91 Asia 5, 7, 9, 10, 33, 36, 47, 71–3, 84, 91, barley 21, 64, 108, 218 109, 111, 128, 130, 135, 149, 154–5, battle of Megiddo 152, 165–6 156, 158–9, 160, 164–7, 182, 187, battle of Qadesh 155, 159, 213, 214, 192, 219, 288, 290, 304, 309, 313, 220–2, 225, 237, 252, 279 341, 358, 359 battle of Raphia 318, 325, 326 Asiatic 49, 90, 105, 109–10, 116, 118, Bauefra 74 119, 128–32, 143, 145, 220, 225, 226, Bay 226, 241, 243–4 243, 244 beer 64, 140, 236 Asklepiades 330, 332 Beit el-Wali 232 Asklepios (god) 74 Ben-azen 226 Aspelta 301 benben stone 69, 358 Assurbanipal 289, 292–3 Beni Hassan 103, 105, 107, 116, 129, Assur-uballit 188 135, 145 Assyria 73, 154, 166, 167, 186, 188, 223, Bent 58 262, 274, 278, 285, 288–93, 295, 297, Berber 45 298, 299, 325 Berenike 328, 337 Assyrian language 187 Berenike (queen) 330 Astarte (goddess) 146, 167, 218, 226–7, Bia-Punt 118 335 Biga 323 Aswan 1, 3, 7, 8, 10, 61, 182, 318, 340, Bint-Anat (queen) 214, 227, 230 341 biography 54, 84–5, 89, 91, 95, 101, 103, Aswan dam 1, 4, 8, 9, 22, 323 105, 144, 155, 159, 161, 172, 178, Asyut 78, 88, 96 228, 305, 329 Atbara River 8 Blue Nile 8 Aten (god) 185, 186, 199–200, 201, 202, Bocchoris, see Bakenrenef 203–5, 207, 210, 358 Book of the Dead 12, 302 Athens 297, 305 Book of the Two Ways 83 Athribis 293 bread 64, 90, 140, 178, 275 Atju 134 Bubastis 262, 270, 271, 272 Atum (god) 17, 312 Bubastite portal 272, 282 Augustus (emperor) 318, 328 Buhen 71, 113–14, 136, 140, 144, 160 105, 127, 128–30, 131, 135, 136, bureaucracy 40–1, 45, 47, 50, 51, 61, 63, 142, 143, 145–6, 147–9, 160, 169, 65, 66, 86, 106, 107, 159, 167, 180, 210, 217 177–80, 184, 206, 227–8, 285, 293, Axum 328, 340–1 297, 318, 332 (king) 186, 207, 211 51, 72, 91, 117, 189–91, 220, 253 Byzantine empire 317, 318, 324, 329 Baal (god) 145, 146, 167–8, 221, 226, 227 baboon 312, 361 C14 dating 21 Babylonia 45, 47–8, 50, 73, 154, 166, 1, 3, 7, 8, 19, 52, 200, 322 167, 186, 188, 197, 226, 288, Cambyses (king) 283, 284, 289, 304–5, 198–300, 304, 325 308, 310, 311, 313–14 390 INDEX camel 337–8 Cyrene 289, 299, 325, 328, 342 Canaan 189, 243, 254, 358 Cyrus 304 Canopus 330 Carchemish 186, 251, 289, 299 55, 58, 65, 68, 100, 107, 117, Carian 284, 288, 298 120 cartonnage 11, 13, 317, 358 Dakhla oasis 91 14–15, 17, 69, 201, 207, 215, Damascus 186 235, 265, 274, 275, 310, 358 Dan 259 cat 312 Danaoi 259 cattle 21–2, 41, 136, 138, 164, 221, 236, Danuna 259 271 Dara 88 cedar 51, 117, 118, 253 Darius I (king) 290, 297, 304, 305, 306, cenotaph 120–1, 215, 358 307, 308, 310, 312–13 Central Asia 304 Darius III Codoman (king) 16, 290 Cerberus 336 daybook 165 C-Group 89, 112–14, 163 Deir el-Bahri 99, 101, 108, 152, 169, Champollion 259, 313, 334 172–3, 175–7, 182, 196, 266, 295 chariot 131, 142, 157–8, 159, 166, 167, Deir el-Ballas 143 218, 220–1, 226, 281, 293 Deir el-Gebrawi 302 charioteer 152, 157–8, 213, 223 Deir el-Medina 12, 152, 156, 177, 233–9, Cheops, see 240–3, 245, 247, 250, 256, 261 Christianity 2, 46, 324, 329, 334, Delphi 298 341–3 Delta 8, 9, 10, 11, 18, 22, 24, 30, 34, 35, Classical Kerma phase 127, 138–41 41, 50, 65, 79, 93, 96, 98, 105, 108, II (queen) 326 109, 118, 128, 132, 135–6, 138, 139, Cleopatra III (queen) 326 141, 145, 147, 148, 149, 160, 208, Cleopatra VII (queen) 1, 2, 5, 316–17, 217, 219, 224, 225, 252, 257, 261, 327–8, 329, 332, 345 262, 264, 270, 272, 278, 290, 293, climate 10, 86, 96 297, 298, 300, 307, 308, 309, 317, Coffi n Texts 79, 81–3, 120, 302 319, 330, 338 coin 238, 297, 337 Demeter (goddess) 335 Colossi of Memnon 193–4, 197, 329 Demotic language 46, 73, 232, 284, 305, Constantine (emperor) 343 306, 307, 308, 312, 313, 318, 324, Constantinople 329 330–1, 332, 333, 334, 335, 341, 342 copper 24, 49, 73, 76, 115, 117, 163, Demotic script 46, 284, 312, 333 188, 196, 238, 256, 332 (king) 36, 44 Coptic 46, 318, 334 Dendera 80, 228, 330 Coptos 40, 87 Denen 251, 258–9 co-regency 102, 124, 156, 170, 171, determinative 13, 44, 254, 358 199–200, 211 Diodorus 74–5, 76, 319, 359 Corinth 297 Djedefra (king) 55, 68 corruption 123, 228–9, 232, 248, 306 (king) 120 Crete 117, 135, 168, 169 (king) 37, 55–6, 61, 62, 64, 69, Crocodilopolis 337 73–4, 102, 146, 198, 311, 323 cuneiform 156, 187, 218, 223, 307, 312, Dodekaschoinos 340 359 Dongola reach 277 Cusae 135 Dor 253 cylinder seal 48, 73, 117, 129, 358 Doukki Gel 300 112, 129, 135, 149, 154, 188, Dra Abu el-Naga 141, 176, 245 252, 253, 290, 300, 309, 325, 326 Dream book 237 INDEX 391

Dryton 342 First cataract 3, 7–8, 10, 22, 65, 71, 73, durum wheat 337 89, 103, 105, 141, 277, 278, 319, Duties of the 178, 180 322 Dynasty 0 18, 30–2, 35, 36, 41, 44 First Prophet of Amun 275 fi sh 21, 138, 234, 236, 280 East Africa 96, 337 Fourth cataract 141, 152, 162, 192, 224, eastern desert 8–9, 33, 50, 91, 98, 103, 278 112, 114, 115–16, 131, 307, 324, 337, Freud, Sigmund 185, 210 338, 340, 360 72 Gaius Cornelius Gallus 324, 333 ebony 89, 115, 118, 169 Gaza 160, 325 Edfu 86, 87, 330 Gebel Barkal 162, 224, 277, 278 Ekwesh 251, 258 Gebelein 54, 92, 342 154 Gezer 197, 254 el-Amarna 25, 156 giraffe 138 Elamite 312 Girga 41 el-Badari 22 68, 100 electrum 196, 208 Giza 1, 17, 37, 55, 58–60, 65, 115, 167, 169, 278, 325, 340 76, 102 54, 84, 89, 90, 96, 103, 105, Giza 62, 175 106, 208, 244, 277, 278, 284–5, 288, glass 167, 219 298, 299, 305, 307, 309–10 Gnosticism 342 el-Hibeh 266, 274, 281–2, 306 goats 21–2, 116 el-Kab 25, 160, 161 God’s Wife of Amun 172, 264, 274–6, el-Kurru 277, 278, 291 278, 281, 295, 302 el-Mo`alla 86, 92, 96 gold 9, 25, 32, 49, 75, 94, 113, 117, 118, Eltekeh 289, 291 120, 129, 140, 141, 161, 163–4, 169, emmer wheat 21, 64, 218, 337 188, 196, 207, 224, 227, 240, 244, England 336 246, 253, 257, 268, 293, 295, 298, era of restoration 241, 253, 256, 257 308, 337, 340 Eritrea 141, 169 graffi to 53, 71, 73, 98, 112, 175, 203, 292–3 224, 235, 299–300, 324, 337 es-Sebua 224 Great chief of the Meshwesh/Ma 270, Ethiopia 8, 112, 148, 340 271, 272, 274, 281 Euphrates River 149, 152, 164, 166, 191, Great Hymn to Aten 203–4, 210 299, 304 Greece 10, 25, 186, 285, 288, 296–9, Eurasia 21, 304 304, 308, 316, 325, 328, 344 Europe 10, 22, 50, 112, 150, 259, 265, Greek language 2, 3, 8, 11, 16, 17, 25, 270, 304, 328, 336, 341, 344–5 41, 46, 69, 112, 126, 128, 131, 284, Eusebius 333–4 304, 316, 318, 321, 324, 329, 331, Execration Texts 109–10, 136, 149 332–4, 341, 342, 359 Exodus 148, 150, 254 Greek literature 318, 321, 335 Greek script 2, 46, 284, 334 falcon 25, 34, 36, 69, 201, 231, 312, 313, Greeks 5, 7, 25, 53, 58, 61, 74, 76, 112, 339, 359 126, 148, 163, 194, 258–9, 260, 274, famine 73, 78, 86, 94, 96, 256 285, 288, 289, 295–9, 304–5, 307, Fayyum 8, 22, 93, 99, 101, 105, 317, 308, 309, 312, 313, 316, 319–38, 342, 332, 336 344 Festival of the Divine Audience 266 Gurob 180 Fifth cataract 89, 152, 162 Gyges 298 392 INDEX

Haaibra (king) 289, 299, 300 II (queen) 68 Hadrian (emperor) 318, 328–9 Hibis 310 Hakor (king) 290, 309 Hierakonpolis 24, 25, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, Hapiwer 240, 246 48, 86, 162 harbor 10, 118, 128, 138, 154, 194, 219, hieratic 46, 64, 91, 119, 155, 233, 246, 253, 297, 307, 308, 319, 321, 337, 284 340 hieroglyphic writing 2, 13, 34, 43–6, 64, Harem conspiracy 214, 244, 249 83, 102, 112, 117, 129, 132, 136, Harkhuf 89, 91 155, 208, 258, 277, 278, 284, 307, Harran 289, 299 310, 312, 318–19, 323, 324, 330–1, Harsiese (king) 326 333, 339, 341, 345 (goddess) 39, 59, 65, 115, 117, high priest of Amun 228, 241, 247, 253, 194, 217, 228, 230, 359 256, 262, 264–5, 266, 271, 274, 275, Hatiba 253 282 (queen) 15, 102, 118, 144–5, Hikuptah 3 147, 148, 151, 152, 155, 169, 171–7, Hillat el-Arab 277 182–3, 196, 215, 235, 237, 244, 250, hippopotamus 138, 142, 278 275, 334 Hittite language 187, 192 Hatti 154, 186, 191, 220, 221, 222, 223, Hittites 145, 154, 157, 159, 166, 167, 251, 254, 359 188, 189, 191–2, 207, 211, 214, Hattusa 135, 252 219–23, 225, 226, 230, 231, 252, 254, Hattusili III 221–2, 223, 226, 231 255, 359 102 Homer 194, 259, 298, 335 Hebrew Bible 17, 150, 210, 262, 273, hominids 10, 21 321 (king) 159, 186, 201, 207–11, Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich 4 215, 229, 237 Hekanefer 6, 163 horse 131, 157–8, 165, 166, 188, 222, Heliopolis 25, 68, 69, 98, 121, 135, 145, 278, 279, 280, 281, 293 146, 312, 358 (god) 16, 17, 25, 27, 34, 36, 38, Helios (god) 336 39, 41, 69–71, 86, 87, 116, 140, 208, Hellenism 2, 317, 321, 324, 336, 342 313, 323, 324, 338, 358, 359, 360, Hemaka 44–5 361 Henut-mi-Ra 230 17, 36, 56, 69, 93, 100, 112 Henuttaneb 197 human sacrifi ce 32–3 Heqanakht 98, 108 Hurrian 149, 187, 359 Heqau-khasut 126, 131–2, 134 Hutwaret 128 Heqet (goddess) 75 15–16, 126–7, 129, 131–5, 138, Hera (goddess) 297, 326, 335 139, 141–50, 151, 152, 157, 160, 164, Herakleopolis 38, 79, 88, 93, 95, 97, 99, 167, 169, 173, 210, 217, 269 100, 101, 266, 269, 274, 281–2 Hymn to Amun 265–6 Herihor (High Priest of Amun) 253, 256, 257, 265, 270 Ibi 302 143, 210, 278, 279, 280 ibis 74, 312, 361 Herodotus 53, 74–5, 76, 112, 274, Ikhernofret 120 285–6, 288, 293, 295–300, 311–14 Iliad 335 Hesira 64–5 Imhotep 56, 62, 73–4, 122, 146, 198, Hestia (goddess) 335 232, 323, 345 Hetepet 108 immigration 118, 159, 225, 250, 342 (queen) 68 Inaros 309, 335 INDEX 393 incense 48–9, 89, 118, 169 Karanis 317 India 321, 337 15, 99, 105–6, 161, 165, 166, Indian Ocean 112 167, 172, 181–2, 186, 195, 196, 201, Indo-European 150, 259 207, 208, 209, 215, 216, 222, 251, Indus Valley 96, 288, 304 254, 256, 266, 268, 272, 273, 295, 172 360 infantry 158, 159, 220, 342 Karoy 192 Inhapy (queen) 246 Kashta 264, 275, 276, 278, 281 Instruction Addressed to King Merykara Kassala 141 13–14, 95 Katimala 277–8 Ipet-sut 161, 166 68 Iran 47, 117, 154, 288, 304, 307, 310 Keftiu 167, 168 Iraq 47, 73, 164, 360 Kelu-Heba 185, 186, 197 iron 298 Kerkeosiris 330, 332 irrigation 22–3, 86, 307, 337 Kerma 89, 112, 115, 131, 136–41, 152, Irtjet 90–1, 359 161, 300, 301, 361 Isetnefret A (queen) 214, 230–1, 232, Khababash 309 242 Khaemwaset 214, 230, 232, 311 Isetnefret B 242 Khafra (king) 55, 68–60, 62, 68, 69, 75, 185, 197 77 Isis (goddess) 1, 75, 146, 321, 322–4, 290, 307, 309, 310 326, 328, 335–6, 338, 341, 359 Khartoum 22 Isis (queen) 171, 172, 242 (king) 69 Israel 149, 254, 262, 358 Khenthennofer 143, 161 Israel Stele 254–5 (queen) 55, 68 Istemkheb 266 Khentyamentiu (god) 120, 359 Itj-tawi 99, 101–3, 106, 107, 118, 126, Khety 78, 96 127 Khety (king) 95 Iunu 25 (god) 73, 75, 277, 278, 309, Iutenhab 108 359 ivory 30, 31, 43, 49, 89, 115, 118, 169, II 103–4, 107, 116, 129, 227, 278, 337, 340 131 Khnumhotep III 107, 117 Jerome 333 Khonsu (god) 182, 195, 268 Jerusalem 148, 273, 291, 299, 303 Khufu (king) 17, 55, 58, 60, 61, 62, 68, Jew 147–8, 185, 210, 284, 288, 298, 305, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 122 309, 359 88 Jordan 226 (king) 135 Josephus 131, 147–50, 173, 210, 333, king list 14–18, 30, 33, 54, 56, 79, 84, 338, 359 98, 101, 107, 124, 127, 141, 146, Journal of the Tomb 235 147, 155, 156, 171, 173, 175, 210, Julius Caesar 319, 328 262, 284, 333–4 Justinian (emperor) 324 114–15, 127, 136–41, 152, 161, 290, 359 196, 204, 359, 360 King’s son of Kush 162, 163, 274 Kaaper 90 211 Kahun, see Lahun Knossos 135, 169, 187 (king) 127, 129, 143–4, 160, Kumma 113 161, 162, 171 Kurgus 162 394 INDEX

Kush 109, 114–15, 127, 136, 140–1, 143, Malqata 194–5 152, 161, 162, 230, 290–1, 300, 359 mammisi 313, 323, 359 Kushite 139, 291, 300–3 Mandulis (god) 324, 338, 359 KV 5 232–3 16–18, 20, 41, 55, 56, 79, 84, KV 10 243 86, 107, 126, 128, 131, 134, 141, KV 13 243 147–9, 156, 173, 210, 215, 262, 264, KV 14 244 268, 281, 284, 291, 309, 332–4, 359 KV 17 216 Manichaeism 342 KV 20 176–7 Marea 298 KV 35 267 Mark Antony 328 KV 38 177 market 238, 288, 337 KV 46 194 37, 40, 55, 56, 60, 61, 68, 80, KV 55 206 91, 107, 117, 268, 277, 359 Mayor of Thebes 236, 240, 247, 295 label 30, 31, 32, 38, 40, 43, 44 meat 64, 178, 234 Lagus 325 198, 241, 248, 256, 257, Lahun 98, 99, 105, 111, 117, 119, 128 275 Lake Abukir 319 Mediterranean Sea 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 154, Lake Mareotis 319 164, 219, 224, 259–60, 288, 296, 304, lapis lazuli 24, 51, 75, 94, 117, 120, 129, 307, 319 188, 196, 208 Medjay 109, 111, 116, 131, 141, 360 Late Egyptian 25, 46, 210 Mehetemweskhet 271 Latin 8, 318, 324, 333, 335, 336 Meidum 55, 57, 100 law 119, 229, 290, 298, 308 Memphis 3, 25, 30, 40, 41, 54–7, 62, 69, Lebanon 51, 72, 117, 118, 154, 253, 288 74, 79, 80, 84, 88, 93, 101, 131, 143, Leto (goddess) 335 145, 146, 147, 160, 179–80, 186, 197, Levant 21, 22, 72, 99, 117, 130, 149, 198, 202, 206, 207, 226, 229, 232, 219, 253, 268, 269 257, 265, 274, 280, 281, 289, 291–3, Libya 71, 92, 109, 111, 145, 254, 299, 300, 303, 305, 306, 307, 309, 311–12, 328 322, 325, 331 Libyan 19, 71, 159, 224–5, 227, 241, Memphite Theology 14, 303 250–4, 262, 264, 270, 272, 278, 282, Menches 330, 332 309, 310, 361 (king) 16, 18, 33, 94, 97, 144, linen 24, 116, 234, 267, 297, 312, 358 215 99, 100, 101, 102 Menkaura (king) 55, 58, 59, 60, 65, 68, literacy 47, 65, 235, 237 75, 77 logogram 43–4, 46, 359 Menkheperra (high priest of Amun) 266, Lukka 220, 251, 258 275, 281 1, 25, 173, 182, 195–6, 266, 268, Menkheperrasonb 168 270, 325, 360 Mennufer 25 Lycian 259, 284, 288, 335 Mentuemhat 295–6, 302 Lydia 298 II (king) 78, 93, 94, 97, 99, 100–1, 144, 175, 176, 237 Ma’adi 24 Mentuhotep IV (king) 99 36, 359 mercenary 91–2, 114, 128, 159, 225, Maat--Neferura 231 238, 252, 282, 284–5, 288, 293, Madagascar 337 298–9, 300, 304, 305, 309–10, 358 magic 46, 74, 77, 109, 227, 232, 233, Merenptah (king) 151, 214, 230, 241, 334, 335 242, 243, 251, 254, 258, 268 INDEX 395

Merenra (king) 84, 90 Naqa 338–9 Mereye 251 Naqada 23–5, 30–1, 33, 35, 45 Merisu 108 Naqada I period 23–6 185, 186, 207, 211 Naqada II period 23–6, 31, 48 Meroe 318, 338–41 Naqada III period 24, 30–1 Meroitic script 339 (king) 30, 31, 33–5, 44, 49, 50 Mersa/Wadi Gawasis 118 Natakamani 339 Meryet-Amun 214, 230 natron 308 Meryetre Hatshepsut (queen) 171 Naukratis 289, 297–8, 319 Merykara (king) 13–14, 95, 122 navy 112, 158, 160, 288, 298, 300 Meshkenet (goddess) 75 Nebetah 197 Miam 163 -tawi 230 Middle Egyptian 46, 83, 203, 210, nebty-name 17 330–1, 333 Nebuchadnezzar 299, 304 Miletus 297 228 Min (god) 39, 40, 146, 236, 360 (king) 290, 309, 313 Minoan 117, 168–9, 180 Nectanebo II (king) 290, 309 Misr 3 Nedjeh 136, 140 Mittanni 149, 152, 154, 164, 166, 167, Neferhotep 242–3 186, 188, 189, 191, 192, 197, 211, Neferirkara (king) 62–4, 68, 75 219, 360 Neferkara (king) 79, 84, 86–7, 89, 90 money 64, 331, 337 (king) 186, 201, 206–7, monkey 278 211 monotheism 184, 185, 203, 210, 341, Nefersekheru 199 344 Nefertari (queen) 151, 214, 217, 223, (god) 117, 342 230, 232, 233 Montuherkhopshef 242, 245 (queen) 185, 186, 200–1, 203, Mose 229–30 206, 207, 211, 230 148, 210 Nefrura 171, 172, 175 Moses and Monotheism 210 129, 135 mummy 11, 13, 24, 62, 70, 74, 116, 137, Neith (goddess) 312, 333 142, 199, 206, 235, 246, 264, 266–7, Nekau 289, 293 285, 291, 311–12, 314, 317, 332, 338, Nekau II (king) 289, 297, 298, 299, 307 358 Nekhbet (goddess) 293 Mursili II 219 Nekheb 25, 90 (goddess) 182, 195, 203, 268, 279, Nekhen 25, 90 295 Neo-Platonism 341–2 Mutemwia (queen) 171, 185, 196 (king) 290, 309 (queen) 152, 171 Nephthys (goddess) 75 Muttuya (queen) 214, 217 Nesikhons 274, 277 Muwatalli 219, 222 Netjerikhet 56 Mycenaean 154, 187 Newton, Sir Isaac 126, 147, 150 Nile River 1, 3, 7–9, 10, 11, 16, 21, 22, Nabu-shezibanni 293 24, 60, 62, 71, 76, 78, 86, 89, 96, Naharina 192, 197 140, 158, 176, 182, 205, 217, 268, Nanaia (goddess) 335 297, 307, 321, 328, 329, 338 Napata 162, 278, 279, 281, 290–2, 300, Nile Valley 3, 8, 21, 22, 33, 41, 50, 54, 338, 340 86, 91, 115, 116, 141, 148, 159, 162, Napoleon 52, 58, 62, 331 208, 217, 317, 338 396 INDEX

Nimlot 270–1, 278–80 Osorkon (prince) 282 Nineveh 293 (king) 270, 272 Nitiqret 275, 295 Osorkon III (king) 275, 281 nomad 9, 89, 91, 114, 115, 116–17, 131, ostracon 11–12, 143, 156, 233, 237, 284, 145, 224, 225, 250, 360 307, 309, 360 41, 65, 66, 78, 80, 96, 99, 103, ostrich shell 49 106, 360 Oxyrhynchus 317, 318, 319 nome 41, 59, 65, 66, 80, 86, 87, 103, 106, 147, 275, 330, 337, 360 Palermo Stone 16, 31, 38, 41, 54, 96 nomen 17, 200, 245 Palestine 24, 31, 32, 33, 44, 49–51, 116, 6, 22, 30, 33, 48–9, 50, 71, 84, 128, 129, 132, 135–6, 149, 152, 160, 88–9, 91, 92, 98, 99, 103, 104, 109, 165, 166, 197, 251, 253, 259, 264, 112–15, 127, 129, 130, 135, 136–41, 272, 289, 291, 341, 358, 359, 360 143, 152, 154, 159, 160–4, 167, 172, Palmyra 329 178, 184, 188, 192, 194, 196, 202, Paneb 242–3 203, 206, 214, 216–17, 223–4, 243, Panehsy 256, 257, 265 256, 257, 262, 272, 276–8, 281, 286, pan-grave 116, 131 289, 290–3, 300, 304, 309, 338, 341, papyrus 11–13, 27, 34, 35, 44, 45, 53–4, 344, 361 56, 63, 91, 98, 105, 156, 215–16, Nubians 5, 6, 7, 42, 49, 71, 89, 90, 92, 233, 237, 284, 297, 309, 317, 321, 109–15, 118, 131, 135, 137–41, 332 143–4, 148, 149, 161–4, 167, 178, Papyrus Harris I 248–9 225, 256, 260, 262, 274–82, 290–3, Paramesu 209 295, 297, 300, 301, 324, 325, 335, 341 Pascal, Blaise 316, 317 Nubkheperra (king) 142 Pathyris 342 Nubt 25 Pawerao 246 Nuri 291 Pediamenipet 302 Nyuserra (king) 55, 65 Pediosiripra 313 Pedismatawy 299 oasis 3, 7, 8, 50, 89, 91, 266, 289, 304, Pedubastis 335 307, 337, 338 Peleset 251, 158–9 obelisk 61, 70, 155, 164, 182, 268 pepper 321, 337 Octavia 328 Pepy I (king) 25, 79, 84, 90, 91, Octavian 328 120 oil 31, 32, 33, 36, 44, 49, 76, 117, 128, Pepy II (king) 19, 78, 79, 84–5, 86, 87, 129, 234, 288, 297, 308, 337 89, 90, 91, 100, 213 Old Egyptian 46 Pepynakht Heqaib 89, 90–1, 103 Ombos 45 Peribsen (king) 45, 69 On Isis and Osiris 336 Persian Gulf 48, 307 Onuris (god) 228 Persians 2, 16, 262, 275, 284, 285–6, Opening of the Mouth ritual 179 288, 289, 290, 297, 298, 300, 304–10, Opet-festival 195–6, 207, 234, 268, 360 312–13, 314, 316, 325, 329, 333, 336 oracle 173, 235, 250, 266, 270–1, 295, Petesouchos 332 325, 360 Petition of Petiese 305–6 Orontes River 219, 222 Phaestos 186 Osireion 215 Phanes of Halicarnassus 298 Osiris (god) 69, 70, 71, 83, 98, 120–1, Pharos 321 140, 163, 179, 215–16, 271, 311, 321, Philae 319, 322–4, 333, 341 323, 324, 326, 335, 336, 359, 360 Philae temple 1, 322–4, 330, 335 INDEX 397

Philip II 325 Punt 89, 90, 118, 141, 152, 155, 167, Philistine 251, 259 169, 172, 173, 176, 178, 237 Phoenicia 308 pygmy 89 Phoenician language 284 pylon 182, 201, 209, 215, 272, 323, 338, Phoenicians 126, 288, 297 339, 360 phonogram 44, 46 Pyramid Texts 55, 61, 69, 70–1, 81–3, phyle 90, 306 122, 302 Piankh (High Priest of Amun) 257 298 pilgrimage 62, 73–4, 120, 215, 312, 324 Pinudjem I (High Priest of Amun) 266, Qadesh 165, 191, 219, 220 270, 281 qanat 307 Pinudjem II (High Priest of Amun) 269, Qasr Ibrim 340 274 Qenherkhopshef 235–7 Piramesse 129, 156, 217–19, 223, 226, Qustul 48–9 227, 229, 268 QV 66 230, 360 Piy 262, 264, 274, 279–81, 282, 290, 291 Ra (god) 17, 46, 68, 69–71, 74–5, 77, 98, Pliny the Elder 337 121, 132, 134, 143, 144–6, 166, 182, Plutarch 319, 336 183, 194, 196, 197, 200, 208, 216, police 116, 131, 228, 235, 257 217, 220, 226, 244, 254, 280, 284, Polybius 319 306, 310, 312, 360 Polycrates 304 Ra-Harakhty (god) 201, 217 porphyry 338 Rameses I (king) 209, 214, 215, 246 Potasimto, see Pedismatawy Rameses II (king) 14–15, 19, 62, 84, 94, prenomen 17, 172, 194 129, 144, 145, 151, 154, 155, 159, Prophecy of Neferty 27, 74, 122 193, 209, 213–33, 235, 237, 239, 240, Psalm 104 210, 344 242, 244, 246, 247, 248, 250, 252, Psammetichos, see Psamtek 256, 268, 277, 311, 335 Psamtek I (king) 275, 289, 293, 295, Rameses III (king) 198, 241–2, 244, 245, 297, 298, 302, 306, 311 247, 248–9, 251–2, 256, 258, 265, Psamtek II (king) 286, 289, 300–1, 338 272, 275 Psamtek III (king) 289, 304, 305 Rameses IV (king) 241–2, 244, 245, 248 (king) 268–9, 270, 275 Rameses V (king) 241–2, 245 Psusennes II (king) 270–1 Rameses VI (king) 241–2, 245, 256, 275 Ptah (god) 73, 146, 217, 220, 226, 227, Rameses VII (king) 241–2, 245 232, 236, 274, 303, 311, 312, 360 Rameses VIII (king) 241–2, 245 (king) 318, 325, 333 Rameses IX (king) 241–2, 245–6, 247 Ptolemy II Philadelphus (king) 321, 326, Rameses X (king) 241–2, 245, 247 337 Rameses XI (king) 241–2, 245, 250, 253, Ptolemy III Euergetes I (king) 330 256–7, 265 Ptolemy IV Philopater (king) 318 Rameses-em-per-Ra 226 (king) 330, 331 Rameses-khaemnetjeru 243 Ptolemy VI Philometor (king) 326 Ramesseum 222, 237, 247 Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II (king) 326 Ramose 198, 235, 236 Ptolemy XII Auletes (king) 328 ration 108, 113, 143, 238, 247, 250 Ptolemy XIII (king) 328 58 Ptolemy XIV (king) 328 9, 10, 48, 118, 141, 169, 278, Ptolemy XV (king) 328 307, 321, 329, 337, 340 Puduhepa 231 Red Sea canal 290, 297, 307, 310 398 INDEX

Rehoboam 273 Senenmut 174–5 Rekhmira 178–9, 302, 361 Seniseneb (queen) 171 Reshep (god) 226 Senkamanisken 301 Retenu 116, 360 (king) 99, 102, 105, 106, 108, Rhakotis 319 113, 115, 116, 124 Rhea (goddess) 335 Senusret II (king) 99, 101, 105, 116 Rhind mathematical papyrus 132–4 Senusret III (king) 99, 106, 107, 111–12, rhinoceros 278 113, 120 Rib-Adda 189–91 Septimius Severus (emperor) 194 Rome 10, 327, 328, 329, 336, 337, 344 Septuagint 321 Rosetau 83 Seqenenra Taa (king) 127, 142–3, 145 46, 330–1, 333 Serabit el-Khadim 115 Rosette-Scorpion (king) 35 Serapeum 311–12, 314, 336 Ruddjedet 75 serdab 56, 361 serekh 36–7, 44, 45, 48, 69, 361 saff tomb 80, 93, 360 Seshat (goddess) 134, 361 Sahara desert 7, 8 Sesonchosis 112 Sahura (king) 19, 54, 68, 71, 72, 75 Sesostris 112 sailor 117, 158, 161, 280, 297 Seth (god) 16, 27, 39, 45, 69, 145–6, 147, Sais 262, 264, 278, 289, 291, 293, 295, 218, 220, 221, 226, 227, 336, 361 296, 297, 300, 309 Sethnakht (king) 241, 242, 244, 249 (king) 126, 147 Setne Khaemwaset 232, 335 Samos 304 Sety I (king) 14–16, 129, 145, 210, Saptah (king) 235, 241, 242–4 214–16, 219–20, 224, 233, 246 25, 30, 40, 41, 55–7, 58, 61, 62, Sety II (king) 241–4 68, 73, 74, 82, 93, 100, 102, 146, 180, Shabaqo (king) 14, 54, 281, 289, 291, 198, 207, 228, 311, 312, 313–14, 336 302–3 Sarapis (god) 311, 321, 336 Shabitqo (king) 289 Sasenet 85 Shabtuna 222 Satamun 185, 197 Sharuhen 136, 149, 152, 160, 166 Saww 118 Shasu 225 127, 129, 134, 136, 155, 197, sheep 21–2, 116 312, 360 Shekelesh 251, 258 Scorpion (king) 30, 35, 50 Shepenwepet 275 Sea Peoples 241, 250–4, 258–9 (king) 55, 61, 68 seal/sealing 30, 32, 45, 66, 71, 127, 129, Sherden 225, 251, 259, 282 132, 135, 136, 138, 185, 194–5, 197, Sheshonq I (king) 264, 270–4, 282 360 Shishak 273 Second cataract 48, 71, 89, 105, 109, Shoteraya 243 111, 112, 113, 114, 143, 152, 154, Shuttarna 185, 197 160, 161, 162, 194, 217, 223–4, 277, silk 337 340 silver 32, 94, 117, 120, 129, 197, 222, Sedeinga 194 227, 238, 244, 246, 253, 257, 268, sed-festival 37, 44, 56, 106, 186, 194, 297, 308 197, 199, 201, 281 Sinai Desert 9, 72–3, 89, 98, 112, Sematawy 101 115–17, 128, 256 semi-precious stone 32, 33, 36, 115, 188, Siosire 335 207, 256 Sirius, see Sothis Semna 113, 227, 278 (queen) 214 Semna dispatches 113 Siwa oasis 325 INDEX 399

Smendes (king) 253, 257, 265, 270 Tale of the Eloquent Peasant 123 Smenkhkara (king) 185, 186, 187, 207, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor 122 211 18, 217, 253, 257, 262, 264–5, (king) 55, 57–8, 65, 67–8, 69, 267–72, 274, 275, 276, 278, 282 71, 73–4, 77, 122 Tanutamani 289, 292–3, 300 Sneferu 108 Tausret (queen) 241–4 II (king) 246 Teaching of King Amenemhat I 122, 124 Sobekhotep III (king) 119 Tebtunis 317, 332 (queen) 99, 102–3, 107, 183 (king) 264, 278–81, 282, 291 Sokar (god) 25 Tell Defenneh 298 solar temple 55, 61–2, 65, 69–70 Tell el-Ajjul 160 Soleb 194, 200 Tell el-Kedua 298 262, 273 Tell el-Maskhuta 298 Solon 298 Tell el-Yahudiyya 135 Somtutefnakht 313, 329 Teos (king) 290, 309 sorghum 21 Teresh 251, 258 Sothis star 20–1, 100, 361 Teshub (god) 145 South Asia 337 (queen) 171 Southern Opet 173 Teudjoi 266, 306 Sparta 305, 309 The Golden Ass 336 Step Pyramid 37, 56–7, 311 Thebes 6, 15, 25, 79, 80, 86, 87, 93–4, Sub-Saharan Africa 89, 115, 118, 169, 98, 99, 100, 101, 106, 108, 113, 117, 277, 338 118, 119, 121, 126, 127, 128, 129, Sudan 3, 7, 22, 116, 141, 192 134, 135, 141–5, 146, 147, 149, 151, Suez Canal 9 163, 167, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, Suppiluliuma I 191–2, 207, 219 180, 182, 186, 194, 195, 196, 197, 310 198, 201, 202, 206, 215, 217, 221, Syncellus 333 228, 233, 236, 240, 241, 243, 245, 10, 47, 48, 72, 73, 109, 115, 117, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 256, 257, 118, 136, 148, 149, 152, 154, 155, 261, 264, 265–7, 268, 269, 270, 272, 156, 157, 159, 164, 165, 166, 167, 274, 275, 277, 278, 281, 282, 289, 178, 188, 189–91, 192, 203, 207, 208, 292, 293, 295, 300, 302, 324, 326, 214, 218, 219, 222, 223, 226, 227, 329, 342 243, 254, 259, 290, 299, 307, 309, Theodosius (emperor) 1–2, 318, 324, 341 325, 326, 360 Thinis 30, 41, 228 Syrians 5, 7, 42, 167, 178, 243, 244, 318, Third cataract 8, 89, 131, 136, 152, 161, 329, 335 163, 164 Syria-Palestine 71–3, 115, 116–18, 128, Thoth (god) 74, 134, 331, 333, 361 132, 135, 152, 154, 156, 159, 166, Thutmose (prince) 185, 197 167, 186, 187, 189–90, 221, 223, 251, Thutmose (scribe) 257 254, 256, 262, 285, 288, 291, 296, Thutmose (sculptor) 206 299, 325, 360 (king) 151, 152, 160, 161–2, 164, 169, 171, 173, 177, 180, 182, Tachos, see Teos 208 Tadu-Heba 186, 197, 211 Thutmose II (king) 152, 171, 172, 333, Taharqo (king) 19, 289, 291–3, 295, 300 334 242 Thutmose III (king) 15, 151, 152, 155, talatat 201, 203, 209, 217, 361 162, 163, 165–7, 169, 171, 172–4, Tale of Sinuhe 11, 116–17, 122 177, 178, 180, 182–3, 213, 246, 247, Tale of Wenamun 251, 253, 264–5, 283 277, 281, 334 400 INDEX

Thutmose IV (king) 17, 62, 152, 12, 141, 175, 176, 162, 166, 171, 175, 185, 191, 196, 177, 194, 206, 207, 215, 216, 232, 334 243, 244, 266, 268, 359 (queen) 171 230–2, 360 Tiy (queen) 242, 244–5 Vespasian (emperor) 336 (queen) 151, 185, 187, 191, 194, Viceroy of Kush 162, 256, 265, 277 197, 199, 200, 201, 217 Vidranga 309 Tjehenu, see Tjemhu vizier 65, 66, 101, 107, 178, 180, 198, 209, Tjeker 251, 253, 258 229, 235, 236, 242–3, 247, 256, 361 Tjemhu 110–11, 224, 254, 361 Tjeti, son of Henet 85 wadi 9, 25, 113, 118 Tod 117 Wadi Hammamat 115 tomb robberies 241, 242, 245–6, 256, Wadjet (goddess) 218, 293 266 Wahankh Intef II (king) 79, 93 tomb U-j 31, 32, 40, 43, 51 Waset 25 Trajan (emperor) 323 Waset (goddess) 272 298 waterfowl 21, 64, 116, 140 Troy 187 waterwheel 23, 337 TT 33 302 Wawat 90–1, 109, 162, 361 TT 34 295 Wegaf (king) 120 TT 36 302 Weni the Elder 84, 91–2 TT 55 198 Weshesh 251, 258 TT 100 178–9, 361 74–5, 85 TT 107 199 western Deffufa 138 tumulus 137–8, 277, 361 western desert 9, 50, 54, 89, 91, 159, Turah 61, 76 175, 214, 224, 270, 307, 361 Turin Royal Canon 16, 58, 73, 107, western Thebes 163, 167, 175, 176, 177, 127–8, 132, 134, 135, 141 180, 186, 194, 198, 228, 233, 245, Turkey 47, 64, 259, 328, 329, 246, 248, 329, 361 359 Window of Appearances 203, 205 9, 73, 94, 115, 129, 196, 208, wine 31, 33, 36, 49, 64, 116, 117, 128, 256 288, 297, 298, 308, 337 Tushratta 191 Wosret 121 (king) 151, 163–4, 175, 185, 186, 187, 191, 192, 207–8, 211, Xerxes (king) 305, 306, 309 219, 233, 265, 268 185, 194 Yam 89, 115, 361 Yamani 291 Udjahorresnet 283, 284, 305, 313 Yarsu 244 Udjarenes 295 year name 38, 44 220, 243, 253 Yenoam 254 Umm el-Qaab 120 Yuya 185, 194 (king) 55, 61, 80 uraeus 161, 301–2, 361 Zakar-Baal 253 Urhi-Teshub 222, 226 Zannanza 192, 211 Uronarti 113 318, 329 culture 47–8 Zeus (god) 326, 336 (king) 55, 68, 75 Zoroastrianism 342