Center for Open Access in Science ▪ Belgrade - SERBIA 2nd International e-Conference on Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences https://doi.org/10.32591/coas.e-conf.02.05059c 2IeCSHSS ▪ ISBN (Online) 978-86-81294-01-7 ▪ 2018: 59-74 _________________________________________________________________________ Political and Philosophical Discourse on the Border Between the Caliphate and Terrorism – ISIS Vladimir Stefanov Chukov University of Ruse “Angel Kanchev”, Faculty of Business and Management Received 11 October 2018 ▪ Revised 30 November 2018 ▪ Accepted 5 December 2018 Abstract The Islamic terrorism has unleashed the migration wave to Europe from the Middle East countries. On 30 June 2014 the extremist organization the “Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant” (ISIS or ISIL) has announced the establishment of a caliphate. With this act its leaders not only has shocked the region and the world, but also they challenged the contemporary Islamic theologians. As a matter of fact, “khalifa” Abu Bakar al-Baghdadi triggered the most important “takfiri”, apostatizing trend within Muslim world. They formed the dogmatic case which brought to the surface the group as a real entity which has long struggled leadership among the other terrorist formations. After the announcement of the caliphate ISIL, it abolished “Iraq and the Levant” from its name and became only the “Islamic state”, and it does claiming their uniqueness to their competitors. This terrorist organization has had a long history in Iraq. It has appeared on the map of extremist actors of still living former dictator Saddam Hussein. Its “birth date” is about 2000 and its creator is the Jordanian Abu Musaab Zarqawi. Keywords: ISIS, terrorism, conflict, migration. On 30 June 2014 the extremist organization “The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant” or ISIL/ISIS has announced the establishment of a caliphate. With this act its leaders not only has shook the region and the world, but also they threw a strong challenge to the contemporary Islamic theologians. They formed the dogmatic case which brought to the surface of the group as a real entity which has long struggled leadership among the other terrorist formations. After the announcement of the caliphate ISIS, it abolished “Iraq and the Levant” from its name and became the only “The Islamic state”, and it does claiming their uniqueness to their competitors. This terrorist organization has had a long history in Iraq. It has appeared on the map of extremist actors still living the former dictator Saddam Hussein. Its “birth date” is about 2000 and its creator is the Jordanian Abu Musaab Zarqawi. Formation begins with the name of a group of monotheism and jihad. They born in the city Zarka. The religious fanatic already gained combat experience in Afghanistan intends to overthrow the royal regime in Jordan, as it has perceived as un-Islamic. Precisely in this period has created closer links between ISIS and the most significant terrorist organization in Iraqi Kurdistan – Ansar al-Islam (AI). Subsequently, this battle Union became the backbone of the success of the idyll in Iraq. In 2003, the first mass strikes of the USA ВВС have caused precisely positions against AI. © Authors. Terms and conditions of Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) apply. Correspondence: Vladimir Stefanov Chukov (PhD), University of Ruse “Angel Kanchev”, Faculty of Business and Management, European Studies Department, BULGARIA. E-mail: [email protected]. V. Stefanov Chukov – Political and Philosophical Discourse on the Border Between the... _________________________________________________________________________ In 2005, the formation now has called Al Qaeda in Mesopotamia. Zarqawi has announced this in a letter to Osama bin Laden as a gesture of loyalty to him. In 2006, The Al Qaeda in Iraq has declared the Islamic state in Iraq and formed a “government”. Among its objectives is the announcement of the Caliphate, but then officially its leaders do not dare to do so. It has declared Ramadi city for its capital. Followed by the killing of Zarqawi in 2006 and the creation of an antialkaydist the “Islamic councils revival” of the local Sunni tribes, the American troops inflict a deadly blow to the Al Qaeda in the country. It has been totally marginalized as Sunni population and the majority of the rebel groups in the Central Iraq have confront to religious extremists. 1. The Caliphate – A stage at formation of the state and the dogmatic case According to the theorists of the Al Qaeda the caliphate is the last stage of “maturation of the Islamic state”. Perhaps, the most concentrated form a notions and a formation process for the state has developed in the study of Islamic thinker Abu Bakr Naji, The management of a savagery. The four stages of the Islamic a formation of the state are the following (Chukov, 2007): (1) Stage a puncture. Case of when they are attacking the polity institutions, the economic facilities, the production facilities, and especially those who are services for the population as the provision of electricity, the water and the supplies. The plans of the tacticians of an alkaydist have been the power institutions of the state of the sunits to be forced to withdraw them control of the national territory. This seems to be the most important stage since then outlines the actual shape of the territorial aspirations. Often behind the seemingly peripheral agglomerations or the businesses, it has concealed the desire of the jihadist tacticians to establish specific administrative center around which to form a territorial unit. The actions of ISIS in Iraq and Syria good revealed that the leadership of the terrorist group highlights the cities of Mosul and Deir Resort, respectively Iraq and Syria as both their local “capitals”. Long Rakka city was been the bastion of the extremists. (2) Stage of uncontrolled chaos. Case of the shaping territories which the state cannot control without it to have any real institutional control. Practically implement some kind of mixed, hybrid, secular state control. Regardless of ignoring its form and nature, the ISIS jihadists has forced to accept the consequences of management secular regime. This is especially true for the economy and with even greater force to the energy, which is the most capital-intensive sector. For example, long ISIS has controlled the three major dams in northern Syria – “Baath”, “Euphrates” and “Tishrin”. At the same time, they continue to function, albeit with reduced capacity. They supply electricity to consumers, no matter that they are under state control. The most interesting is that the salaries of staff working in them continues to be paid by the government in Damascus. The same applies to the oil production. For example, the religious fanatics sell the extracted material from their control wells in Syria of the few still operating factories and plants in the country. According to Sammy Abderrahmane from the Syrian Laboratory of Human Rights the price of a barrel of them target is reduced to 10 dollars per barrel. Meanwhile, the head of the organization the “Economic activities in Syria”, Osama Kadi, believes that between the extremists and the regime in Damascus has signed a “meaningful agreement”, which guarantees the purchase of Syrian oil by the government. Along with that, if buyers are Iraqi entrepreneurs who transported fuel in tanks, the price will jumps to 20-40 dollars1. Usually the affair in question of the Kurdish 1 Al Mirsad: Daash yuibiya en naphth- assistant Suras lil tuzhar irakiyun, The laboratory: The ISIS sale the Syrian oil of the Iraqi traders Safir, http://www.assafir.com/Article /5/362439. Accessed 30 November 2018. 60 2nd International e-Conference on Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences (59-74) ______________________________________________________________________________________________ smugglers who subsequently resell to larger firms in Turkey, without the knowledge of the authorities. (3) Stage to management a savagery. Implemented management of sites of the mujahideen, but outside the normal worldly standards. This stage remains unidentified and often enough some theorists even equate it to the final phase, i.e. the ideal state. (4) Stage of be able to. This is the creation of an ideal medieval state, i.e. the Caliphate laws, a courts, a borders, and the other city regulations. ISIS medieval strictly rules only to the territories in which they believe is done unconditionally their power. So for, the first time the require public lynching militants stone the woman from the town of Tabaco, near Deir Ezor. The woman has accused of an adultery. The great discussion among the experts whether ISIS will realize this form of statehood in the Iraqi territory. The expert from the Washington Institute for Near East Policy Michael Nayts notes that the Caliphate of ISIS became the richest terrorist organization in the poorest country in the world. The organization is controlled 60% of the oil reserves of Syria and two small wells in Iraq. The potential petro-caliphate yield is about 80,000 barrels per day. By the prices on world markets, this means about $ 8 million per day. Logically, however, this does not happen, especially after the decision of the Security Council of the United Nations purchase of oil from terrorist organizations such as the Al Nusra and the IDYLL to be declared for a crime. The responding to the State Department in Iraq, Brett McGurk notes that even before the capture of Mosul that organization had revenues per month of $ 12 million, mainly by collecting an illegal charges, racketeering and by the other criminal activities (Johnson, 2014). Normally, however, to be padded claims for the statehood costs to be aimed at ensuring the needs of the population living in the areas controlled. Mostly the affair the question to ensuring the services in those the regions which have been long marginalized by the central government.