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Oman: Politics, Security, and U.S
Oman: Politics, Security, and U.S. Policy Updated January 27, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RS21534 SUMMARY RS21534 Oman: Politics, Security, and U.S. Policy January 27, 2020 The Sultanate of Oman has been a strategic partner of the United States since 1980, when it became the first Persian Gulf state to sign a formal accord permitting the U.S. military to use its Kenneth Katzman facilities. Oman has hosted U.S. forces during every U.S. military operation in the region since Specialist in Middle then, and it is a partner in U.S. efforts to counter terrorist groups and related regional threats. The Eastern Affairs January 2020 death of Oman’s longtime leader, Sultan Qaboos bin Sa’id Al Said, is unlikely to alter U.S.-Oman ties or Oman’s regional policies. His successor, Haythim bin Tariq Al Said, a cousin selected by Oman’s royal family immediately upon the Sultan’s death, espouses policies similar to those of Qaboos. During Qaboos’ reign (1970-2020), Oman generally avoided joining other countries in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC: Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, Bahrain, Qatar, and Oman) in regional military interventions, instead seeking to mediate their resolution. Oman joined the U.S.-led coalition against the Islamic State organization, but it did not send forces to that effort, nor did it support groups fighting Syrian President Bashar Al Asad’s regime. It opposed the June 2017 Saudi/UAE-led isolation of Qatar and did not join a Saudi-led regional counterterrorism alliance until a year after that group was formed in December 2015. -
US Strategic Nuclear Forces
Order Code RL33640 U.S. Strategic Nuclear Forces: Background, Developments, and Issues Updated September 5, 2007 Amy F. Woolf Specialist in National Defense Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division U.S. Strategic Nuclear Forces: Background, Developments, and Issues Summary During the Cold War, the U.S. nuclear arsenal contained many types of delivery vehicles for nuclear weapons. The longer range systems, which included long-range missiles based on U.S. territory, long-range missiles based on submarines, and heavy bombers that could threaten Soviet targets from their bases in the United States, are known as strategic nuclear delivery vehicles. At the end of the Cold War, in 1991, the United States deployed more than 10,000 warheads on these delivery vehicles. That number has declined to around 6,000 warheads today, and is slated, under the 2002 Moscow Treaty, to decline to 2,200 warheads by the year 2012. At the present time, the U.S. land-based ballistic missile force (ICBMs) consists of 500 Minuteman III ICBMs, each deployed with between one and three warheads, for a total of 1,200 warheads. The Air Force recently deactivated all 50 of the 10- warhead Peacekeeper ICBMs; it plans to eventually deploy Peacekeeper warheads on some of the Minuteman ICBMs. The 2006 Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR) report also indicated that it planned to eliminate 50 of the Minuteman III missiles, leaving a force of 450 missiles that would carry, perhaps, 500-600 warheads. After submitting a study to Congress, the Air Force has begun to deactivate these 50 missiles. The Air Force is also modernizing the Minuteman missiles, replacing and upgrading their rocket motors, guidance systems, and other components. -
Rpioams+Ror^ £W Force. B^&O.^5^T1-H
rpioAms+ror^ £W Force. B^&o.^5^t1-h^^ri^^f£^.4-/'<^'i HAER NO. NVT-I 38 HISTORIC AMERICAN ENGINEERING RECORD Intermountain Support Office - Denver National Park Service P.O. Box 25287 Denver, Colorado 80225-0287 HISTORIC AMERICAN ENGINEERING RECORD MALMSTROM AIR FORCE BASE, 546th MISSILE SQUADRON (MINUTEMAN III MISSILE FACILITIES) HAERNO. MT-138 Location: Malmstrom Air Force Base (MAFB) is located near the City of Great Falls, Cascade County, Montana. Its 564th Missile Squadron has five Minuteman III Missile Alert Facilities (Papa, Quebec, Romeo, Sierra and Tango) and 50 associated Launch Facilities. The Missile Alert Facilities (MAFs) are located in Pondera and Toole Counties, Montana, and their associated Launch Facilities (LFs) are in Pondera, Toole, and Chouteau Counties. Present Owner: MAFB, US Air Force (USAF) Date of Construction Constructed as a Minuteman II system in 1965-1966; converted to a Minuteman III system in 1975 Architect: Ralph M. ParsonsCompany Builder: Morrison Knudsen Company and Associates Present Use: Deactivated Minuteman III Missile Alert Facilities (MAF) and Launch Facilities (LF) Significance: The 564th is an Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) squadron based at Malmstrom Air Force Base, Montana. The fifty Minuteman ICBMs maintained and controlled by the 564th Missile Squadron (MS) were integral components of a massive Cold War defense system developed between the early 1960s and mid-1970s. The Minuteman system was designed to protect the United States from a possible nuclear attack as well as to provide a strategic deterrence, a cornerstone of American defense policy of the era. At the peak of the program, the nation's Minuteman arsenal had a total of some 1,000 operational missiles deployed at a series of northern Air Force Bases, including 200 at Malmstrom. -
Iran and the Gulf Military Balance - I
IRAN AND THE GULF MILITARY BALANCE - I The Conventional and Asymmetric Dimensions FIFTH WORKING DRAFT By Anthony H. Cordesman and Alexander Wilner Revised July 11, 2012 Anthony H. Cordesman Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy [email protected] Cordesman/Wilner: Iran & The Gulf Military Balance, Rev 5 7/11/12 2 Acknowledgements This analysis was made possible by a grant from the Smith Richardson Foundation. It draws on the work of Dr. Abdullah Toukan and a series of reports on Iran by Adam Seitz, a Senior Research Associate and Instructor, Middle East Studies, Marine Corps University. 2 Cordesman/Wilner: Iran & The Gulf Military Balance, Rev 5 7/11/12 3 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 5 THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ....................................................................................................................... 6 Figure III.1: Summary Chronology of US-Iranian Military Competition: 2000-2011 ............................... 8 CURRENT PATTERNS IN THE STRUCTURE OF US AND IRANIAN MILITARY COMPETITION ........................................... 13 DIFFERING NATIONAL PERSPECTIVES .............................................................................................................. 17 US Perceptions .................................................................................................................................... 17 Iranian Perceptions............................................................................................................................ -
Almanac ■ Guide to Air Force Installations Worldwide
USAFAlmanac ■ Guide to Air Force Installations Worldwide Major Installations Note: A major installation is an Air Force Base, Air Andrews AFB, Md. 20762-5000; 10 mi. SE of 4190th Wing, Pisa, Italy; 31st Munitions Support Base, Air Guard Base, or Air Reserve Base that Washington, D. C. Phone (301) 981-1110; DSN Sqdn., Ghedi AB, Italy; 4190th Air Base Sqdn. serves as a self-supporting center for Air Force 858-1110. AMC base. Gateway to the nation’s (Provisional), San Vito dei Normanni, Italy; 496th combat, combat support, or training operations. capital and home of Air Force One. Host wing: 89th Air Base Sqdn., Morón AB, Spain; 731st Munitions Active-duty, Air National Guard (ANG), or Air Force Airlift Wing. Responsible for Presidential support Support Sqdn., Araxos AB, Greece; 603d Air Control Reserve Command (AFRC) units of wing size or and base operations; supports all branches of the Sqdn., Jacotenente, Italy; 48th Intelligence Sqdn., larger operate the installation with all land, facili- armed services, several major commands, and Rimini, Italy. One of the oldest Italian air bases, ties, and support needed to accomplish the unit federal agencies. The wing also hosts Det. 302, dating to 1911. USAF began operations in 1954. mission. There must be real property accountability AFOSI; Hq. Air Force Flight Standards Agency; Area 1,467 acres. Runway 8,596 ft. Altitude 413 through ownership of all real estate and facilities. AFOSI Academy; Air National Guard Readiness ft. Military 3,367; civilians 1,102. Payroll $156.9 Agreements with foreign governments that give Center; 113th Wing (D. C. -
The Future of the U.S. Intercontinental Ballistic Missile Force
CHILDREN AND FAMILIES The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit institution that EDUCATION AND THE ARTS helps improve policy and decisionmaking through ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT research and analysis. HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE This electronic document was made available from INFRASTRUCTURE AND www.rand.org as a public service of the RAND TRANSPORTATION Corporation. INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS LAW AND BUSINESS NATIONAL SECURITY Skip all front matter: Jump to Page 16 POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Support RAND Purchase this document TERRORISM AND HOMELAND SECURITY Browse Reports & Bookstore Make a charitable contribution For More Information Visit RAND at www.rand.org Explore RAND Project AIR FORCE View document details Limited Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non-commercial use only. Unauthorized posting of RAND electronic documents to a non-RAND website is prohibited. RAND electronic documents are protected under copyright law. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please see RAND Permissions. This product is part of the RAND Corporation monograph series. RAND monographs present major research findings that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors. All RAND mono- graphs undergo rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for research quality and objectivity. C O R P O R A T I O N The Future of the U.S. Intercontinental Ballistic Missile Force Lauren Caston, Robert S. -
Appendix 12A. World Nuclear Forces, 2007
Appendix 12A. World nuclear forces, 2007 SHANNON N. KILE, VITALY FEDCHENKO and HANS M. KRISTENSEN I. Introduction Eight nuclear weapon states possessed roughly 11 530 operational nuclear weapons as of January 2007 (see table 12A.1). Several thousand nuclear weapons are kept on high alert, ready to be launched within minutes. If all nuclear warheads are counted— operational warheads, spares, and those in both active and inactive storage—the United States, Russia, the United Kingdom, France, China, India, Pakistan and Israel together possessed an estimated total of more than 26 000 warheads.1 A ninth state, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK, or North Korea), demonstrated a nuclear weapon capability when it carried out a nuclear test explosion in 2006, but whether it has developed any operational nuclear weapons is not known. All of the five legally recognized nuclear weapon states, as defined by the 1968 Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (Non-Proliferation Treaty, NPT),2 appear determined to remain nuclear weapon powers for the foreseeable future and are in the midst of or have plans for modernizing their nuclear forces. Russia and the USA are in the process of reducing their operational nuclear forces from cold war levels as a result of two bilateral treaties: the 1991 Treaty on the Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms (START I Treaty) and the 2002 Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty (SORT).3 The USA plans to reduce its total stockpile by almost half by 2012. It also intends to begin production of new nuclear warheads for the first time since the end of the cold war. -
Second Air Division Association Urnal
SECOND AIR DIVISION ASSOCIATION URNAL Vol. 22, No. 4 SECOND AIR DIVISION ASSOCIATION December 1983 Second Air Division Association we will never be a complete Division Asso- Eighth Air Force As We View It ciation without a good representative by J. Fred Thomas (Executive VP) number of Fighter Wing members. We OFFICERS strongly urge every V.P. and every member President . COL. CHARLES FREUDENTHAL,(Ret.) 8421 Berea Drive, Mienna, Virginia 22180 Since returning from Norwich, along to help George Epperson rectify this situ- Executive Vice President J FRED THOMAS 8933 221H Biscayne Ct., Huntington Beach, Calif. 92646 with tending the affairs of the 392nd, we ation. We keep hearing that Fighter Group Vice President have spent considerable time becoming Membership EVELYN COHEN people are "loners", but we don't buy that; Apt 06410 Delair Landing, 93001 State Road versed in the office of the Exec. V.P. We they came from the same training programs Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19114 Vice President have met with Evelyn Cohen and Pete the rest of us did. We would like to contact Journal WILLIAM G. ROBERTIE PO. Drawer B. Ipswich, Mass. 01938 Henry, went to Dallas and met with Jordan all Associations in which our 65th Wing Treasurer DEAN MOYER Uttal, Gerry Merket, et al, and we have 549 East Main St., Evans City, Pa. 16033 people are active and invite those from Secretary FRANK THOMAS met with, phoned and/or written Charlie our Second Air Division Groups to join 118 Lakeview Dr., Carlinville, III. 62626 Freudenthal, Dave Patterson, Bill Robertie, with us in our overall program. -
The Gulf Military Forces in an Era of Asymmetric War Oman
Center for Strategic and International Studies Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy 1800 K Street, N.W. • Suite 400 • Washington, DC 20006 Phone: 1 (202) 775 -7325 • Fax: 1 (202) 457 -8746 Web: www.csis.org/burke The Gulf Military Forces in an Era of Asymmetric War Oman Anthony H. Cordesman Khalid R. Al -Rodhan Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy Visiting Fellow [email protected] [email protected] Working Draft for Review and Comments Revised: June 28, 2006 Cordesman & Al -Rodhan: The Gulf Military Forces in an Era of Asymmetric Wars Oman 6/28/06 Page 2 In troduction Oman is a significant military power by Gulf standards, although its strength lies more in the quality of its military manpower and training than its equipment strength and quality. It also occupies a unique strategic location in the lower Gulf. As Map 1 shows, Oman controls the Mussandam Peninsula, and its waters include the main shipping and tanker routes that move in and out of the Gulf through the Strait of Hormuz. Its base at Goat Island is almost directly opposite of Iran’s base and port a t Bahdar Abbas. Oman would almost certainly play a major role in any confrontation or clash between Iran and the Southern Gulf states. The Strait of Hormuz is the world's most important oil chokepoint, and the US Energy Information agency reports that some 17 million barrels of oil a day move through its shipping channels. These consist of 2 -mile wide channels for inbound and outbound tanker traffic, as well as a 2 -mile wide buffer zone. -
The Cold War and Beyond
Contents Puge FOREWORD ...................... u 1947-56 ......................... 1 1957-66 ........................ 19 1967-76 ........................ 45 1977-86 ........................ 81 1987-97 ........................ 117 iii Foreword This chronology commemorates the golden anniversary of the establishment of the United States Air Force (USAF) as an independent service. Dedicated to the men and women of the USAF past, present, and future, it records significant events and achievements from 18 September 1947 through 9 April 1997. Since its establishment, the USAF has played a significant role in the events that have shaped modem history. Initially, the reassuring drone of USAF transports announced the aerial lifeline that broke the Berlin blockade, the Cold War’s first test of wills. In the tense decades that followed, the USAF deployed a strategic force of nuclear- capable intercontinental bombers and missiles that deterred open armed conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union. During the Cold War’s deadly flash points, USAF jets roared through the skies of Korea and Southeast Asia, wresting air superiority from their communist opponents and bringing air power to the support of friendly ground forces. In the great global competition for the hearts and minds of the Third World, hundreds of USAF humanitarian missions relieved victims of war, famine, and natural disaster. The Air Force performed similar disaster relief services on the home front. Over Grenada, Panama, and Libya, the USAF participated in key contingency actions that presaged post-Cold War operations. In the aftermath of the Cold War the USAF became deeply involved in constructing a new world order. As the Soviet Union disintegrated, USAF flights succored the populations of the newly independent states. -
Oman: Politics, Security, and U.S. Policy
Oman: Politics, Security, and U.S. Policy Updated March 28, 2019 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RS21534 Oman: Politics, Security, and U.S. Policy Summary The Sultanate of Oman has been a strategic ally of the United States since 1980, when it became the first Persian Gulf state to sign a formal accord permitting the U.S. military to use its facilities. Oman has hosted U.S. forces during every U.S. military operation in the region since then, and it is a partner in U.S. efforts to counter regional terrorism and related threats. Oman’s ties to the United States are unlikely to loosen even after its ailing leader, Sultan Qaboos bin Sa’id Al Said, leaves the scene. Qaboos underwent cancer treatment abroad during 2014-2015, and his frail appearance in public appearance fuels speculation about succession. He does continue to meet with visiting leaders, including Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu on October 25, 2018, the first such visit by Israeli leadership to Oman in more than 20 years. Oman has tended to position itself as a mediator of regional conflicts, and generally avoids joining its Gulf allies of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC: Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, Bahrain, Qatar, and Oman) in regional military interventions such as that in Yemen. Oman joined the U.S.-led coalition against the Islamic State organization, but it did not send forces to that effort, nor did it support groups fighting Syrian President Bashar Al Asad’s regime. It refrained from joining a Saudi-led regional counterterrorism alliance until a year after that group was formed in December 2015, and Oman opposed the June 2017 Saudi/UAE isolation of Qatar. -
Siloed-Thinking.Pdf
1 siloed thinking: A Closer Look at the Ground-Based Strategic Deterrent ABOUT FAS The Federation of American Scientists (FAS) is an independent, nonpartisan think tank that brings together members of the science and policy communities to collaborate on mitigating global catastrophic threats. Founded in November 1945 as the Federation of Atomic Scientists by scientists who built the first atomic bombs during the Manhattan Project, FAS is devoted to the belief that scientists, engineers, and other technically trained people have the ethical obligation to ensure that the technological fruits of their intellect and labor are applied to the benefit of humankind. In 1946, FAS rebranded as the Federation of American Scientists to broaden its focus to prevent global catastrophes. Since its founding, FAS has served as an influential source of information and rigorous, evidence- based analysis of issues related to national security. Specifically, FAS works to reduce the spread and number of nuclear weapons, prevent nuclear and radiological terrorism, promote high standards for the safety and security of nuclear energy, illuminate government secrecy practices, and prevent the use of biological and chemical weapons. The Nuclear Information Project provides the public with reliable information about the status and trends of the nuclear weapons arsenals of the world’s nuclear-armed countries. The project, which according to the Washington Post is “one of the most widely sourced agencies for nuclear warhead counts,” uses open sources such as official documents, testimonies, previously undisclosed information obtained through the Freedom of Information Act, as well as independent analysis of commercial satellite imagery as the basis for developing the best available unclassified estimates of the status and trends of nuclear weapons worldwide.